industrialization and western global hegemony 1750-1914
TRANSCRIPT
Industrialization and Western Global Hegemony
1750-1914
Chronology• Begins with no particular event• Seven Year’s War, Industrial Revolution
• 1798, France takes Egypt with a small expeditionary force
• 1820’s, England tightens control over India• 1830’s, China is forced to open their
markets to the west [Opium War]• 1850’s, England and France defeat Russia
near its border [Cirmean War]
Chronology continued
• US forces Japan to open its markets in 1850’s [Admiral Perry]
• American Civil war 1861-1865 [Industrial North over non-industrial south]
• 1860-1900, Latin America, Africa, Polynesia colonized to a much larger degree
• Era Closes at the outbreak of WWI, why?
Industrial Revolution
• Led by Britain, then Western Europe and the United States
• Technological change in the form of coal powered engines (then fossil fuels) applied to production.
• Automation was steadily applied to processes that had once been labor intensive. Output increased at an exponential rate
Industrial Revolution
• Why Britain? Several favorable factors,– natural, – political, – economic, and – intellectual resources
• Plus they had a population crisis caused by a revolution in agriculture.
Industrial Revolution
• Followed previous European trends of a growing large manufacturing sector and huge advantages in world trade.
• Governments supported technological innovation with policies of economic growth, instituting laws to encourage banking, trading, entrepreneurship and inventions.
• Europe’s dominance in turn generated investment capital, profits from trade, and ultimately more market opportunities
Industrial Revolution
• Origins of Industrialization– Enclosure Movement, Scientific Agriculture– Textiles– James Watt, Steam Engine 1770– Factory System– Transportation technology:
• Steam Ship• Locomotive• Telegraph
Industrial Revolution
• Affect on Society and Culture
• Mass Migrations
• Rapid Urbanization
• New Social Divisions erupted onto the world stage
• Familial roles change in middle class, women take a step back in the merchant class from the previous era
Industrial Revolution
• Middle Class began to embrace education and not apprenticeship as a means to success
Industrial Revolution
• Effect upon the West– Increased Military Power with new weapons
technology• Standardization of parts• Mass Production
– New Forms of Transportation and Communication (Steamship, Railroad, Telegraph!!!)
This is the means for the new dominance of Western Imperialism
• What advantages do you have with a telegraph?
Suez Canal
Suez canal opened in 1869
Industrial Revolution
• Effect on the Global Markets was catastrophic
• Areas that had been dependant on western goods in exchange for raw materials now were even more dependant
• Areas that had previous manufacturing like China, India, and Latin America “de-industrialized” in the wake of their markets being flooded with cheap European goods
Lasting Effects
• Eventually the world would be divided into groups that were industrial and those that were not.
• Some Countries would seize upon the European model and attempt to industrialize themselves.
• Those that succeeded were not subsumed in the oncoming tide. . .
Population Movements
• Birth Rate declined as children became less important in the workplace (agriculture and factory)
• Urbanization
• Slave Trade ended
• New Immigrants take the place of the slaves (Asian and European)
Demographic and Environmental Changes
• End of Atlantic Slave Trade
• New Birthrate Patterns
• Disease prevention
and eradication• Food Supply
Reactions to Western Hegemony
1. Incorporation into an expanded Western Civilization with certain modifications on basic western patterns: US, Canada, Australia, New Zealand
2. Imitation of Western economic success without adopting western systems: Russia and Japan
Reactions to Western Hegemony3. Losing territories, but maintaining a weak
independent state: China and Ottoman
4. Colonized outright: Africa, India
Rise of Western DominanceScramble for Africa
Major Forces in this Era?
1. Economic. Industrialization
2. Political. Imperialism
3. Social. Racism
4. Cultural. Western
Global Society
• Technology: Steam Ships, locomotives, telegraph increased the speed and volume of transport and communication
• Suez (1869) and Panama canals (1914)
• International Corporations
• Cultural Globalization:– Soccer– Hollywood
Western Dominance of Global Society
• Economic, Political, Social, Cultural, & Artistic