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Industry Development Opportunities from developing Concentrating Solar
Thermal Power in Australia
Authors: Giselle Rampersad and John Spoehr
Research program for Australian Renewable Energy Agency (ARENA)
Australian Industrial Transformation Institute
April 27, 2018
Industry Development Opportunities from developing Concentrating Solar
Thermal Power in Australia
Australian Industrial Transformation Institute College of Business, Government and Law Flinders University of South Australia 1284 South Road Tonsley South Australia 5042 www.flinders.edu.au/aiti
URL:http://www.flinders.edu.au/aiti/ CAT: AITI201801 Suggested citation: Giselle Rampersad and John Spoehr. 2018. Industry Development Opportunities from developing Concentrating Solar Thermal Power in Australia. Adelaide: Australian Industrial Transformation Institute, Flinders University of South Australia. The Australian Industrial Transformation Institute (AITI) has taken care to ensure the material presented in this report is accurate and correct. However, AITI does not guarantee and accepts no legal liability or responsibility connected to the use or interpretation of data or material contained in this report.
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Contents
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................................................ 1
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................................................... 2
ABBREVIATIONS .......................................................................................................................................... 3
APPROACH .................................................................................................................................................... 4
1 AUSTRALIAN CAPABILITY AND CAPACITY TO ENGAGE IN THE CST INDUSTRY ...................... 5
1.1 CST VALUE CHAIN MAPPING ................................................................................................................ 5 1.2 STATE BASED CAPABILITIES IN THE CST VALUE CHAIN ............................................................................ 6 1.3 HELIOSTAT INDUSTRY ........................................................................................................................... 6 1.4 FABRICATION AND SUPPORT STRUCTURES INDUSTRY ............................................................................. 7 1.5 RECEIVER INDUSTRY ............................................................................................................................ 8 1.6 CONTROL AND INTEGRATION INDUSTRY ................................................................................................. 8 1.7 POWER BLOCK INDUSTRY ..................................................................................................................... 9 1.8 PUMP AND BOILER INDUSTRY .............................................................................................................. 10 1.9 CIVIL WORKS INDUSTRY ...................................................................................................................... 10 1.10 ENGINEERING PROCUREMENT AND CONSTRUCTION (EPC) INDUSTRY ............................................... 11
2 ENABLERS AND BARRIERS OF AUSTRALIAN BUSINESSES IN THE SUPPLY CHAIN .............. 12
2.1 LOCAL CONTENT AND INCENTIVES ........................................................................................................ 12 2.2 VISIBILITY AND COMMUNICATION .......................................................................................................... 13 2.3 RENEWABLE ENERGY HUBS: GRID CONNECTIVITY AND DEVELOPMENT APPROVALS .................................. 13 2.4 COST REDUCTION .............................................................................................................................. 13 2.5 CERTIFICATIONS AND SECONDMENT ..................................................................................................... 14
3 POTENTIAL ECONOMIC BENEFITS FROM AUSTRALIAN CST DEPLOYMENT ........................... 15
3.1 IDENTIFICATION OF SPILL-OVERS ASSOCIATED WITH THE GROWTH OF THE CST INDUSTRY ........................ 15 3.2 MODELLING THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF THE CST INVESTMENT .............................................................. 16 3.3 METHODOLOGY CONSIDERATIONS ....................................................................................................... 16 3.4 CORE ASSUMPTIONS .......................................................................................................................... 16 3.5 MODELLING OF THE “BASE” CASE ........................................................................................................ 17 3.6 SUMMARY OF RESULTS – “BASE” CASE ............................................................................................... 18 3.7 MODELLING OF THE “NO REGRETS” CASE ............................................................................................ 20 3.8 SUMMARY OF RESULTS – “NO REGRETS” CASE ................................................................................... 20
4 COMMERCIALISATION OF NEXT GENERATION TECHNOLOGIES: PATENT ANALYSIS ........... 23
4.1 HELIOSTATS ...................................................................................................................................... 24 4.2 HEAT TRANSFER FLUIDS ..................................................................................................................... 25 4.3 SERVICE ELEVATORS FOR POWER TOWERS ......................................................................................... 26 4.4 TURBINES .......................................................................................................................................... 27 4.5 BOILERS ............................................................................................................................................ 28 4.6 MIRROR COATINGS ............................................................................................................................ 29
5 CST OPPORTUNITIES BY STATE ..................................................................................................... 30
5.1 SOUTH AUSTRALIA ............................................................................................................................. 30 5.2 VICTORIA ........................................................................................................................................... 30 5.3 NEW SOUTH WALES ........................................................................................................................... 31 5.4 QUEENSLAND .................................................................................................................................... 31 5.5 WESTERN AUSTRALIA ......................................................................................................................... 31 5.6 NORTHERN TERRITORY ...................................................................................................................... 31 5.7 TASMANIA .......................................................................................................................................... 31
6 CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................................................... 32
REFERENCES .............................................................................................................................................. 34
APPENDIX A: AUSTRALIAN ORGANISATIONS WITH POTENTIAL TO ENGAGE IN THE CST SUPPLY CHAIN ........................................................................................................................................................... 36
APPENDIX B: DETAILED ECONOMIC MODELLING RESULTS – “BASE” CASE .................................. 39
APPENDIX C: DETAILED ECONOMIC MODELLING RESULTS – “NO REGRETS” CASE .................... 45
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List of Figures
FIGURE 1: CST VALUE CHAIN............................................................................................................................ 5 FIGURE 2: INNOVATION NETWORK MAP OF POTENTIAL AUSTRALIAN PLAYERS IN THE CST VALUE CHAIN .................. 6 FIGURE 3: SUNDROP CST FARM, PORT AUGUSTA ............................................................................................ 15 FIGURE 4: ESTIMATED ECONOMIC CONTRIBUTION OF CST INVESTMENT – BASE CASE - CONTRIBUTION TO
EMPLOYMENT - FTES .......................................................................................................................... 19 FIGURE 5: ESTIMATED ECONOMIC CONTRIBUTION OF CST INVESTMENT – NO REGRETS CASE - CONTRIBUTION TO
EMPLOYMENT - FTES .......................................................................................................................... 22 FIGURE 6: HELIOSTAT APPLICATIONS ACROSS AUSTRALIAN STATES .................................................................. 24 FIGURE 7: TIMELINE SHOWING THE NUMBER OF HELIOSTAT IP APPLICATIONS IN AUSTRALIA ................................. 24 FIGURE 8: TOP IP APPLICANT COUNTRIES FOR HELIOSTATS ............................................................................... 24 FIGURE 9: HTF IP APPLICATIONS ACROSS AUSTRALIAN STATES........................................................................ 25 FIGURE 10: TIMELINE SHOWING THE NUMBER OF HTF PATENT APPLICATIONS IN AUSTRALIA ................................ 25 FIGURE 11: TOP IP APPLICANT COUNTRIES FOR HTF ....................................................................................... 25 FIGURE 12: ELEVATOR IP APPLICATIONS ACROSS AUSTRALIAN STATES ............................................................. 26 FIGURE 13: TIMELINE SHOWING THE NUMBER OF ELEVATOR IP APPLICATIONS IN AUSTRALIA ................................ 26 FIGURE 14: TOP IP APPLICANT COUNTRIES FOR ELEVATORS ............................................................................. 26 FIGURE 15: STEAM TURBINE IP APPLICATIONS ACROSS AUSTRALIAN STATES ..................................................... 27 FIGURE 16: TIMELINE SHOWING THE NUMBER OF STEAM TURBINE IP APPLICATIONS IN AUSTRALIA ........................ 27 FIGURE 17: TOP IP APPLICANT COUNTRIES FOR STEAM TURBINES ..................................................................... 27 FIGURE 18: BOILER RELATED IP APPLICATIONS ACROSS AUSTRALIAN STATES .................................................... 28 FIGURE 19: TIMELINE SHOWING THE NUMBER OF POWER BOILER PATENT APPLICATIONS IN AUSTRALIA ................. 28 FIGURE 20: TOP IP APPLICANT COUNTRIES FOR POWER BOILERS ...................................................................... 28 FIGURE 21: MIRROR COATING IP APPLICATIONS ACROSS AUSTRALIAN STATES ................................................... 29 FIGURE 22: TIMELINE SHOWING THE NUMBER OF MIRROR COATING PATENT APPLICATIONS IN AUSTRALIA .............. 29 FIGURE 23: TOP IP APPLICANT COUNTRIES FOR MIRROR COATINGS ................................................................... 29
List of Tables
TABLE 1: STATE-BASED CAPABILITIES IN THE HELIOSTAT INDUSTRY ...................................................................... 7 TABLE 2: STATE-BASED CAPABILITIES IN THE FABRICATION AND SUPPORT STRUCTURES INDUSTRY ......................... 7 TABLE 3: STATE-BASED CAPABILITIES IN THE RECEIVER INDUSTRY ....................................................................... 8 TABLE 4: STATE-BASED CAPABILITIES IN THE CONTROL AND INTEGRATION INDUSTRY ............................................. 9 TABLE 5: STATE-BASED CAPABILITIES IN THE POWER BLOCK INDUSTRY ................................................................ 9 TABLE 6: STATE-BASED CAPABILITIES IN THE PUMP AND BOILER INDUSTRIES ....................................................... 10 TABLE 7: STATE-BASED CAPABILITIES IN THE CIVIL WORKS INDUSTRY ................................................................. 10 TABLE 8: SUCCESSFUL INCENTIVES FOR DOMESTIC MANUFACTURING OF CSP COMPONENTS .............................. 12 TABLE 9: SPILL-OVERS FROM CST GROWTH .................................................................................................... 15 TABLE 10: ESTIMATED TOTAL CAPEX ON CST PROJECTS – BASE CASE - $ MILLION ............................................ 17 TABLE 11: ESTIMATED INVESTMENT EXPENDITURE LOCALLY SUPPLIED – BASE CASE - $ MILLION ......................... 17 TABLE 12: ESTIMATED ECONOMIC CONTRIBUTION OF CST INVESTMENT – BASE CASE - GSP - $M....................... 18 TABLE 13: ESTIMATED ECONOMIC CONTRIBUTION OF CST INVESTMENT – BASE CASE - EMPLOYMENT - FTES ..... 19 TABLE 14: ESTIMATED TOTAL CAPEX ON CST PROJECTS – NO REGRETS CASE - $ MILLION ................................. 20 TABLE 15: ESTIMATED INVESTMENT EXPENDITURE LOCALLY SUPPLIED – NO REGRETS CASE - $ MILLION .............. 20 TABLE 16: ESTIMATED ECONOMIC CONTRIBUTION OF CST INVESTMENT – NO REGRETS CASE - GSP - $M) .......... 21 TABLE 17: ESTIMATED ECONOMIC CONTRIBUTION OF CST INVESTMENT – NO REGRETS CASE - EMPLOYMENT -
FTES ................................................................................................................................................. 21 TABLE 18: TOP HELIOSTAT IP APPLICATIONS IN AUSTRALIA ............................................................................... 24 TABLE 19: TOP HTF APPLICATIONS IN AUSTRALIA ............................................................................................ 25 TABLE 20: TOP ELEVATOR IP APPLICANTS IN AUSTRALIA ................................................................................... 26 TABLE 21: TOP STEAM RELATED TURBINE IP APPLICANTS IN AUSTRALIA ............................................................. 27 TABLE 22: TOP STEAM RELATED BOILER PATENT APPLICATIONS IN AUSTRALIA .................................................... 28 TABLE 23: TOP MIRROR COATING IP APPLICATIONS IN AUSTRALIA ..................................................................... 29 TABLE 24: CST OPPORTUNITIES BY STATE ...................................................................................................... 30
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Executive Summary Concentrated Solar Thermal (CST) power presents a new opportunity for Australia. This study focuses on the potential for Australian businesses to engage in the CST value chain in the provision of key components and services. The CST value chain and Australian businesses The CST value chain comprises manufactured components such as solar collection systems (mirrors, heliostats, receivers, fabrication and support structures and control and integration systems), thermal conversion systems (pumps, boilers, storage, piping and valves) and the electrical conversion systems (power blocks, balance of plant and turbines). Additionally, the value chain involves R&D to reduce costs involved and to increase the safety, effectiveness and durability of components. Investment and financing form part of the value chain and also various service providers including developers; engineering, procurement and construction (EPC) contractors; civil works businesses; and operation and maintenance (O&M) suppliers. While the industry is at an embryonic stage, a number of local organisations across Australia have capabilities to engage in the CST value chain, in particular around solar tower construction, integration systems, support structures, heliostats and services including EPC and civil works. Spill-overs Spillovers occur from CST to other sectors including automotive, glass, metal, power and process heat, wires and cables, water, chemistry, electronic, cement and other renewables (Photovoltaic (PV) solar and wind). Regional development opportunities also arise from CST, particularly in areas with the presence of existing power network infrastructure, transport through rail and shipping facilities and transferable manufacturing capability. CST plants can result in a number of benefits around employment as it arguably involves the use of a higher proportion of local services compared to PV solar and wind, for instance via construction and assembly. The Economic Model An economic impact model was developed for CST deployment by State under two scenarios: 1. Base” or “Business as Usual” Case: This assumes that CST will enter the market from 2031 if initiatives and policies in place today are maintained. Over the 10-year period 2031-2040, it involves capital expenditure (CAPEX) of $5.012B and local expenditure of $2.255B and results in a contribution to Gross State Product (GSP) of $823M (direct) and $1.6B (induced) and employment of 4,557full-time-equivalent (FTE) (direct) and 8,751FTE (induced) jobs. 2. “No Regrets” Case: In this case, CST investments are brought forward from as early as 2022 and there are higher expenditures in NSW, QLD, SA and VIC. Over the period 2022-2040, this scenario involves a CAPEX of $9.231B and local expenditure of $4.717B. It results in a GSP contribution of $1,721B (direct) and $3.512B (induced) and employment of 9,532 FTEs and 18,936 FTEs (induced).
While these estimates are conservative, it is clear that CST provides a considerable opportunity with a significant forecasted impact on the economy and employment.
Deployment Scenario
CAPEX ($B)
Local Content
($B)
Economic impact NSW QLD SA VIC Total
Base Case
5.012 2.255 Contribution to GSP ($M)
Direct 0 179 418 226 823 Induced 0 371 763 491 1,625
Employment (FTEs)
Direct 0 992 2,314 1,251 4,557 Induced 0 2,012 4,097 2,642 8,751
No Regrets Case
9.231 4.717 Contribution GSP ($M)
Direct 243 653 510 315 1,721 Induced 544 1352 931 685 3,512
Employment (FTEs)
Direct 1,344 3616 2,826 1,746 9,532 Induced 2,914 7,333 5,002 3,687 18,936
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS AITI would like to acknowledge the contributions and support from:
South Australia Professor David Lewis, ASTRI researcher / Professor of Nanotechnology, Flinders
University Councillor Lisa Lumsden, Councillor, Port Augusta Council Mark Wadewitz, Manager, Investment Attraction, Investment Attraction South Australia
(Minerals & Energy), SA Government Bettina Venner, Manager Industry Participation, Industry Capability Network (ICN), SA Louise Foote, Communications and Government Relations Manager, Australia. Solar
Reserve Andrew Dickson, Business Development Manager, CWP Renewables David Linder-Patton, CEO, HeliostatSA Justin Kahl, General Manager – Central Western Region, Sage Automation Ashley Manna, Network Relationship Manager, ElectraNet Claire Weissman, CEO, Regional Development Australia
New South Wales Craig Wood, CEO, Vast Solar Klaus Baumgartel, Regional Manager Southern NSW, ICN Steve Hollis, Director/CEO, Solastor
Victoria Alan Atchinson, Chairman, AUSTELA/ Country Manager, Grupo Cobra Benjamin White, Director, Renewable Energy Division, Department of Land, Water and
Planning (DELWP). Victorian Government Barbara Blake, Manager, Investment and Special Projects, Renewable Energy Division,
DELWP. Victorian Government David Oglesby, Manager, Strategy and Insight, Renewable Energy Division, DELWP
Victorian Government Peter Hansford, Business Development Manager, DELWP. Victorian Government
Queensland Paget Hargreaves, Director, Industrial Energy Systems (Australia) Pty Ltd Andrew Burnett, Director, Department of Energy and Water Supply, Queensland
Government Michael Swart, Executive Manager – Procurement and Supply Chain Services, Executive
Director, ICN, QLD & Online Procurement Services
Western Australia Charmaine Watkins, Project Coordinator, Grant Elevators
Australian Capital Territory Professor John Hewson, Professor at Australian National University/ Chairman, Port
Augusta Graphite Energy 200 Pty Ltd
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ABBREVIATIONS ABS Australian Bureau of Statistics
ANU Australian National University
ARENA Australian Renewable Energy Agency
ASC Australian Solar Corporation
ASTRI Australian Solar Thermal Research Initiative
AUD Australian Dollar
AUSTELA Australian Solar Thermal Energy Association
BoP Balance of Plant
CAPEX Capital Expenditure
CEC Clean Energy Council
CSIRO Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation
CSP Concentrating Solar Power
CST Concentrated Solar Thermal
EPC Engineering, Procurement and Construction
ESTELA European Solar Thermal Electricity Association
EUR Euro
GSP Gross State Product
HTF Heat Transfer Fluid
ICN Industry Capability Network
IEA International Energy Association
IP Intellectual Property
LCOE Levelised Cost of Energy
MW MegaWatt
NSW New South Wales
NT Northern Territory
O&M Operations & Maintenance
PPA Power Purchase Agreement
PT Parabolic Trough
PV Photovoltaic
QLD Queensland
RD&I Research, Development and Innovation
RJIP Regional Jobs and Investment Packages
SA South Australia
SERREE South East Region of Renewable Energy Excellence
TAS Tasmania
UAE United Arab Emirates
UniSA University of South Australia
VIC Victoria WA Western Australia
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Approach This report maps the CST value chain and explores the capability and capacity of Australian businesses to engage effectively. Following consultation with key stakeholders from business, government and research sectors, it provides examples of Australian organisations that can potentially engage in the CST supply chain (See Appendix A). It also discusses key enablers to develop the sector, most notably the creation of renewable energy hubs to expedite grid connectivity and development approvals as well as to foster regional development.
It examines the economic impact on employment and Gross State Product for various States, under two scenarios. The first scenario is the “Base” or “Business as Usual” case, which forecasts the impact of CST deployment based on existing policies and initiatives. The second scenario is the “No Regrets” case, which projects the impact from earlier and higher levels of investment across States.
It then conducts patent analysis to help validate the technological capability of Australian businesses to specialise their manufacturing efforts into CST. This analysis also assists in identifying opportunities for international partnerships in the commercialisation of Australian IP in each CST component category so that the next generation of technologies can be successfully integrated into future global plants, thereby increasing the market potential.
The report discusses key opportunities for Australian businesses in the supply of integration systems, fabrication and support structures, heliostats and a range of services for Australian developers, EPC contractors, civil works businesses and O&M suppliers, by State.
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1 Australian capability and capacity to engage in the CST industry
1.1 CST Value Chain Mapping The CST value chain involves a wide range of components and services. Figure 1 illustrates the high-level, generic value chain for CST projects. Manufacturing components incorporate the solar collection system and the thermal and electrical conversion systems. The solar collection system includes mirrors such as heliostats, solar towers, and fabrication and support structures as well as control and integration systems. The thermal conversion system consists of pumps, boilers and storage, piping and valves. The electrical conversion system incorporates the power block and balance of plant, which includes all other components required to complete the solar system.
Figure 1: CST value chain.
Adapted from the Finnish Solar Cluster (2012, p. 16))
There are also various phases involved associated with design, development and operation of a CST plant. RD&I is essential in the design phase for a range of issues including reducing costs associated with the plant; increasing heat generated and therefore decreasing the related costs of energy output of the plant; improving the effectiveness of collection systems and the safety of heat transfer fluids; and developing coatings and materials of components which reduce the ongoing costs or maintenance and replacement of machinery in the plant. Investment and financing is also a key consideration in de-risking plants and there are a number of associated incentives and power buy back strategies that will be discussed further in Section 3.
There are various service providers involved in project development and implementation. First, the developer is usually the lead firm or owner of the project. Second, developers then recruit EPC contractors who are responsible for the construction phase of the project and procuring components, service providers and skilled labour to implement the project. Third, EPC contractors procure services of civil works providers including engineering, tradespeople and project managers. In addition to construction, civil works may also include testing of soil and geotechnical testing.
An important phase also pertains to linking CST with the built environment, for instance connection to the energy grid with energy utility companies or integration with industrial
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applications or the real estate sector. Finally, O&M is also an important phase, as components have to be maintained, replaced and monitored for safety and effectiveness.
1.2 State based capabilities in the CST Value Chain Within the Australian context, states have potential capabilities to engage in the CST value chain. Figure 2 provides a map of the innovation network including examples of potential Australian organisations in the CST value chain. These organisations are examples that arose from stakeholder engagement and do not preclude other businesses from engaging in the CST industry. Each component will be discussed further and states analysed for their potential CST capabilities in Section 1.3 to 1.10. Businesses are also itemised in Appendix A.
Figure 2: Innovation network map of examples of potential Australian players in the CST value chain
1.3 Heliostat Industry The Australian heliostat industry consists of businesses with current and potential capabilities to supply to the CST sector. Heliostats used in the CST industry are generally made of low-iron glass with a silver backing. While most of the glass used in heliostat manufacturing is currently imported, various states have been engaged in value-add associated with heliostat manufacturing, as outlined in Table 1.
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Table 1: State-based capabilities in the heliostat industry
State Capability
NSW NSW is home to CSIRO’s solar thermal research hub. CSIRO has commercialised its heliostat technology into China through partnership with Chinese company, Thermal Focus. It has also collaborated with Mitsubishi Hitashi Power Systems (MHPS) who is using CSIRO heliostat technology in a solar field in Japan. Additionally, it formed a relationship with the Cyprus Institute to install a solar field in Cyprus to generate electricity and power desalination plants (CSIRO, 2018). In addition to CSIRO, NSW CST developer, Solastor has advised that it is in partnership with NSW heliostat business, Heliosystems for the supply of heliostats.
SA SA provides examples of businesses involved in the heliostat industry. HeliostatSA through partnership with automotive manufacturer, Precision Components, has manufactured and supplied heliostats for a solar project in Yokohama, Japan (Spence, 2017). Other of its initiatives include Wi-fi controlled heliostats and automating the process for the assembly of heliostats. Additionally, RD&I with SMR Automotive has focused on plastic heliostats, with a solar park developed at the University of South Australia (Conventry et al., 2016, p.41; Spence, 2017). Flinders University also undertakes research into self-cleaning coatings for dust-free heliostats.
1.4 Fabrication and Support Structures Industry There are thousands of fabrication businesses throughout Australia. Due to the high level of customisation required for support structures in CSP plants, local fabrication firms may decrease the time to market and transportation costs associated with the supply of these components. Table 2 provides examples of fabrication capabilities in various states.
Table 2: State-based capabilities in the fabrication and support structures industry
State Capability
NSW Bluescope steel in NSW has supplied steel for CST business, HeliostatSA and also PV solar business, IXL Solar which has worked on a number of major solar projects. Additionally consultation with NSW stakeholders provided an example of a fabrication firm, Hutchins Bros Pty Ltd that specialises in structural steel fabrication and erection for large-scale projects.
QLD QLD has various fabricators that can engage in the CST supply chain. BendPro is an example of a QLD business that has prior experience in providing services to CST Developer, Vast Solar. It specialises in tube bending.
SA IXL Solar manufactures solar mounting frames, particularly for the PV solar sector. It has partnerships with a range of solar firms including PV business, Tindo Solar, and has worked on a number of major projects including the $450m Solar Flagship Project with the Federal Government in 2009 in NSW and QLD and other projects in SA’s Barossa and Riverland as well as in VIC. It therefore has the capacity to supply to major infrastructure projects. As previously mentioned, Precision Components is another example of a fabricator who has worked with HeliostatSA and Bluescope steel in manufacturing steel frames.
Consultation with key SA stakeholders identified a number of additional businesses. Ottoway Fabrication, based in Whyalla, SA, manufactured the poles for the wind turbines used in Tesla’s Hornsdale wind farm in Jamestown, SA. They may have transferable capabilities to fabricate support structures and the solar tower needed for the anticipated CSP plant in Port Augusta, SA. Its close proximity coupled with the rail links between Whyalla and Port Augusta, may decrease transport costs and time to market. There are other businesses in the region that have capabilities, for instance, Gadeleta Steel Fabrication (with bases in Port Pirie and Whyalla) that provides steel fabrication for the energy sector including pipe, tank, furnace, structural and stainless steel fabrication. Another Whyalla based firm, Liberty OneSteel, previously Whyalla Steelworks has new ownership, GFG Alliance that is making a major cash injection into the facility and has transformation plans to significantly increase steel production. It should be able to supply
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steel needed for support structures in the proposed CST power station in Port Augusta.
VIC Consultation with key Victorian stakeholders provided examples of fabrication business including Thornton Engineering Australia, Ceramet and Hoffmann Engineering. Thornton Engineering specialises in the design and manufacture of heat exchangers and pressure vessels including carbon steel, stainless steels and exotic steels. Ceramet has capabilities in metal pressing and stamping. It acquired Ceramet Solar which specialises in solar metal pressing. Hoffmann Engineering has experience in wind turbine components and in energy power stations.
1.5 Receiver Industry The receiver industry includes solar tower firms. Examples exist of a few Australian firms with current capabilities to build solar towers, as outlined in Table 3.
Table 3: State-based capabilities in the receiver industry
State Capability
SA Sonnex manufactured the solar tower for a CST project for the University of South Australia in Edinburgh, South Australia. As previously mentioned, Ottoway Fabrication from Port Augusta could also build a solar tower given its capabilities in fabricating the poles for the Hornsdale wind farm.
TAS Haywards Pty Ltd specialises in steel fabrication and erection. It has experience in wind farm construction and tower fabrication. Since 2003, it has supplied towers for a number of wind farms in Tasmania, South Australia and Victoria.
VIC Keppel Prince has the capability to supply towers given its experience in other renewable sectors. Since 2001, it has been a major erector of wind towers for wind farms in Australia. It has also completed numerous PV solar projects in Portland and Shepparton (VIC) for companies, local government, education and medical organisations.
WA As a value-add to the manufacture of solar towers, elevators or lifts for larger solar towers may present an interesting opportunity, as some customisation may be necessary for the height of the tower. WA business, Grant Elevators designs, manufactures and installs elevators and service lifts. It created lifts for the mining sector and a research station in the Antarctic. It has several patents with IP Australia (See Section 4.3). While the CST sector may not require large quantities of lifts, they are also used in in other forms of renewable power initiatives such as wind farms (e.g. Hornsdale wind farm in Jamestown has a service lift in each of its 99 wind towers); other power stations, shipyards and ships; mining and oil and gas and therefore it provides an avenue to tap into existing and emerging industries including CST. There is an Australian Elevator Association and lifts need to meet the power industry standards (2018), ANSI A17.1 and EN-81.
1.6 Control and Integration Industry There are thousands of control and integration businesses in Australia. For instance, LogiCamms operates in various states throughout Australia (NSW, QLD, SA, VIC and WA). It provides a range of services including control systems to power and renewable energy projects including PV solar, wind and solar thermal. Table 4 provides a few other examples that have emerged through CST stakeholder consultation, but it should be noted that many others exist.
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Table 4: State-based capabilities in the control and integration industry
State Capability
NSW Crossmuller Pty Ltd is a controls and information systems company providing automation solutions. It has prior experience in the solar industry particularly as it relates to solar robotics, for instance in a project for a customer, an American based designer and manufacturer of solar steam generators.
SA Sage Automation developed and supplied the integration systems for the Sundrop CST application in Port Augusta.
VIC Emerson Process Management manufactures, supplies and supports industrial process control automation systems and instrumentation for industries including power generation and renewables. National Electrical focuses on automation and industrial control, motor control drives.
WA Automation Alliance Services Pty specialises in system integration for control and automation, variable speed drives, motor control and the communication networks that link them together. Another WA business, Pressure Dynamics specialises in control systems and hydraulic electro-mechanical services. It offers services to the renewable energy sector.
1.7 Power Block industry The power block can include turbines, generators and cooling systems. The majority of turbines used in Australia comes from overseas, from businesses such as Siemens, Mitsubishi and Toshiba.
Nevertheless, consultation with CST plant developers has indicated that improving the efficiency of the turbine is critical to increasing the cost effectiveness of a CST plant. Unlike conventional turbines, CST turbines have to withstand frequent load variations, start-ups and shut-downs. Therefore, part load and transient operations are vital as well as short start-up times to decrease the down time of a plant (The World Bank, 2013). Future RD&I and international partnerships in this area will allow Australian organisations to contribute towards this industry domestically and internationally in countries such as India where imports of turbines exceed exports, with a long lead time of 16-24 months to obtain a turbine from when the order is placed due to limited supply (The World Bank, 2013). CSIRO has partnerships with Mitsubishi Hitachi Power Systems in setting up a CST farm in Yokohama Japan and therefore this relationship may be instrumental in exploring further opportunities. Table 5 provides discussion of power block capabilities in Australia.
Table 5: State-based capabilities in the power block industry
State Capability
QLD ASTRI researchers at the University of Queensland and Queensland University of Technology have been investigating supercritical CO2 systems and the power block as well as alternative power blocks respectively.
QLD business, Mhps Plant Services Pty Ltd provides turbine and generator services.
VIC BHP Billiton Innovation engaged in RD&I and filed power generation/ turbine related patents (See IP Australia). For instance, its patent (WO2005031136) focused on the use of CO2 produced from a gas turbine to drive a steam turbine.
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1.8 Pump and Boiler Industry Similar to turbines, industry experts have also advised that the majority of high-tech pumps in Australia are also imported. However, a number of firms may have potential capabilities to supply to the CST sector. One example is Rheem Manufacturing Co (Australia) Proprietary Ltd which manufactures gas and electric storage, heat pump and solar water heaters including for large-scale project applications in Australia (operates in NSW, NT, QLD, SA, VIC and WA). Other examples can also be found in various states, as discussed in Table 6.
Table 6: State-based capabilities in the pump and boiler industries
State Capability
NSW Aussie Fluid Power is involved in pump and pipe system manufacturing.
QLD Australian Water Systems manufactures tanks and has an industrial technology arm. It filed a patent around water treatment apparatus by heating (See IP Australia).
SA Quantum Energy has capabilities in heat pump water heating.
VIC Consultation with key Victorian stakeholders identified a number of examples. Hunt Engineering provides tanks and boilers for power stations. Greenland Systems provides boilers and ultra-high heat solar thermal equipment for industrial use. Union Hydraulics PL has a focus on industrial pumps and hydraulic systems. Furphy’s Engineering manufactures stainless steel tanks and vessels.
WA Dynapumps manufactures pumps.
1.9 Civil works industry There are thousands of civil works providers throughout Australia and they are not project specific. This section identifies a few examples of Australian businesses that have arisen through CST stakeholder consultation. Several of them operate in various states throughout Australia. Broadspectrum (NSW, QLD, SA, VIC and WA) was involved in the construction of the Sundrop’s Port Augusta plant. It has construction expertise for power stations, substations and transmission lines. McMahons (NSW, NT, QLD, SA, VIC and WA) provides construction and environmental services. Intract (NSW, NT, QLD, SA, VIC and WA) provides services to the civil and construction sector. Table 7 provides other examples from various states.
Table 7: State-based capabilities in the civil works industry
State Capability
QLD Highways Pty Ltd specialises in solar farm installations. Mcilwain Civil is involved in civil construction.
SA Cowell Electric has capability in the construction of power lines and substations. LAB SA Pty Ltd is an accredited material testing facility providing aggregate, concrete and geotechnical testing services to the construction industry. SMS Geotechnical Pty Ltd provides expertise in construction materials testing industry. Max Cranes provides specialist lifting, equipment hire and transport services.
VIC DDC Constructions specialises in solar thermal plant construction.
WA Indigenous Project Services specialises in the design and construction of multidisciplinary infrastructure projects for the Commonwealth and industry including fuels and substations. Monford Group supplies teams of project managers, estimators, engineers and tradesmen for the provision of construction and civil works.
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1.10 Engineering Procurement and Construction (EPC) Industry There are several international and local EPC contractors operating in multiple states throughout Australia. John Holland (NSW, QLD, SA, VIC and WA) served as the EPC contractor for the Sundrop Port Augusta plant. Downer Group (NSW, QLD, SA and WA) is an EPC contractor for power and renewable projects. Similarly, RCR Tomilson (NSW, SA and WA) is an EPC contractor for power generation plants including renewable projects such as solar farms and it has a boiler section. UGL Pty Limited (NSW, QLD, SA, VIC and WA) provides power generation, transmission and distribution solutions and has prior experience in solar and hydro projects. Lendlease (ACT, QLD, SA, VIC and WA) is a major EPC contractor and has prior experience in industrial projects e.g. Mount Piper & Wallerawang Power Station, Loy Y and A Boiler Outage Program and Bayswater Power Station. There are also state based EPC contractors such as GPA Engineering in SA that is involved in the construction of power lines and substations; and Monadelphous in WA that provides construction services to the energy sector.
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“Recognising CSP’s potential for local manufacturing, engineering and skills development, many countries – including Morocco, Saudi Arabia, South Africa and the United Arab Emirates continued to promote or enforce local content requirements in their CSP programmes during 2015” (Renewables Global Status Report, 2017, p. 69) “India's Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (JNNSM) includes measures for rapidly expanding the use of photovoltaic and solar thermal systems, in order to drive down costs and encourage domestic solar manufacturing.” (The World Bank, 2013, p. 2)
LOCAL CONTENT REQUIREMENTS
2 Enablers and barriers of Australian businesses in the supply chain
2.1 Local content and incentives Setting local content requirements should be a cooperative, ongoing process including developers, manufacturers and government. Some industry insiders argue that local content is a benefit of CSP as such plants require higher levels of construction, assembly and O&M services compared to PV solar and wind farms. This local content rate is typically around 40-45% and is associated with the provision of local services. For countries and governments seeking to develop a manufacturing base for CST components, local content requirements have been set at higher levels. For CST market leader, Spain, around 75 – 80% of CSP components come from national manufacturing, with subsidies enabling the development of domestic manufacturing capabilities (The World Bank, 2013). Table 8 illustrates the successful application of incentives to boost domestic manufacturing in Spain, the United States and Germany. Additionally, in emerging CSP markets such as Saudi Arabia, Morrocco, UAE and South Africa, local content requirements are enforced (Renewables Global Status Report, 2017). For India, a World Bank (2013) report recommended the local share in manufacturing in the range of 76% (pessimistic scenario), 83% (moderate scenario) to 90% (optimistic scenario). In Australia, the South Australia government has set a 60% local content requirement for the proposed Aurora CST plant. The Victorian Government has also placed a 64% local content requirement on renewable projects. Setting local content levels is an important negotiation so that agreed levels are workable and sustainable for key stakeholders, employment and industry growth.
Table 8: Successful incentives for domestic manufacturing of CSP components in Spain, United States and Germany
Source: The World Bank (2013)
Plant Rioglass Solar 1
Rioglass Solar 2
Rioglass Solar Inc
Schott Total (Local
IP) Component PT mirrors PT receiver tubes Country Spain Spain USA Spain Germany Investment EUR 23
M EUR 11
M USD100
M EUR 40
M EUR 15
M Subsidies Regional
funds EUR 8 M
Regional funds
EUR 2.2 M
Local subsidies
Reg. & nat.
funds EUR 9 M
NA
Job creation
120 200 109 109
Production 1.3 M mirrors/ yr NA 100,000 units/ yr
NA
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2.2 Visibility and communication Consultation with industry revealed an interest in industrial heat applications that will create a steady pipeline of projects to build capacity in the industry. Some CST suppliers and developers indicated that government can help to create an integrated communication strategy to increase the visibility of CST and its benefits to industry for industrial applications for heat generation and locking in a stable energy price. This communication can target industry associations including those involved in oil and gas, mining, farming and dairy. It can involve public media, political advocacy and publication of results from initial projects.
2.3 Renewable energy hubs: Grid connectivity and development approvals
Consultation with developers revealed that the grid connection approval process needs to be expedited, indicating that it can take over a year to obtain approval. On the other hand, some indicate that this is quicker than the 2-year average time to connect coal power plants. With changing technology, such as PV solar and batteries, expectations are changing towards shorter connection lead times. While connection to the grid is controlled by independent companies, the Australian Energy Regulator, the Australian Energy Market Operator (AEMO) and Council of Australian Governments (COAG) could have a role in facilitating a solution.
Additionally, there were calls to expedite development approval and awareness of CST within Local Government Councils. Examples were given of land approval delays due to questions around potential hazards given glare and the death of birds. Awareness would assist Councils in undertaking required environmental evaluations including the loss of animal habitat, water use, visual impact and effects on endangered species (IEA, 2010).
Industry stakeholders expressed the need for renewable energy hubs or solar parks, citing Morocco as a useful case study of successful implementation. Morocco has designated five major sites to boost CST and PV solar projects with a view to increase solar energy generation by 14% and add capacity of 2,000MW by 2020 (Government of Morocco, 2018). In these hubs, there is a streamlined and decisive process for grid connectivity and development approvals. Companies can bid for space and access suitable financing and incentives.
2.4 Cost reduction Developers suggested that it would be helpful for government to facilitate cost reduction studies, particularly involving Australian component suppliers. Related to this, there is likely to be considerable benefit from the CST industry being an early adopter of the Industry 4.0 agenda (TMI, 2018) which can help to deliver significant improvements in productivity and performance within the sector. Industry 4.0 involves the use of various digital technologies to streamline the manufacturing process including sophisticated sensors; advanced robotics; artificial intelligence; the Internet of Things; data capture and analytics; and digital fabrication. It can improve the efficiency of the overall CST plant and the manufacturing of various components.
VISIBILITY AND
COMMUNICATION
“There is a huge market in industry that does not know that the CST technology exists and what it can do for them. We created a CST field in Northern Adelaide that people could see. Government can help in creating an integrated communication strategy to increase visibility of CST and its benefits to industry for industrial applications for heat generation and locking in a stable energy price. David Linder-Patton, CEO, Heliostat SA.
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Government could facilitate the provision of a ‘Design for Manufacture’ review of Australian developed technologies to further increase the rate of cost reduction.
2.5 Certifications and secondment Industry consultation uncovered shortfalls in required certification of tradespeople needed for major projects. Costs associated with obtaining required specialised certifications was deemed a barrier for engaging particular groups such as electricians. Up-skilling support may have to be offered to CST job-seekers in target regions.
Consultation with industry also revealed competition, scarcity and lack of affordability for certain skilled workers in regional areas, particularly when competing for these workers with high-paying industries such as Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG). There were calls for experienced pressure welders, and workers with skills in power stations operations, turbines, specialised fabrication, mechanical and structural design to improve heliostats, thermal expertise and effective project management. Secondment programs for technical and engineering workers from competing industries or with leading international CST firms may help generate knowledge transfer, training and capacity building for new CST players. For contributing firms, the Australian CST segment may provide an opportunity for market or product diversification and therefore, participation in the program may be mutually beneficial.
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REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT CASE STUDY
“The mid-North and iron triangle regions of South Australia have the ingredients to be a renewable energy hub. They are home to major completed and upcoming renewable projects, including the Sundrop CST farm and the proposed CST power plant in Port Augusta, the Tesla ‘big battery’ Hornsdale wind farm in Jamestown and the upcoming renewable projects through the partnership between GFG Alliance and Zen Energy across the iron triangle. It has various enabling conditions. First, given the prior power station, there are existing network infrastructure and cables. Second, there are opportunities for reverse brain drain as it was a thermal coal power station and highly skilled people who once worked in the region will like to return. Third, there are opportunities to increase up-skilling programs with the presence of various universities in Port Augusta and Whyalla. Fourth, there might also be opportunities to reclaim our shipping history, as I believe the now closed power station site is suitable for port development. Fifth, it has raw materials for manufacturing such as steel that can be used in the fabrication and support structures in CST. Whyalla’s Ottoway Fabrication manufactured the posts for the wind turbines at Hornsdale. Sixth, it has an operational rail system. Port Augusta used to be the Commonwealth Railways Headquarters and we would manufacture and repair carriages for the railways right up until the 90s. Five major rail operators are still here - EDI Rail, Downer Rail, Pacific National, Bowmans Rail and ARTC. The buildings, some equipment and some of the skills are still here so it makes sense to see the manufacturing facilities reinvigorated and repurposed from rail manufacturing to renewable manufacturing. Components can also be easily transported anywhere in Australia using the rail network that connects the nation in all directions from here. Therefore, the mix of renewable projects, network infrastructure, rail, shipping, training, raw materials, manufacturing capabilities that can be re-activated by way of skills and facilities provides ideal conditions to transition into a renewable energy hub.” Councillor Lisa Lumsden, Port Augusta Council
3 Potential Economic Benefits from Australian CST Deployment
3.1 Identification of spill-overs associated with the growth of the CST industry Spill-overs associated with the growth of the CST industry can occur for various existing industries as shown in Table 9. They can also be location specific due to the presence of existing power transmission network infrastructure, transport through rail and shipping facilities and transferable manufacturing capability as highlighted in the regional development case study.
Table 9: Spill-overs from CST growth
Figure 3: Sundrop CST farm, Port Augusta
Existing industry
CST Component
Glass Mirrors Metal Support structures for
mirrors and solar tower Power and process heat
Power block, balance of plant, heat exchangers, receivers, turbines, boilers
Wires and cables
Power cables
Water Pumps, pipes, valves Chemistry Heat transfer fluid,
storage fluid, coatings Electronic Integration and control
system Cement Solar tower, foundations
Lifts Service lifts for large towers
Other renewable (PV solar and wind)
Support frames and fabrication, and mirrors
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3.2 Modelling the Economic Impact of the CST Investment This section presents an evaluation of the economic impact of the investment expenditure expected in the planned developed of CST. It is based on input values from network modelling contractor, Energeia, that have modelled CST deployment under various scenarios. The economic modelling is provided for two cases in this report. The first is a “base” or “business as usual” case with “normal” expectations and activity based on policies and initiatives in place. The second “No Regrets” case is a more aggressive scenario with a higher level of investment across all states and expenditures that are brought forward.
3.3 Methodology considerations An Input Output (IO) model has been used as the base economic model in this study. Such models are a very prominent process for translating directly created expenditure (a final demand stimulus) of industries or projects into jobs and incomes, and for establishing the extent of the flow-on impact. An IO model is a whole of economy model that estimates all the linkages in an economy. Therefore, for new expenditures (those created by an event), it measures the value added and jobs in the activity itself (the initial or direct effect) and the flow through or multiplier effects. It has two major inter-related assumptions in this context – that the impact by industry is based on the average production function for that industry (in economics terms, constant returns to scale) and that the economy is unconstrained – it can expand proportionally to the new activity. An alternative approach would be to use a Computable General Equilibrium (GCE) model – which is a more sophisticated model that builds in constraints – the aggregate or macro level and at the industry level. Thus, in general it allows that in the short run, the expansion of activity puts demand on resources and pushes prices up which crowds out some of the impact. However, CGE models include additional relationships that reduce the impact of those constraints (e.g. investment will respond to the increased activity and profits, and as such the economy will expand from that) – meaning that in the long run, and especially at the regional or state level, the results of CGE model are very similar to those of an IO model. In short, the use of these input-output based multipliers allow a reporting with respect to the estimated outcomes of the activities in terms of the effect of expenditure or turnover on value added across a regional economy and in terms of job creation – which is consistent with national accounting frameworks.
3.4 Core Assumptions To undertake the modelling, an indicative input output table for each of the states in Table 10 has been created. This has been developed using the location quotient method, which uses the national input output table produced by the Australian Bureau of Statistics (the latest table is for 2014/15) and uses state employment data for each state (taken from the Labour Force Survey for 2014/15) to mathematically derive an input output table for each state) – which is then updated using inflation outcomes and estimates of labour productivity to provide indicative tables for 2017/18. Of the locally supplied inputs from the capital expenditure, it is assumed that it mainly provided by firms in the construction sector (40%), and manufactured product (20%), while also drawing demand from services including property services (10%), professional, scientific and technical services (10%), transport (10%) and financial services (10%). It is noted that the overall magnitude of results is not affected materially by variations in these allocations.
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3.5 Modelling of the “Base” Case In the “base” case scenario, CST is expected to enter the market in 2031, based on existing policies and initiatives. Table 10 provides the estimated capital expenditure (CAPEX) of $5.012B and local expenditure of $2.255B over the 10 year period (2031-2040): 50% of the spend for South Australia, Queensland and Victoria.
Table 10: Estimated total Capex on CST projects – Base case - $ million
Capex ($M) 2031 2032 2033 2034 2035 2036 2037 2038 2039 2040 Total NSW $0 QLD $246 $231 $217 $204 $192 $1,091 SA $334 $314 $288 $267 $261 $246 $225 $215 $204 $192 $2,545 TAS $0 VIC $266 $250 $235 $221 $208 $196 $1,376 Total $334 $314 $288 $267 $527 $742 $691 $653 $617 $580 $5,012 Table 11 provides an estimate of the expenditure that will occur locally within each state, and is forecasted at 45% in 2031 and gradually increasing to 60% by 2040.
Table 11: Estimated investment expenditure locally supplied – Base Case - $ million Local Spend 2031 2032 2033 2034 2035 2036 2037 2038 2039 2040 Total Local Content 45.0% 46.7% 48.3% 50.0% 51.7% 53.3% 55.0% 56.7% 58.3% 60.0% NSW $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 QLD $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $111 $104 $98 $92 $86 $491 SA $150 $141 $129 $120 $118 $111 $101 $97 $92 $86 $1,145 TAS $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 VIC $0 $0 $0 $0 $120 $113 $106 $100 $94 $88 $619 Total $150 $141 $129 $120 $237 $334 $311 $294 $277 $261 $2,255 An economic impact evaluation looks at the broad level impact of this investment expenditure. The spend links into the local economy, purchasing inputs and services. These flow through effects mean that the overall contribution of the activity goes beyond the direct activity and employment itself. This next section of the report provides a broad level estimate of the total impact on the various state economies, by modelling the flow-on impacts based on indicative assumptions.
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“The CST sector has enormous job and training opportunities for Australians in areas of manufacturing, fabrication, specialised control systems, installation, servicing, operations and maintenance. Essentially an entirely new industry can be established”. Paget Hargreaves, Sundrop CST farm Developer/ Director, Industrial Energy Systems (Australia) Pty Ltd.
AUSTRALIAN JOBS
3.6 Summary of Results – Base Case
Tables 12 and 13 indicate the results of the modelling. Using the sector allocations as described above, and tracing these through the relevant state input output table provides estimates of:
• Impact in terms of the contribution to Gross State Product. This is measured as the value added associated with the project – or its returns to capital (gross operating surplus and returns to labour – gross wages and salaries. The direct impact is the value-added component of the companies and business working on the project. The induced is the flow through effect of this activity.)
• Impact in terms of jobs contribution (measure as full time equivalent jobs)
In short, the projected investment is responsible for contributing in the order of $550m for Queensland, $1,181m for South Australia and $717m for Victoria (See Table 12). This is a conservative estimate in that it treats every state as a separate economic unit, not allowing for feedback effects between state and also includes some adjustment for supply side constraints, while not including macroeconomic linkages such as second round investment (e.g. by supplying companies). Table 13 presents the contribution to employment in terms of FTEs and also provides an indication of the total person years in full-time employment through the 10-year period in the final column. The detailed modelling outcomes are included in Appendix B – showing the impact by industry sector. Figure 4 illustrates graphically the modelled outcomes on employment in each state.
Table 12: Estimated economic contribution of CST investment – Base Case - Contribution to Gross State Product - $m
2031 2032 2033 2034 2035 2036 2037 2038 2039 2040 Total
NSWDirect $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 $0.0Induced $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 $0.0Total $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 $0.0
QueenslandDirect $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 $40.4 $38.0 $35.7 $33.6 $31.6 $179.1Induced $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 $83.6 $78.6 $73.9 $69.5 $65.3 $370.8Total $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 $123.9 $116.5 $109.6 $103.0 $96.9 $549.9
Sth AustDirect $54.9 $51.6 $47.2 $43.8 $42.9 $40.3 $36.9 $35.2 $33.5 $31.5 $418.0Induced $100.1 $94.1 $86.2 $79.9 $78.3 $73.6 $67.4 $64.3 $61.2 $57.5 $762.6Total $155.0 $145.7 $133.4 $123.7 $121.2 $113.9 $104.3 $99.5 $94.7 $89.1 $1,180.6
TasmaniaDirect $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 $0.0Induced $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 $0.0Total $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 $0.0
VictoriaDirect $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 $43.7 $41.1 $38.6 $36.3 $34.2 $32.1 $226.0Induced $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 $95.0 $89.3 $84.0 $79.0 $74.3 $69.8 $491.3Total $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 $138.6 $130.4 $122.6 $115.3 $108.4 $101.9 $717.2National Total $155.0 $145.7 $133.4 $123.7 $259.8 $368.2 $343.5 $324.4 $306.2 $287.9 $2,447.8
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Table 13: Estimated economic contribution of CST investment – Base Case - Contribution to Employment – FTEs
Figure 4: Estimated economic contribution of CST investment – Base Case - Contribution to Employment - FTEs
2031 2032 2033 2034 2035 2036 2037 2038 2039 2040Person years
NSWDirect 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Induced 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Total 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
QueenslandDirect 0 0 0 0 0 224 210 198 186 175 992Induced 0 0 0 0 0 453 426 401 377 354 2,012Total 0 0 0 0 0 677 636 598 563 529 3,004
Sth AustDirect 304 286 262 242 238 223 205 195 186 175 2,314Induced 538 506 463 429 420 395 362 345 329 309 4,097Total 842 791 725 672 658 619 567 541 514 484 6,411
TasmaniaDirect 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Induced 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Total 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
VictoriaDirect 0 0 0 0 242 227 214 201 189 178 1,251Induced 0 0 0 0 511 480 452 425 399 376 2,642Total 0 0 0 0 753 708 666 626 588 553 3,894
National Total 842 791 725 672 1,411 2,003 1,869 1,765 1,666 1,566 13,308
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3.7 Modelling of the “No Regrets” Case The “No Regrets” case involves a higher level of expenditure in the States of QLD, SA and VIC and also the introduction of CST in NSW. Additionally, expenditures are brought forward with the implementation of smaller systems from as early as 2022. Table 14 provides the estimated capital expenditure over the years 2022-2040 – with the total expenditure estimated at $9.231 billion with $4.717billion to be spent on local content. 38% of the spend is planned for QLD, 30% for SA, 14% for NSW and 18% for VIC. Table 14: Estimated total Capex on CST projects – No Regrets case - $ million
Table 15: Estimated investment expenditure locally supplied – No Regrets case - $ million
An economic impact evaluation looks at the broad level impact of this investment expenditure. The spend links into the local economy, purchasing inputs and services. These flow through effects mean that the overall contribution of the activity goes beyond the direct activity and employment itself.
3.8 Summary of Results – “No Regrets” Case Tables 16 and 17 indicate the results of the modelling. In summary, it is anticipated that there will be a contribution to GSP of $786M for NSW, $2,004M for QLD, $1,441M for SA and $1,001M for VIC. Additionally, there is a projected contribution of 1,344 (direct) and 2,914 (induced) jobs in NSW, 3,616 (direct) and 7,333 (induced) jobs in QLD, 2,826 (direct) and 5,002 (induced jobs) in SA, and 1,746 (direct) and 3,687 (induced) jobs in VIC (in terms of person years in full-time employment). Figure 5 illustrates graphically the modelled outcomes on employment in each state. The detailed modelling outcomes for this scenario are included in Appendix C – showing the impact by industry sector.
Capex ($M) 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034 2035 2036 2037 2038 2039 2040 TotalNSW $0 $0 $0 $22 $272 $117 $19 $18 $44 $142 $96 $54 $203 $13 $74 $12 $49 $104 $120 $1,357QLD $93 $8 $44 $256 $112 $106 $98 $161 $131 $168 $391 $165 $203 $52 $425 $283 $261 $368 $239 $3,565SA $0 $0 $0 $11 $11 $10 $10 $9 $9 $364 $322 $295 $273 $268 $264 $245 $220 $209 $197 $2,717
TAS $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0VIC $0 $0 $0 $11 $11 $10 $101 $9 $9 $8 $8 $7 $7 $273 $256 $241 $227 $213 $200 $1,592
Total $93 $8 $44 $301 $406 $244 $228 $197 $193 $682 $817 $522 $686 $606 $1,019 $781 $757 $895 $756 $9,231
Local Spend ($M) 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034 2035 2036 2037 2038 2039 2040 TotalLocal Content 40.0% 40.0% 40.0% 42.0% 44.0% 44.0% 44.0% 44.0% 45.0% 45.0% 46.7% 48.3% 50.0% 51.7% 53.3% 55.0% 56.7% 58.3% 60.0%
NSW $0 $0 $0 $9 $120 $52 $8 $8 $20 $64 $45 $26 $101 $7 $39 $7 $28 $61 $72 $665QLD $37 $3 $17 $108 $49 $47 $43 $71 $59 $76 $183 $80 $101 $27 $227 $156 $148 $215 $143 $1,789SA $0 $0 $0 $5 $5 $5 $4 $4 $4 $164 $150 $143 $137 $138 $141 $135 $125 $122 $118 $1,398
TAS $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0VIC $0 $0 $0 $5 $5 $4 $44 $4 $4 $4 $4 $4 $4 $141 $137 $133 $128 $124 $120 $864
Total $37 $3 $17 $126 $179 $107 $100 $87 $87 $307 $381 $252 $343 $313 $543 $430 $429 $522 $453 $4,717
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Table 16: Estimated economic contribution of CST investment – No Regrets Case - Contribution to Gross State Product - $m)
Table 17: Estimated economic contribution of CST investment – No Regrets Case - Contribution to Employment - FTEs
2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034 2035 2036 2037 2038 2039 2040 Total
NSWDirect $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 $3.4 $43.7 $18.8 $3.0 $2.9 $7.2 $23.3 $16.3 $9.5 $37.0 $2.5 $14.4 $2.4 $10.1 $22.2 $26.3 $242.8Induced $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 $7.5 $97.9 $42.1 $6.7 $6.4 $16.1 $52.1 $36.4 $21.3 $82.8 $5.5 $32.2 $5.3 $22.6 $49.6 $58.8 $543.5Total $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 $10.9 $141.7 $61.0 $9.8 $9.3 $23.4 $75.3 $52.7 $30.7 $119.8 $8.0 $46.6 $7.7 $32.7 $71.8 $85.0 $786.3
QueenslandDirect $13.5 $1.1 $6.4 $39.3 $18.0 $17.1 $15.8 $25.8 $21.6 $27.6 $66.7 $29.2 $37.0 $9.8 $82.7 $56.8 $54.0 $78.4 $52.2 $653.0Induced $28.0 $2.3 $13.2 $81.3 $37.3 $35.4 $32.6 $53.5 $44.7 $57.1 $138.0 $60.4 $76.6 $20.3 $171.2 $117.6 $111.7 $162.2 $108.1 $1,351.7Total $41.6 $3.4 $19.6 $120.6 $55.3 $52.5 $48.4 $79.3 $66.3 $84.7 $204.6 $89.6 $113.7 $30.1 $253.9 $174.5 $165.7 $240.6 $160.3 $2,004.7
Sth AustDirect $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 $1.8 $1.7 $1.7 $1.6 $1.5 $1.5 $59.8 $54.8 $52.0 $49.9 $50.5 $51.3 $49.2 $45.5 $44.6 $43.1 $510.3Induced $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 $3.2 $3.2 $3.0 $2.9 $2.7 $2.6 $109.0 $100.1 $94.9 $91.0 $92.1 $93.6 $89.7 $83.0 $81.3 $78.7 $931.1Total $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 $4.9 $4.9 $4.7 $4.4 $4.2 $4.1 $168.8 $154.9 $146.9 $140.9 $142.6 $144.9 $138.9 $128.5 $125.9 $121.8 $1,441.3
TasmaniaDirect $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 $0.0Induced $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 $0.0Total $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 $0.0
VictoriaDirect $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 $1.7 $1.7 $1.6 $16.2 $1.5 $1.4 $1.3 $1.3 $1.3 $1.3 $51.4 $49.9 $48.4 $46.9 $45.4 $43.9 $315.3Induced $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 $3.7 $3.7 $3.5 $35.3 $3.2 $3.1 $2.9 $2.9 $2.8 $2.8 $111.8 $108.5 $105.2 $101.9 $98.7 $95.4 $685.4Total $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 $5.4 $5.4 $5.1 $51.5 $4.6 $4.5 $4.3 $4.2 $4.1 $4.1 $163.2 $158.4 $153.6 $148.8 $144.1 $139.3 $1,000.7National Total $41.6 $3.4 $19.6 $141.8 $207.2 $123.3 $114.1 $97.4 $98.2 $333.1 $416.5 $271.4 $378.4 $343.9 $603.8 $474.7 $475.7 $582.3 $506.5 $5,233.0
2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034 2035 2036 2037 2038 2039 2040Person years
NSWDirect 0 0 0 19 242 104 17 16 40 129 90 53 205 14 80 13 56 1,344 145 2,566Induced 0 0 0 40 525 226 36 34 87 279 195 114 444 30 173 29 121 -955 315 1,693Total 0 0 0 59 767 330 53 50 126 408 286 167 649 43 252 42 177 389 461 4,259
QueenslandDirect 75 6 35 218 100 95 87 143 120 153 369 162 205 54 458 315 299 434 289 3,616Induced 152 13 72 441 202 192 177 290 242 310 749 328 416 110 929 638 606 880 586 7,333Total 227 19 107 659 302 287 264 433 362 463 1,118 489 621 164 1,387 953 905 1,314 876 10,949
Sth AustDirect 0 0 0 10 10 9 9 8 8 331 304 288 276 280 284 272 252 247 239 2,826Induced 0 0 0 17 17 16 15 15 14 586 538 510 489 495 503 482 446 437 423 5,002Total 0 0 0 27 27 25 24 23 22 917 841 798 765 774 787 754 698 684 661 7,827
TasmaniaDirect 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Induced 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Total 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
VictoriaDirect 0 0 0 9 9 9 90 8 8 7 7 7 7 285 276 268 260 251 243 1,746Induced 0 0 0 20 20 19 190 17 17 16 16 15 15 601 584 566 548 531 513 3,687Total 0 0 0 29 29 28 279 25 24 23 23 23 22 886 860 834 808 782 756 5,432National Total 227 19 107 774 1,125 670 621 531 535 1,810 2,267 1,476 2,057 1,868 3,286 2,583 2,588 3,168 2,754 28,467
22 AITI (2018)
Figure 5: Estimated economic contribution of CST investment – No Regrets Case - Contribution to Employment - FTEs
23 AITI (2018)
4 Commercialisation of next generation technologies: Patent analysis
The commercialisation of next generation technologies provides an economic opportunity for exports and the use of Australian technology in CST plants and applications domestically and internationally. Once these technologies are commercialised, an economic impact can be felt through product sales domestically or via exports, licenses, patent sale or start-ups including job creation. The Australian Solar Thermal Research Institute (ASTRI) undertakes research aimed at reducing capital expenditure of CSP plants (e.g. heliostat cost reduction and receiver performance), increasing capacity (e.g. low-cost phase change material thermal storage systems), improving efficiency (solar supercritical carbon dioxide system development) and adding product value (e.g. mirror cleanliness and cleaning). Its research is conducted with a number of US research partners (the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratories and Arizona State University) and it has relationships with businesses including CST company, Abengoa Solar (Spain) and Mitsubishi Hitashi Power Systems (Japan).
This section presents a patent analysis of the major components of a CST plant. It reviews intellectual property applications (including patents and trademarks) lodged with the Australian patent office by both Australian businesses and international firms. In doing so, it identifies key players with intellectual property (IP)/technology and knowhow who can be useful collaborators as opportunities for the development of key components are explored. Both local and international players are identified, as partnerships with major international CST businesses would be instrumental in commercialising products overseas and integrating in the design processes of future CST plants worldwide and in global supply chains. It also provides the timeline showing IP activity for each component and the countries that are most active in lodging IP applications for each component in Australia. Data for this section is sourced from IP Australia (IP NOVA, 2018).
24 AITI (2018)
4.1 Heliostats Overall 50 IP applications around heliostats have been lodged in Australia which demonstrates an emerging capability in this area in Australia. Key Australian applicants include CSIRO, HeliostatSA and Heliosystems, thereby reflecting the higher number of patents in ACT and NSW (Figure 6). The lodging of heliostat IP applications has increased between 2013 and 2016 with Vast Solar lodging the most recent patent application in 2016. Japan and the US are the most active countries in lodging heliostat patents in Australia.
Table 18: Top heliostat IP applications in Australia Top 10 Worldwide Applicants Top 10 Applicants in Australia Mitsui engineering & shipbuilding co (8) CSIRO (4) Solarcity corp (4) Qbotix (3) MITAKA KOHKI CO (2) ORSELLO, ROBERT (2) Solarreserve (2) Solarreserve tech (2) Tokyo institute of tech (2) Abengoa solar new tech (1)
CSIRO (4) HeliostatSA (1) Heliosystems (1) Strand lighting (1) University of Sydney (1) Vast solar (1)
Figure 6: Heliostat applications across Australian States
Figure 7: Timeline showing the number of heliostat IP applications in Australia
Figure 8: Top IP applicant countries for heliostats
ACT
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15 15 9 3 2 2 2
Japan United States Australia Israel Spain South Africa Unknown
25 AITI (2018)
4.2 Heat Transfer Fluids Developments in heat transfer fluids (HTF) are important for the cost effectiveness and safety of CST solutions. Top patent applicants in Australia around HTFs include Rheem Australia and Quantum Energy Tech. Other firms such as 1414 Degrees have been conducting research into the use of silicon as a phase change material.
Table 19: Top HTF applications in Australia Top Worldwide Applicants Top Applicants in Australia EI Du Pont De Nemours & Co (14) Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij (13) Innercool Therapies (12) General Electric Co (11) Rheem Australia (11) BOC Group (10) Handylab (9) Carrier Corp (7) Honeywell Intl (6) Imperial Chemical Industries (6)
Rheem Australia (11) CSIRO (5) Quantum Energy Tech (5) FF Seeley Nominees (3) Idalex Tech (3) SET Holdings (2) Woodside Energy (2) World Environmental Solutions (2) ACT 6 (1) Agroteknik (1)
Figure 9: HTF IP applications across Australian States
Figure 10: Timeline showing the number of HTF patent applications in Australia
Figure 11: Top IP applicant countries for HTF
NSW
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337 84 49 28 26 22 18
United States Australia Wales Japan France Canada Netherlands
26 AITI (2018)
4.3 Service Elevators for Power Towers Service elevators are a value-add for power towers. While demand for elevators in CSP plants may be limited, elevators represent a considerable opportunity as it is used in other sectors such as windfarms (e.g. Hornsdale windfarm in Jamestown has service lifts in each of its 99 wind towers), power stations and shipyards. Overall 1,041 IP applications around elevators have been lodged in Australia. The market is dominated by international players. However, Grant Elevator Sales has lodged patents, conducts R&D and manufactures elevators. The US, Switzerland and Finland are the most active countries in lodging elevator patents in Australia.
Table 20: Top elevator IP applicants in Australia Top 10 Worldwide Applicants Top 10 Applicants in Australia Otis Elevator Co (246) Inventio (207) Kone Corp (176) Kone (45) Kone Elevator (31) Non-Entity 473695 (26) Thyssen Elevator Capital Corp (18) Westinghouse Electric Corp (11) Gannett Satellite Information Network (10) Shuffle Master (10)
Grant Elevator Sales (9) Eastern Elevators (4) Elevator Logistics (3) Elevator Sales (3) Link Elevator Co (3) Non-Entity 812516 (2) Amiata Holdings (1) Austoft Industries (1) Australian Elevator & Gondola Co (1) Australian Elevator Co (1)
Figure 12: Elevator IP applications across Australian States
Figure 13: Timeline showing the number of elevator IP applications in Australia
Figure 14: Top IP applicant countries for elevators
NSW
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418 241 223 92 65 27
United States Switzerland Finland Australia Unknown China Germany
27 AITI (2018)
4.4 Turbines There are various types and sizes of turbines. In terms of power turbines, a cluster analysis of patents in this sub-category includes steam, gas, wind, electric, power plant and generation. Drilling in further, 194 applications around steam turbines have been lodged in Australia. The key Australian applicant is BHP Billiton. One of its patents focused on the use of exhaust fluid produced from a gas turbine to drive a steam turbine. Siemens dominates the international players. The US, Germany and Japan are the most active countries in lodging steam turbine patents in Australia.
Table 21: Top steam related turbine IP applicants in Australia Top 10 Worldwide Applicants Top Applicants in Australia Siemens (29) Toshiba (11) Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (7) Westinghouse Electric Corp (7) General Electric Co (6) Hitachi (6) Alstom Tech (5) Mitsubishi Hitachi Power Systems (4) Air Products & Chemicals (3) General Electric Tech (3)
BHP Billiton Innovation (2) Monash University (1) Power Rail Road (1) Stanwell Corp (1)
Figure 15: Steam turbine IP applications across Australian States
Figure 16: Timeline showing the number of steam turbine IP applications in Australia
Figure 17: Top IP applicant countries for steam turbines
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74 63 56 21 19 12 11
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28 AITI (2018)
4.5 Boilers While there are various types of boilers, this analysis focuses on power boilers. There has been 215 associated patent applications filed in Australia. International players from the US and Japan dominate the market. Australian researcher Professor Gus Nathan (University of Adelaide) is conducting research into integrating combustion technology into the CST receiver. He has a patent pending in this field.
Table 22: Top steam related boiler patent applications in Australia Top 10 Worldwide Applicants Top Applicants in Australia Mitsubishi Hitachi Power Systems (26) Babcockhitachi (20) Alstom Tech (12) Babcock Power Services (12) Babcock & Wilcox Co (11) Babcock & Wilcox Power Generation Group (10) Electric Power Development Co (9) General Electric Tech (9) Ishikawajimaharima Heavy Industries Co (9) Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (9)
Australian Water Systems (1) It1 Energy (1) Melanesia Intl Trust Co (1) Newcastle Innovation (1) Non-Entity 101473 (1) Non-Entity 22910 (1) Non-Entity 346351 (1) Non-Entity 350524 (1) Non-Entity 455685 (1) Non-Entity 457217 (1)
Figure 18: Boiler related IP applications across Australian States
Figure 19: Timeline showing the number of power boiler patent applications in Australia
Figure 20: Top IP applicant countries for power boilers
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62 61 20 14 10 9 7
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4.6 Mirror Coatings Relevant CST coatings include highly reflective coatings for mirrors and dust-repellent coatings. Pilkington Glass is one of the key international players. It did have an Australian operation in Victoria but with the downturn of the automotive sector, it was acquired by CSR in 2007, resulting in a new business, Virdian.
Table 23: Top mirror coating IP applications in Australia Top Worldwide Applicants Top Applicants in Australia Pilkington Glass (5) AGC Glass Europe (3) Aluminium Co Of America (2) Enviro & Energy Tech Intl (2) Gunnar Optiks (2) IDC (2) Nippon Paper Industries Co (2) Northlight (2) Ppg Industries Ohio (2) Siemens Concentrated Solar Power (2)
Enviro & Energy Tech Intl (2) Bluescope Steel (1) Carl Zeiss Vision Australia Holdings (1) Enviro & Energy Technolgies Intl Ptyltd (1) Prestige Aluminium Window Restorations (1) Sola Intl Holdings (1)
Figure 21: Mirror coating IP applications across Australian States
Figure 22: Timeline showing the number of mirror coating patent applications in Australia
Figure 23: Top IP applicant countries for mirror coatings
NSWSA
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25 8 7 7 4 3 2
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30 AITI (2018)
5 CST Opportunities by State This report identifies State specific opportunities to assist States in the development of sectoral industry support strategies. Table 21 summarises these opportunities, which will be discussed through this section.
Table 24: CST opportunities by State Focus area SA VIC NSW QLD WA NT TAS
Polic
y
Renewable Hubs
Upper Spencer Gulf West North
Interconnector
Man
ufac
ture
d Co
mpo
nent
s Sola
r Co
llect
ion
Syst
em Heliostats
Support structures Towers
Control & Integration
Ther
mal
&
Elec
tric
Co
nver
sion
Power block
Pumps & boilers
Serv
ice
Prov
ider
s Developer
EPC Contractors
Civil works
Maintenance RD&I
5.1 South Australia South Australia has an opportunity to develop a renewable hub in the Upper Spencer Gulf region as discussed in Section 3.1. Its businesses also have capabilities particularly related to the manufacture of components such as heliostats, support structures, towers and integration systems (See Sections 1.3 – 1.6). It is also home to three contributing ASTRI universities with Flinders University researchers undertaking research in self-cleaning coatings and industry 4.0, the University of Adelaide into combustibility technology in the tower and the University of South Australia researchers investigating the development of plastic mirrors. The State has capabilities to supply components for projects in the short term as well as to build university-industry partnerships in the development of next generation technologies for use in the longer term.
5.2 Victoria Victoria has various opportunities to develop renewable energy hubs. First, the interconnector between VIC, SA, NSW and QLD around Horsham can connect on the SA side up to about Port Augusta (Electranet, 2016). Second, consultation with key stakeholders indicate that the western half (including north-west and south-west) is a prime region to develop into a renewable energy hub for industrial heat CST applications given the presence of dairy and farming industries. Victorian businesses also have capabilities to engage in the CST value chain across a variety of components and services needed. The Victorian Government will provide $5.36m over 4 years to establish the Centre for New Energy Technologies (C4NET, 2018) with Victorian universities. It
31 AITI (2018)
will include the modelling of network data. This may provide an opportunity to determine regions in Victoria where industrial heat applications for instance may be best placed, based on demands on regional electricity networks.
5.3 New South Wales New South Wales has various CST technology developers such as Vast Solar and Solastor that focus on modular CST applications that are flexible in scale. Their designs both involve the use of multiple, relatively small towers based on the needs of the application. The modular approach may provide opportunities for a range of scenarios including (but not limited to) industrial applications. Solastor and its NSW suppliers such as Heliosystems have capabilities in the provision of various components including control systems, graphite storage technology and heliostats.
5.4 Queensland Queensland has a number of opportunities for the development of the CST industry. First, the planned renewable energy hub in North Queensland may provide an opportunity for the integration of CST. Second, the Renewables 400 program and the upcoming $50M CST fund will provide opportunities for firms seeking to engage in the sector as discussed in Section 2.2. Third, University of Queensland and Queensland University of Technology also have ASTRI researchers. Such research includes developing the next generation of turbine and power block technology.
5.5 Western Australia Western Australia is somewhat unique in Australia in its capability to manufacture lifts as a value-add to towers and to undertake associated RD&I as evidenced by patent applications from one of its businesses, Grant Elevators. It has manufactured service lifts for the mining industry and also a research station in the Antarctic. As discussed in Section 1.5, service lifts are used in larger CST towers as well as a range of industries such as wind farms, power stations, shipyards and ships, mining and oil and gas and may provide an attractive opportunity given the range of prospective market segments.
5.6 Northern Territory Similar to most other Australian States, the Northern Territory has the presence of fabricators, EPC and civil works contractors which provides opportunities for the construction of CST plants and applications there. There may be opportunities for the use of CST in mining, in particular in regional clusters such as McArthur River Mine, Ranger Mine, Northern Territory Gold Mines, and Tanami Operations (Baig et al., 2015).
5.7 Tasmania Tasmania has capabilities in the construction of towers given its prior experience in the fabrication and construction of wind towers by its business, Haywards Pty Ltd. The State also has capabilities in providing a range of services associated with CST.
32 AITI (2018)
6 Conclusion There is considerable economic benefit to be derived from the development of a robust domestic CST industry and value chain. This includes the important role that the technology can play in grid stabilization and dispatchability. The industry can make important contributions to employment, advanced manufacturing, technology commercialisation and exports.
In summary, the report concludes that:
Renewable energy hubs can be useful in providing a streamlined processes for grid connectivity and acquiring permits. A number of these hubs may be instrumental throughout Australia, for instance in regions where there is existing network infrastructure such as the Upper Spencer Gulf/Iron triangle region in South Australia; and the interconnector between South Australia, Victoria, New South Wales and Queensland needed for grid stability. Additionally, the integration of CST can be explored in regions earmarked for transmission infrastructure development such as North Queensland where the $150 million will be committed to unlock 2,000 MW of renewable energy projects (Queensland Government, 2017). Other regions may be applicable that have local investment priorities for renewables and energy, for instance those aligned to the Regional Jobs and Investment Packages: Local Investment Plans, led by the Australian Commonwealth Government, Department of Industry, Innovation and Science. Such regions also include the Upper Spenser Gulf given its existing transmission infrastructure (RJIP, 2017).
Upskilling of job seekers in target regions can assist in acquiring certifications and skills required in the construction, operation and maintenance of CST plants to promote the employment of domestic workers. Liaising with the South East Region of Renewable Energy Excellence (SERREE, 2018) can be useful in facilitating these efforts as it has 1,000 members throughout Australia including education and training providers that specialise in skills needed for the renewables sector; and several Regional Development Australia (RDA) nodes. For advanced engineering and technical skills, industry secondment to international CST businesses or others from related domestic industries will be useful.
RD&I efforts can be focused on locally manufactured components. First, consultation with industry indicated that cost reductions studies will be useful for various CST components, particularly focused on Australian suppliers. Existing cost reduction studies have predominantly included overseas suppliers (for instance, Coventry et al, 2016; World Bank, 2013). A concerted effort should be made to determine solutions (technical, materials, engineering and process) to assist Australian suppliers to provide competitive, cost-effective CST components. Second, strengthening the integration of Australian researchers with global design teams of large international CST businesses can promote the commercialisation and industry-based development of the next generation of CST technologies. Third, industry 4.0 approaches can be incorporated to improve the cost effectiveness, efficiency and productivity of the manufacturing process, through the use of innovative digital technologies (TMI, 2018). Such advanced processes can be included in the implementation of CST plants and also in the manufacture of components such as heliostats, support structures for mirrors, elevators and control systems that can involve advanced sensors and real-time feedback to recalibrate mirror positioning automatically, given wind and sun positioning, thereby improving operational efficiency and effectiveness of CST plants.
Cooperation and coordination in setting local content requirements between industry and government will be helpful in encouraging the use of Australian manufactured components.
33 AITI (2018)
Coordinated, collaborative and ongoing consultation is needed with industry to successfully implement local content requirements.
Communication strategies can be useful in promoting the benefits of CST and Australian suppliers. Consultation with industry indicated that the benefits of CST for industrial heat applications can be promoted to facilitate a stable energy price to industry associations including those involved in oil and gas, mining, farming and dairy. Such communication may span media, political and data publication avenues. The visibility of Australian businesses can also be facilitated through the provision of a value chain map and businesses through websites such as ASTRI, SERREE, Australian Renewable Energy Agency (ARENA), Australian Solar Council (ASC) and Clean Energy Council (CEC). Such maps of local suppliers are available in international solar thermal associations such as the German Association for Concentrated Solar Power. Another strategy is to liaise with ICN to promote the supply specific CST components and services and other State based industry advocacy groups as the Industry Advocate Office.
34 AITI (2018)
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www.serree.org.au SET (2007) The European Union’s Strategic Energy Technology Plan. Accessed January 9 , 2018:
https://ec.europa.eu/energy/en/topics/technology-and-innovation/strategic-energy-technology-plan Spence, A. (2017) Solar park to drive plastic heliostat development. Accessed: February 28, 2018:
http://theleadsouthaustralia.com.au/industries/resources-energy/solar-park-drive-plastic-heliostat-development/
STEII (2013) Solar Thermal Electricity European Industrial Initiative. Accessed January 9, 2018:
https://setis.ec.europa.eu/system/files/Solar%20CSP%20EII%202013-2015%20IP_0.pdf The COAG High Temperature Solar Thermal Roadmap (2008) Accessed January 20, 208:
http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/93962/20090204-1042/www.coag.gov.au/reports/docs/HTSolar_thermal_roadmap.pdf
The Finnish Solar Cluster (2012). Pöyry Management Consulting. Accessed December 15, 2017:
palvelut/ohjelmat/groove/aineistot/the_finnish_solar_cluster_2012.pdf The World Bank (2013) Development of Local Supply Chain: The Missing Link for Concentrated Solar Power
Projects in India. Energy Sector Management Assistance Program. Washington, DC. World Bank. Accessed January 9, 2018: http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/758361468041467642/The-missing-link-for-concentrated-solar-power-projects-in-India
TMI (2018) Tonsley Manufacturing Innovation Hub: Industry 4.0. Accessed February 12, 2018: https://www.tmihub.com.au/
36 AITI (2018)
Appendix A: Australian organisations with potential to engage in the CST Supply Chain
37 AITI (2018)
38 AITI (2018)
39 AITI (2018)
Appendix B: Detailed Economic Modelling Results – “Base” Case
Value Added Impact ($m) Queensland2031 2032 2033 2034 2035 2036 0 0 0 0 0
DirectAgriculture 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Mining and mining services 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Manufacturing 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.39 6.01 5.65 5.32 5.00 28.38Utilities 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.40 2.26 2.13 2.00 1.88 10.67Construction 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 13.08 12.30 11.57 10.88 10.23 58.07Wholesale Trade 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Retail Trade 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Hospitality & Food Services 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Transport 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.74 4.45 4.19 3.94 3.70 21.02Communication Services 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Finance and Insurance 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.31 3.11 2.93 2.75 2.59 14.70Property Services 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.12 4.81 4.53 4.26 4.00 22.72Ownership of Dwellings 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Professional, Scientific & Tech Services 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.31 5.00 4.70 4.42 4.16 23.59Other administrative services 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Public admin & safety 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Education 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Health and Social Services 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Culture & Recreation Services 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Personal Services 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Total 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 40.37 37.96 35.69 33.56 31.56 179.14
Direct plus InducedAgriculture 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.48 2.33 2.20 2.06 1.94 11.02Mining and mining services 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.06 2.88 2.71 2.55 2.40 13.60Manufacturing 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 12.72 11.96 11.25 10.58 9.95 56.46Utilities 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.23 5.86 5.51 5.18 4.87 27.64Construction 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 20.90 19.65 18.48 17.38 16.34 92.76Wholesale Trade 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.57 3.36 3.16 2.97 2.79 15.84Retail Trade 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.52 4.25 4.00 3.76 3.53 20.06Hospitality & Food Services 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.56 2.41 2.26 2.13 2.00 11.37Transport 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.05 9.45 8.88 8.35 7.86 44.59Communication Services 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.06 1.94 1.82 1.71 1.61 9.15Finance and Insurance 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 11.43 10.74 10.10 9.50 8.93 50.71Property Services 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 9.20 8.65 8.13 7.65 7.19 40.82Ownership of Dwellings 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 9.19 8.64 8.13 7.64 7.19 40.79Professional, Scientific & Tech Services 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 13.06 12.28 11.55 10.86 10.21 57.97Other administrative services 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.99 3.76 3.53 3.32 3.12 17.72Public admin & safety 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.11 1.05 0.98 0.92 0.87 4.93Education 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.26 2.13 2.00 1.88 1.77 10.04Health and Social Services 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.65 2.49 2.34 2.20 2.07 11.75Culture & Recreation Services 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.64 0.60 0.57 0.53 0.50 2.84Personal Services 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.23 2.10 1.97 1.85 1.74 9.89
Total 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 123.92 116.53 109.57 103.04 96.89 549.94
40 AITI (2018)
Value Added Impact ($m) South Australia2031 2032 2033 2034 2035 2036 2037 2038 2039 2040 Total
DirectAgriculture 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Mining and mining services 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Manufacturing 8.69 8.17 7.48 6.94 6.80 6.39 5.85 5.58 5.31 5.00 66.21Utilities 3.27 3.07 2.81 2.61 2.55 2.40 2.20 2.10 2.00 1.88 24.89Construction 17.78 16.72 15.31 14.19 13.90 13.07 11.97 11.42 10.87 10.22 135.48Wholesale Trade 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Retail Trade 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Hospitality & Food Services 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Transport 6.44 6.05 5.54 5.14 5.03 4.73 4.33 4.14 3.94 3.70 49.05Communication Services 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Finance and Insurance 4.50 4.23 3.88 3.59 3.52 3.31 3.03 2.89 2.75 2.59 34.30Property Services 6.96 6.54 5.99 5.55 5.44 5.12 4.68 4.47 4.25 4.00 53.00Ownership of Dwellings 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Professional, Scientific & Tech Services 7.22 6.79 6.22 5.77 5.65 5.31 4.86 4.64 4.42 4.15 55.03Other administrative services 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Public admin & safety 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Education 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Health and Social Services 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Culture & Recreation Services 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Personal Services 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Total 54.86 51.59 47.24 43.79 42.89 40.34 36.94 35.24 33.54 31.54 417.96
Direct plus InducedAgriculture 3.96 3.72 3.41 3.16 3.09 2.91 2.66 2.54 2.42 2.27 30.13Mining and mining services 3.40 3.19 2.92 2.71 2.66 2.50 2.29 2.18 2.08 1.95 25.87Manufacturing 17.49 16.45 15.06 13.96 13.68 12.86 11.78 11.23 10.69 10.05 133.26Utilities 8.15 7.67 7.02 6.51 6.38 5.99 5.49 5.24 4.98 4.69 62.12Construction 25.91 24.36 22.31 20.68 20.26 19.05 17.44 16.64 15.84 14.89 197.39Wholesale Trade 3.48 3.28 3.00 2.78 2.72 2.56 2.35 2.24 2.13 2.00 26.54Retail Trade 5.64 5.30 4.85 4.50 4.41 4.14 3.80 3.62 3.45 3.24 42.95Hospitality & Food Services 2.97 2.80 2.56 2.37 2.32 2.19 2.00 1.91 1.82 1.71 22.65Transport 12.62 11.87 10.87 10.07 9.87 9.28 8.50 8.11 7.72 7.26 96.15Communication Services 2.89 2.71 2.49 2.30 2.26 2.12 1.94 1.85 1.76 1.66 21.99Finance and Insurance 15.60 14.67 13.44 12.45 12.20 11.47 10.51 10.02 9.54 8.97 118.88Property Services 10.31 9.70 8.88 8.23 8.06 7.58 6.94 6.62 6.30 5.93 78.57Ownership of Dwellings 11.42 10.73 9.83 9.11 8.93 8.39 7.69 7.33 6.98 6.56 86.97Professional, Scientific & Tech Services 15.22 14.31 13.11 12.15 11.90 11.19 10.25 9.78 9.31 8.75 115.98Other administrative services 4.91 4.62 4.23 3.92 3.84 3.61 3.31 3.16 3.00 2.82 37.43Public admin & safety 1.37 1.29 1.18 1.10 1.07 1.01 0.92 0.88 0.84 0.79 10.47Education 2.86 2.69 2.46 2.28 2.23 2.10 1.92 1.84 1.75 1.64 21.77Health and Social Services 3.30 3.11 2.85 2.64 2.58 2.43 2.22 2.12 2.02 1.90 25.17Culture & Recreation Services 0.81 0.76 0.70 0.64 0.63 0.59 0.54 0.52 0.49 0.46 6.15Personal Services 2.65 2.49 2.28 2.11 2.07 1.94 1.78 1.70 1.62 1.52 20.15
Total 154.96 145.72 133.44 123.69 121.16 113.93 104.33 99.53 94.73 89.08 1180.58
41 AITI (2018)
Value Added Impact ($m) Victoria2031 2032 2033 2034 2035 2036 2037 2038 2039 2040 Total
DirectAgriculture 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Mining and mining services 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Manufacturing 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.92 6.51 6.12 5.75 5.41 5.09 35.80Utilities 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.60 2.45 2.30 2.16 2.03 1.91 13.46Construction 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 14.16 13.31 12.52 11.77 11.07 10.41 73.25Wholesale Trade 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Retail Trade 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Hospitality & Food Services 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Transport 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.13 4.82 4.53 4.26 4.01 3.77 26.52Communication Services 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Finance and Insurance 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.58 3.37 3.17 2.98 2.80 2.64 18.54Property Services 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.54 5.21 4.90 4.61 4.33 4.07 28.66Ownership of Dwellings 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Professional, Scientific & Tech Services 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.75 5.41 5.09 4.78 4.50 4.23 29.75Other administrative services 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Public admin & safety 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Education 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Health and Social Services 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Culture & Recreation Services 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Personal Services 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Total 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 43.68 41.08 38.62 36.32 34.15 32.12 225.97
Direct plus InducedAgriculture 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.32 3.13 2.94 2.76 2.60 2.44 17.19Mining and mining services 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.64 0.60 0.56 0.53 0.50 0.47 3.29Manufacturing 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 14.45 13.59 12.78 12.01 11.30 10.62 74.75Utilities 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.77 6.36 5.99 5.63 5.29 4.98 35.01Construction 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 21.71 20.42 19.20 18.06 16.98 15.97 112.33Wholesale Trade 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.41 4.15 3.90 3.67 3.45 3.24 22.81Retail Trade 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.03 4.73 4.45 4.18 3.93 3.70 26.03Hospitality & Food Services 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.79 2.62 2.46 2.32 2.18 2.05 14.42Transport 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.97 10.31 9.70 9.12 8.57 8.06 56.73Communication Services 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.35 3.15 2.97 2.79 2.62 2.47 17.35Finance and Insurance 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 16.43 15.45 14.53 13.66 12.85 12.08 85.01Property Services 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 9.45 8.89 8.36 7.86 7.39 6.95 48.90Ownership of Dwellings 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.28 9.67 9.09 8.55 8.04 7.56 53.18Professional, Scientific & Tech Services 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 15.07 14.17 13.33 12.53 11.79 11.08 77.98Other administrative services 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.52 4.25 3.99 3.75 3.53 3.32 23.36Public admin & safety 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.94 0.89 0.84 0.79 0.74 5.20Education 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.58 2.43 2.28 2.15 2.02 1.90 13.35Health and Social Services 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.88 2.71 2.55 2.40 2.25 2.12 14.92Culture & Recreation Services 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.78 0.73 0.69 0.65 0.61 0.57 4.02Personal Services 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.21 2.07 1.95 1.83 1.73 1.62 11.41
Total 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 138.65 130.38 122.60 115.28 108.40 101.94 717.24
42 AITI (2018)
Employment Impact (FTE's) Queensland2031 2032 2033 2034 2035 2036 2037 2038 2039 2040 Total
DirectAgriculture 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Mining and mining services 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Manufacturing 0 0 0 0 0 35 33 31 29 27 155Utilities 0 0 0 0 0 8 7 7 6 6 34Construction 0 0 0 0 0 86 81 76 71 67 380Wholesale Trade 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Retail Trade 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Hospitality & Food Services 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Transport 0 0 0 0 0 30 28 26 25 23 132Communication Services 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Finance and Insurance 0 0 0 0 0 7 7 7 6 6 33Property Services 0 0 0 0 0 19 18 17 16 15 83Ownership of Dwellings 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Professional, Scientific & Tech Serv 0 0 0 0 0 39 37 35 33 31 174Other administrative services 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Public admin & safety 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Education 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Health and Social Services 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Culture & Recreation Services 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Personal Services 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total 0 0 0 0 0 224 210 198 186 175 992
Direct plus InducedAgriculture 0 0 0 0 0 16 15 14 13 13 72Mining and mining services 0 0 0 0 0 6 5 5 5 4 25Manufacturing 0 0 0 0 0 69 65 61 58 54 308Utilities 0 0 0 0 0 20 19 18 17 16 88Construction 0 0 0 0 0 137 129 121 114 107 607Wholesale Trade 0 0 0 0 0 18 17 16 15 14 79Retail Trade 0 0 0 0 0 50 47 44 41 39 221Hospitality & Food Services 0 0 0 0 0 30 29 27 25 24 135Transport 0 0 0 0 0 63 59 56 53 49 281Communication Services 0 0 0 0 0 8 7 7 6 6 34Finance and Insurance 0 0 0 0 0 26 24 23 21 20 115Property Services 0 0 0 0 0 34 32 30 28 26 150Ownership of Dwellings 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Professional, Scientific & Tech Serv 0 0 0 0 0 96 91 85 80 75 427Other administrative services 0 0 0 0 0 23 21 20 19 18 101Public admin & safety 0 0 0 0 0 7 6 6 6 5 31Education 0 0 0 0 0 19 18 17 16 15 83Health and Social Services 0 0 0 0 0 22 21 20 19 18 100Culture & Recreation Services 0 0 0 0 0 7 6 6 5 5 29Personal Services 0 0 0 0 0 27 25 23 22 21 118
Total 0 0 0 0 0 677 636 598 563 529 3,004
43 AITI (2018)
Employment Impact (FTE's) South Australia2031 2032 2033 2034 2035 2036 2037 2038 2039 2040 Total
DirectAgriculture 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Mining and mining services 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Manufacturing 47 45 41 38 37 35 32 30 29 27 362Utilities 10 10 9 8 8 8 7 7 6 6 80Construction 116 109 100 93 91 86 78 75 71 67 887Wholesale Trade 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Retail Trade 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Hospitality & Food Services 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Transport 41 38 35 32 32 30 27 26 25 23 309Communication Services 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Finance and Insurance 10 10 9 8 8 7 7 7 6 6 78Property Services 26 24 22 20 20 19 17 16 16 15 195Ownership of Dwellings 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Professional, Scientific & Tech Serv 53 50 46 42 42 39 36 34 33 31 406Other administrative services 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Public admin & safety 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Education 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Health and Social Services 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Culture & Recreation Services 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Personal Services 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total 304 286 262 242 238 223 205 195 186 175 2,314
Direct plus InducedAgriculture 26 24 22 21 20 19 17 17 16 15 196Mining and mining services 6 6 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 47Manufacturing 96 90 82 76 75 70 64 61 58 55 728Utilities 26 25 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 199Construction 170 159 146 135 133 125 114 109 104 97 1,292Wholesale Trade 17 16 15 14 14 13 12 11 11 10 133Retail Trade 62 58 53 50 49 46 42 40 38 36 473Hospitality & Food Services 35 33 30 28 28 26 24 23 22 20 268Transport 79 75 68 63 62 58 53 51 49 46 605Communication Services 11 10 9 9 8 8 7 7 7 6 81Finance and Insurance 35 33 30 28 28 26 24 23 22 20 269Property Services 38 36 33 30 30 28 26 24 23 22 289Ownership of Dwellings 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Professional, Scientific & Tech Serv 112 106 97 90 88 82 76 72 69 64 855Other administrative services 28 26 24 22 22 21 19 18 17 16 213Public admin & safety 9 8 7 7 7 6 6 5 5 5 65Education 24 22 20 19 19 17 16 15 14 14 181Health and Social Services 28 26 24 22 22 21 19 18 17 16 213Culture & Recreation Services 8 8 7 7 7 6 6 5 5 5 64Personal Services 32 30 27 25 25 23 21 20 19 18 240
Total 842 791 725 672 658 619 567 541 514 484 6,411
44 AITI (2018)
Employment Impact (FTE's) Victoria2031 2032 2033 2034 2035 2036 2037 2038 2039 2040 Total
DirectAgriculture 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Mining and mining services 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Manufacturing 0 0 0 0 38 36 33 31 30 28 196Utilities 0 0 0 0 8 8 7 7 7 6 43Construction 0 0 0 0 93 87 82 77 72 68 479Wholesale Trade 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Retail Trade 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Hospitality & Food Services 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Transport 0 0 0 0 32 30 29 27 25 24 167Communication Services 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Finance and Insurance 0 0 0 0 8 8 7 7 6 6 42Property Services 0 0 0 0 20 19 18 17 16 15 105Ownership of Dwellings 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Professional, Scientific & Tech Serv 0 0 0 0 42 40 37 35 33 31 219Other administrative services 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Public admin & safety 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Education 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Health and Social Services 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Culture & Recreation Services 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Personal Services 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total 0 0 0 0 242 227 214 201 189 178 1,251
Direct plus InducedAgriculture 0 0 0 0 22 20 19 18 17 16 112Mining and mining services 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 6Manufacturing 0 0 0 0 79 74 70 66 62 58 408Utilities 0 0 0 0 22 20 19 18 17 16 112Construction 0 0 0 0 142 134 126 118 111 104 735Wholesale Trade 0 0 0 0 22 21 20 18 17 16 114Retail Trade 0 0 0 0 55 52 49 46 43 41 287Hospitality & Food Services 0 0 0 0 33 31 29 27 26 24 171Transport 0 0 0 0 69 65 61 57 54 51 357Communication Services 0 0 0 0 12 12 11 10 10 9 64Finance and Insurance 0 0 0 0 37 35 33 31 29 27 192Property Services 0 0 0 0 35 33 31 29 27 26 180Ownership of Dwellings 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Professional, Scientific & Tech Serv 0 0 0 0 111 104 98 92 87 82 575Other administrative services 0 0 0 0 26 24 23 21 20 19 133Public admin & safety 0 0 0 0 6 6 6 5 5 5 32Education 0 0 0 0 21 20 19 18 17 16 111Health and Social Services 0 0 0 0 24 23 22 20 19 18 126Culture & Recreation Services 0 0 0 0 8 8 7 7 6 6 42Personal Services 0 0 0 0 26 25 23 22 21 19 136
Total 0 0 0 0 753 708 666 626 588 553 3,894
45 AITI (2018)
Appendix C: Detailed Economic Modelling Results – “No Regrets” Case
Value Added Impact ($m) New South Wales
2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034 2035 2036 2037 2038 2039 2040 Total
DirectAgriculture 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Mining and mining services 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Manufacturing 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.53 6.93 2.98 0.48 0.45 1.14 3.68 2.58 1.50 5.86 0.39 2.28 0.38 1.60 3.51 4.16 38.46Utilities 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.20 2.60 1.12 0.18 0.17 0.43 1.39 0.97 0.57 2.20 0.15 0.86 0.14 0.60 1.32 1.56 14.46Construction 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.09 14.18 6.10 0.98 0.93 2.34 7.54 5.28 3.08 11.99 0.80 4.66 0.77 3.27 7.19 8.51 78.69Wholesale Trade 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Retail Trade 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Hospitality & Food Services 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Transport 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.39 5.13 2.21 0.35 0.34 0.85 2.73 1.91 1.11 4.34 0.29 1.69 0.28 1.18 2.60 3.08 28.49Communication Services 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Finance and Insurance 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.28 3.59 1.54 0.25 0.24 0.59 1.91 1.34 0.78 3.03 0.20 1.18 0.19 0.83 1.82 2.15 19.92Property Services 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.43 5.55 2.39 0.38 0.36 0.91 2.95 2.06 1.20 4.69 0.31 1.82 0.30 1.28 2.81 3.33 30.79Ownership of Dwellings 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Professional, Scientific & Tech Se 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.44 5.76 2.48 0.40 0.38 0.95 3.06 2.14 1.25 4.87 0.33 1.89 0.31 1.33 2.92 3.46 31.96Other administrative services 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Public admin & safety 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Education 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Health and Social Services 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Culture & Recreation Services 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Personal Services 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Total 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.36 43.74 18.83 3.01 2.86 7.21 23.26 16.28 9.49 36.98 2.47 14.38 2.37 10.09 22.17 26.26 242.77
Direct plus InducedAgriculture 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.22 2.82 1.21 0.19 0.18 0.46 1.50 1.05 0.61 2.38 0.16 0.93 0.15 0.65 1.43 1.69 15.65Mining and mining services 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.12 1.57 0.68 0.11 0.10 0.26 0.84 0.59 0.34 1.33 0.09 0.52 0.09 0.36 0.80 0.94 8.72Manufacturing 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.10 14.34 6.17 0.99 0.94 2.36 7.62 5.34 3.11 12.12 0.81 4.71 0.78 3.31 7.27 8.61 79.57Utilities 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.48 6.22 2.68 0.43 0.41 1.03 3.31 2.31 1.35 5.26 0.35 2.04 0.34 1.43 3.15 3.73 34.52Construction 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.73 22.57 9.71 1.56 1.48 3.72 12.00 8.40 4.90 19.08 1.28 7.42 1.23 5.21 11.44 13.55 125.25Wholesale Trade 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.34 4.49 1.93 0.31 0.29 0.74 2.38 1.67 0.97 3.79 0.25 1.47 0.24 1.03 2.27 2.69 24.90Retail Trade 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.39 5.03 2.17 0.35 0.33 0.83 2.68 1.87 1.09 4.26 0.28 1.66 0.27 1.16 2.55 3.02 27.95Hospitality & Food Services 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.22 2.92 1.26 0.20 0.19 0.48 1.55 1.09 0.63 2.47 0.16 0.96 0.16 0.67 1.48 1.75 16.20Transport 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.85 11.13 4.79 0.77 0.73 1.83 5.92 4.14 2.42 9.41 0.63 3.66 0.60 2.57 5.64 6.68 61.77Communication Services 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.26 3.42 1.47 0.24 0.22 0.56 1.82 1.27 0.74 2.89 0.19 1.13 0.19 0.79 1.73 2.05 19.00Finance and Insurance 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.28 16.69 7.19 1.15 1.09 2.75 8.88 6.21 3.62 14.11 0.94 5.49 0.91 3.85 8.46 10.02 92.65Property Services 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.78 10.18 4.38 0.70 0.67 1.68 5.41 3.79 2.21 8.61 0.58 3.35 0.55 2.35 5.16 6.11 56.51Ownership of Dwellings 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.81 10.51 4.52 0.72 0.69 1.73 5.59 3.91 2.28 8.88 0.59 3.46 0.57 2.42 5.33 6.31 58.33Professional, Scientific & Tech Se 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.17 15.30 6.58 1.05 1.00 2.52 8.13 5.69 3.32 12.93 0.86 5.03 0.83 3.53 7.75 9.18 84.91Other administrative services 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.35 4.55 1.96 0.31 0.30 0.75 2.42 1.70 0.99 3.85 0.26 1.50 0.25 1.05 2.31 2.73 25.28Public admin & safety 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.08 1.07 0.46 0.07 0.07 0.18 0.57 0.40 0.23 0.91 0.06 0.35 0.06 0.25 0.54 0.64 5.95Education 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.20 2.63 1.13 0.18 0.17 0.43 1.40 0.98 0.57 2.22 0.15 0.86 0.14 0.61 1.33 1.58 14.59Health and Social Services 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.23 3.06 1.32 0.21 0.20 0.50 1.63 1.14 0.66 2.58 0.17 1.01 0.17 0.71 1.55 1.84 16.97Culture & Recreation Services 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.65 0.28 0.05 0.04 0.11 0.35 0.24 0.14 0.55 0.04 0.22 0.04 0.15 0.33 0.39 3.63Personal Services 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.19 2.51 1.08 0.17 0.16 0.41 1.33 0.93 0.54 2.12 0.14 0.82 0.14 0.58 1.27 1.51 13.92
Total 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.87 141.65 60.98 9.76 9.27 23.35 75.32 52.73 30.75 119.77 8.01 46.58 7.69 32.69 71.80 85.04 786.26
46 AITI (2018)
Value Added Impact ($m) Queensland2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034 2035 2036 2037 2038 2039 2040 Total
DirectAgriculture 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Mining and mining services 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Manufacturing 2.14 0.18 1.01 6.22 2.85 2.71 2.50 4.09 3.42 4.37 10.56 4.62 5.87 1.55 13.10 9.00 8.55 12.41 8.27 103.45Utilities 0.81 0.07 0.38 2.34 1.07 1.02 0.94 1.54 1.29 1.64 3.97 1.74 2.21 0.58 4.93 3.39 3.22 4.67 3.11 38.89Construction 4.39 0.36 2.07 12.73 5.84 5.54 5.11 8.37 7.00 8.95 21.61 9.46 12.00 3.18 26.81 18.42 17.50 25.40 16.93 211.68Wholesale Trade 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Retail Trade 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Hospitality & Food Services 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Transport 1.59 0.13 0.75 4.61 2.11 2.01 1.85 3.03 2.53 3.24 7.82 3.42 4.35 1.15 9.71 6.67 6.34 9.20 6.13 76.63Communication Services 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Finance and Insurance 1.11 0.09 0.52 3.22 1.48 1.40 1.29 2.12 1.77 2.26 5.47 2.39 3.04 0.81 6.79 4.66 4.43 6.43 4.29 53.59Property Services 1.72 0.14 0.81 4.98 2.28 2.17 2.00 3.28 2.74 3.50 8.45 3.70 4.70 1.24 10.49 7.21 6.85 9.94 6.62 82.81Ownership of Dwellings 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Professional, Scientific & Tech Se 1.78 0.15 0.84 5.17 2.37 2.25 2.08 3.40 2.84 3.63 8.78 3.84 4.88 1.29 10.89 7.48 7.11 10.32 6.88 85.97Other administrative services 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Public admin & safety 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Education 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Health and Social Services 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Culture & Recreation Services 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Personal Services 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Total 13.54 1.12 6.37 39.28 18.00 17.10 15.77 25.83 21.59 27.60 66.66 29.18 37.03 9.81 82.72 56.84 53.99 78.36 52.23 653.02
Direct plus InducedAgriculture 0.83 0.07 0.39 2.42 1.11 1.05 0.97 1.59 1.33 1.70 4.10 1.79 2.28 0.60 5.09 3.50 3.32 4.82 3.21 40.16Mining and mining services 1.03 0.08 0.48 2.98 1.37 1.30 1.20 1.96 1.64 2.10 5.06 2.22 2.81 0.74 6.28 4.31 4.10 5.95 3.96 49.57Manufacturing 4.27 0.35 2.01 12.38 5.67 5.39 4.97 8.14 6.80 8.70 21.01 9.20 11.67 3.09 26.07 17.91 17.01 24.70 16.46 205.82Utilities 2.09 0.17 0.98 6.06 2.78 2.64 2.43 3.99 3.33 4.26 10.29 4.50 5.71 1.51 12.76 8.77 8.33 12.09 8.06 100.77Construction 7.01 0.58 3.30 20.34 9.32 8.85 8.17 13.38 11.18 14.29 34.52 15.11 19.17 5.08 42.83 29.43 27.95 40.57 27.04 338.12Wholesale Trade 1.20 0.10 0.56 3.47 1.59 1.51 1.39 2.28 1.91 2.44 5.89 2.58 3.27 0.87 7.31 5.03 4.77 6.93 4.62 57.74Retail Trade 1.52 0.13 0.71 4.40 2.02 1.92 1.77 2.89 2.42 3.09 7.47 3.27 4.15 1.10 9.27 6.37 6.05 8.78 5.85 73.14Hospitality & Food Services 0.86 0.07 0.40 2.49 1.14 1.09 1.00 1.64 1.37 1.75 4.23 1.85 2.35 0.62 5.25 3.61 3.43 4.97 3.31 41.43Transport 3.37 0.28 1.59 9.78 4.48 4.26 3.93 6.43 5.37 6.87 16.59 7.26 9.22 2.44 20.59 14.15 13.44 19.51 13.00 162.55Communication Services 0.69 0.06 0.33 2.01 0.92 0.87 0.81 1.32 1.10 1.41 3.40 1.49 1.89 0.50 4.23 2.90 2.76 4.00 2.67 33.35Finance and Insurance 3.83 0.32 1.80 11.12 5.10 4.84 4.46 7.31 6.11 7.81 18.87 8.26 10.48 2.78 23.41 16.09 15.28 22.18 14.78 184.83Property Services 3.08 0.25 1.45 8.95 4.10 3.90 3.59 5.89 4.92 6.29 15.19 6.65 8.44 2.24 18.85 12.95 12.30 17.86 11.90 148.80Ownership of Dwellings 3.08 0.25 1.45 8.94 4.10 3.89 3.59 5.88 4.91 6.28 15.18 6.64 8.43 2.23 18.83 12.94 12.29 17.84 11.89 148.68Professional, Scientific & Tech Se 4.38 0.36 2.06 12.71 5.83 5.53 5.10 8.36 6.98 8.93 21.57 9.44 11.98 3.17 26.77 18.39 17.47 25.36 16.90 211.31Other administrative services 1.34 0.11 0.63 3.89 1.78 1.69 1.56 2.56 2.14 2.73 6.60 2.89 3.66 0.97 8.18 5.62 5.34 7.75 5.17 64.61Public admin & safety 0.37 0.03 0.18 1.08 0.50 0.47 0.43 0.71 0.59 0.76 1.84 0.80 1.02 0.27 2.28 1.57 1.49 2.16 1.44 17.98Education 0.76 0.06 0.36 2.20 1.01 0.96 0.88 1.45 1.21 1.55 3.74 1.64 2.08 0.55 4.64 3.19 3.03 4.39 2.93 36.61Health and Social Services 0.89 0.07 0.42 2.58 1.18 1.12 1.03 1.69 1.42 1.81 4.37 1.91 2.43 0.64 5.43 3.73 3.54 5.14 3.43 42.83Culture & Recreation Services 0.21 0.02 0.10 0.62 0.29 0.27 0.25 0.41 0.34 0.44 1.06 0.46 0.59 0.16 1.31 0.90 0.86 1.24 0.83 10.36Personal Services 0.75 0.06 0.35 2.17 0.99 0.94 0.87 1.43 1.19 1.52 3.68 1.61 2.04 0.54 4.57 3.14 2.98 4.33 2.88 36.05
Total 41.56 3.43 19.57 120.59 55.26 52.50 48.41 79.31 66.26 84.73 204.65 89.59 113.67 30.11 253.94 174.48 165.73 240.56 160.33 2004.69
47 AITI (2018)
Value Added Impact ($m) South Australia2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034 2035 2036 2037 2038 2039 2040 Total
DirectAgriculture 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Mining and mining services 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Manufacturing 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.28 0.28 0.26 0.25 0.24 0.23 9.47 8.69 8.24 7.90 8.00 8.13 7.79 7.21 7.06 6.83 80.83Utilities 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.09 0.09 0.09 3.56 3.27 3.10 2.97 3.01 3.06 2.93 2.71 2.65 2.57 30.39Construction 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.57 0.56 0.54 0.51 0.48 0.47 19.37 17.78 16.86 16.17 16.37 16.63 15.94 14.74 14.45 13.97 165.40Wholesale Trade 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Retail Trade 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Hospitality & Food Services 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Transport 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.21 0.20 0.19 0.18 0.18 0.17 7.01 6.44 6.10 5.85 5.92 6.02 5.77 5.34 5.23 5.06 59.88Communication Services 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Finance and Insurance 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.13 0.12 0.12 4.90 4.50 4.27 4.09 4.14 4.21 4.03 3.73 3.66 3.54 41.87Property Services 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.22 0.22 0.21 0.20 0.19 0.18 7.58 6.95 6.60 6.33 6.40 6.51 6.24 5.77 5.65 5.47 64.71Ownership of Dwellings 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Professional, Scientific & Tech Se 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.23 0.23 0.22 0.21 0.20 0.19 7.87 7.22 6.85 6.57 6.65 6.75 6.47 5.99 5.87 5.68 67.18Other administrative services 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Public admin & safety 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Education 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Health and Social Services 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Culture & Recreation Services 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Personal Services 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Total 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.75 1.74 1.66 1.57 1.49 1.45 59.75 54.84 52.02 49.88 50.49 51.30 49.17 45.49 44.57 43.11 510.27
Direct plus InducedAgriculture 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.13 0.13 0.12 0.11 0.11 0.10 4.31 3.95 3.75 3.60 3.64 3.70 3.54 3.28 3.21 3.11 36.79Mining and mining services 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.11 0.11 0.10 0.10 0.09 0.09 3.70 3.39 3.22 3.09 3.12 3.18 3.04 2.82 2.76 2.67 31.58Manufacturing 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.56 0.56 0.53 0.50 0.48 0.46 19.05 17.49 16.58 15.90 16.10 16.36 15.68 14.50 14.21 13.74 162.69Utilities 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.26 0.26 0.25 0.23 0.22 0.22 8.88 8.15 7.73 7.41 7.50 7.62 7.31 6.76 6.62 6.41 75.84Construction 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.83 0.82 0.78 0.74 0.71 0.69 28.22 25.90 24.57 23.56 23.84 24.23 23.22 21.48 21.05 20.36 240.99Wholesale Trade 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.10 0.09 0.09 3.79 3.48 3.30 3.17 3.21 3.26 3.12 2.89 2.83 2.74 32.40Retail Trade 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.18 0.18 0.17 0.16 0.15 0.15 6.14 5.64 5.35 5.13 5.19 5.27 5.05 4.67 4.58 4.43 52.44Hospitality & Food Services 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.08 0.08 3.24 2.97 2.82 2.70 2.74 2.78 2.66 2.47 2.42 2.34 27.65Transport 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.40 0.40 0.38 0.36 0.34 0.33 13.75 12.62 11.97 11.47 11.61 11.80 11.31 10.46 10.25 9.92 117.39Communication Services 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.08 0.08 0.08 3.14 2.89 2.74 2.62 2.66 2.70 2.59 2.39 2.34 2.27 26.85Finance and Insurance 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.50 0.50 0.47 0.45 0.42 0.41 16.99 15.60 14.79 14.19 14.36 14.59 13.98 12.94 12.68 12.26 145.13Property Services 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.33 0.33 0.31 0.30 0.28 0.27 11.23 10.31 9.78 9.38 9.49 9.64 9.24 8.55 8.38 8.10 95.92Ownership of Dwellings 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.36 0.36 0.34 0.33 0.31 0.30 12.43 11.41 10.82 10.38 10.51 10.68 10.23 9.47 9.27 8.97 106.18Prof, Scientific & Tech Services 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.49 0.48 0.46 0.44 0.41 0.40 16.58 15.22 14.43 13.84 14.01 14.24 13.64 12.62 12.37 11.96 141.59Other administrative services 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.16 0.16 0.15 0.14 0.13 0.13 5.35 4.91 4.66 4.47 4.52 4.59 4.40 4.07 3.99 3.86 45.70Public admin & safety 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 1.50 1.37 1.30 1.25 1.26 1.28 1.23 1.14 1.12 1.08 12.78Education 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.08 0.08 0.08 3.11 2.86 2.71 2.60 2.63 2.67 2.56 2.37 2.32 2.25 26.58Health and Social Services 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.11 0.10 0.10 0.09 0.09 0.09 3.60 3.30 3.13 3.00 3.04 3.09 2.96 2.74 2.68 2.60 30.73Culture & Recreation Services 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.88 0.81 0.77 0.73 0.74 0.75 0.72 0.67 0.66 0.63 7.51Personal Services 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.07 0.07 2.88 2.64 2.51 2.40 2.43 2.47 2.37 2.19 2.15 2.08 24.60
Total 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.95 4.92 4.68 4.44 4.22 4.10 168.78 154.91 146.93 140.88 142.61 144.91 138.88 128.49 125.89 121.76 1441.34
48 AITI (2018)
Value Added Impact ($m) Victoria2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034 2035 2036 2037 2038 2039 2040 Total
DirectAgriculture 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Mining and mining services 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Manufacturing 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.27 0.27 0.26 2.57 0.23 0.22 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.20 8.14 7.91 7.67 7.43 7.19 6.95 49.94Utilities 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.97 0.09 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 3.06 2.97 2.88 2.79 2.70 2.61 18.78Construction 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.55 0.55 0.52 5.26 0.47 0.46 0.44 0.43 0.42 0.42 16.67 16.18 15.69 15.20 14.71 14.23 102.20Wholesale Trade 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Retail Trade 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Hospitality & Food Services 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Transport 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.20 0.20 0.19 1.90 0.17 0.17 0.16 0.16 0.15 0.15 6.03 5.86 5.68 5.50 5.33 5.15 37.00Communication Services 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Finance and Insurance 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.14 0.14 0.13 1.33 0.12 0.12 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 4.22 4.10 3.97 3.85 3.72 3.60 25.87Property Services 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.22 0.22 0.21 2.06 0.19 0.18 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.16 6.52 6.33 6.14 5.95 5.76 5.57 39.98Ownership of Dwellings 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Prof, Scientific & Tech Services 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.23 0.22 0.21 2.13 0.19 0.19 0.18 0.17 0.17 0.17 6.77 6.57 6.37 6.17 5.98 5.78 41.51Other administrative services 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Public admin & safety 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Education 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Health and Social Services 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Culture & Recreation Services 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Personal Services 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Total 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.71 1.70 1.62 16.22 1.46 1.42 1.35 1.33 1.31 1.28 51.41 49.91 48.39 46.89 45.39 43.90 315.28
Direct plus InducedAgriculture 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.13 0.13 0.12 1.23 0.11 0.11 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 3.91 3.80 3.68 3.57 3.45 3.34 23.99Mining and mining services 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.24 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.75 0.73 0.70 0.68 0.66 0.64 4.59Manufacturing 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.57 0.56 0.54 5.36 0.48 0.47 0.45 0.44 0.43 0.42 17.01 16.51 16.01 15.51 15.01 14.52 104.29Utilities 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.27 0.26 0.25 2.51 0.23 0.22 0.21 0.21 0.20 0.20 7.97 7.73 7.50 7.27 7.03 6.80 48.85Construction 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.85 0.85 0.80 8.06 0.73 0.71 0.67 0.66 0.65 0.64 25.56 24.81 24.06 23.31 22.56 21.82 156.73Wholesale Trade 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.17 0.17 0.16 1.64 0.15 0.14 0.14 0.13 0.13 0.13 5.19 5.04 4.88 4.73 4.58 4.43 31.82Retail Trade 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.20 0.20 0.19 1.87 0.17 0.16 0.16 0.15 0.15 0.15 5.92 5.75 5.57 5.40 5.23 5.06 36.31Hospitality & Food Services 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.11 0.11 0.10 1.03 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.08 0.08 0.08 3.28 3.18 3.09 2.99 2.90 2.80 20.12Transport 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.43 0.43 0.41 4.07 0.37 0.36 0.34 0.33 0.33 0.32 12.91 12.53 12.15 11.77 11.39 11.02 79.14Communication Services 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.13 0.13 0.12 1.25 0.11 0.11 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 3.95 3.83 3.72 3.60 3.49 3.37 24.21Finance and Insurance 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.64 0.64 0.61 6.10 0.55 0.53 0.51 0.50 0.49 0.48 19.34 18.78 18.21 17.64 17.07 16.51 118.61Property Services 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.37 0.37 0.35 3.51 0.32 0.31 0.29 0.29 0.28 0.28 11.13 10.80 10.47 10.15 9.82 9.50 68.22Ownership of Dwellings 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.40 0.40 0.38 3.82 0.34 0.33 0.32 0.31 0.31 0.30 12.10 11.75 11.39 11.03 10.68 10.33 74.20Prof, Scientific & Tech Services 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.59 0.59 0.56 5.60 0.50 0.49 0.47 0.46 0.45 0.44 17.74 17.22 16.70 16.18 15.66 15.15 108.79Other administrative services 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.18 0.18 0.17 1.68 0.15 0.15 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.13 5.31 5.16 5.00 4.85 4.69 4.54 32.59Public admin & safety 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.37 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 1.18 1.15 1.11 1.08 1.04 1.01 7.25Education 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.96 0.09 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 3.04 2.95 2.86 2.77 2.68 2.59 18.63Health and Social Services 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.11 0.11 0.11 1.07 0.10 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.08 3.39 3.29 3.19 3.09 3.00 2.90 20.81Culture & Recreation Services 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.29 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.92 0.89 0.86 0.83 0.81 0.78 5.61Personal Services 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.09 0.09 0.08 0.82 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.06 2.60 2.52 2.44 2.37 2.29 2.22 15.93
Total 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.43 5.41 5.14 51.47 4.64 4.50 4.28 4.22 4.15 4.08 163.19 158.40 153.61 148.82 144.06 139.33 1000.71
49 AITI (2018)
Employment Impact (FTE's) New South Wales
2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034 2035 2036 2037 2038 2039 2040Person years
DirectAgriculture 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Mining and mining services 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Manufacturing 0 0 0 3 38 16 3 2 6 20 14 8 32 2 12 2 9 19 23 210Utilities 0 0 0 1 8 4 1 1 1 4 3 2 7 0 3 0 2 4 5 46Construction 0 0 0 7 93 40 6 6 15 49 35 20 78 5 31 5 21 47 56 515Wholesale Trade 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Retail Trade 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Hospitality & Food Services 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Transport 0 0 0 2 32 14 2 2 5 17 12 7 27 2 11 2 7 16 19 179Communication Services 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Finance and Insurance 0 0 0 1 8 3 1 1 1 4 3 2 7 0 3 0 2 4 5 45Property Services 0 0 0 2 20 9 1 1 3 11 8 4 17 1 7 1 5 10 12 113Ownership of Dwellings 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Professional, Scientific & Tech Ser 0 0 0 3 42 18 3 3 7 23 16 9 36 2 14 2 10 22 25 236Other administrative services 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Public admin & safety 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Education 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Health and Social Services 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Culture & Recreation Services 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Personal Services 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total 0 0 0 19 242 104 17 16 40 129 90 53 205 14 80 13 56 1,344 145 1,344
Direct plus InducedAgriculture 0 0 0 1 18 8 1 1 3 10 7 4 16 1 6 1 4 9 11 102Mining and mining services 0 0 0 0 3 1 0 0 0 2 1 1 2 0 1 0 1 1 2 16Manufacturing 0 0 0 6 78 34 5 5 13 42 29 17 66 4 26 4 18 40 47 435Utilities 0 0 0 2 20 9 1 1 3 11 7 4 17 1 7 1 5 10 12 110Construction 0 0 0 11 148 64 10 10 24 79 55 32 125 8 49 8 34 75 89 820Wholesale Trade 0 0 0 2 22 10 2 1 4 12 8 5 19 1 7 1 5 11 13 125Retail Trade 0 0 0 4 55 24 4 4 9 29 21 12 47 3 18 3 13 28 33 308Hospitality & Food Services 0 0 0 3 35 15 2 2 6 18 13 8 29 2 11 2 8 18 21 192Transport 0 0 0 5 70 30 5 5 12 37 26 15 59 4 23 4 16 36 42 389Communication Services 0 0 0 1 13 5 1 1 2 7 5 3 11 1 4 1 3 6 8 70Finance and Insurance 0 0 0 3 38 16 3 2 6 20 14 8 32 2 12 2 9 19 23 210Property Services 0 0 0 3 37 16 3 2 6 20 14 8 32 2 12 2 9 19 22 208Ownership of Dwellings 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Professional, Scientific & Tech Ser 0 0 0 9 113 49 8 7 19 60 42 24 95 6 37 6 26 57 68 626Other administrative services 0 0 0 2 26 11 2 2 4 14 10 6 22 1 9 1 6 13 16 144Public admin & safety 0 0 0 1 7 3 0 0 1 4 2 1 6 0 2 0 2 3 4 37Education 0 0 0 2 22 9 2 1 4 12 8 5 18 1 7 1 5 11 13 121Health and Social Services 0 0 0 2 26 11 2 2 4 14 10 6 22 1 9 1 6 13 16 144Culture & Recreation Services 0 0 0 1 7 3 0 0 1 4 3 1 6 0 2 0 2 3 4 38Personal Services 0 0 0 2 30 13 2 2 5 16 11 6 25 2 10 2 7 15 18 166
Total 0 0 0 59 767 330 53 50 126 408 286 167 649 43 252 42 177 389 461 4,259
50 AITI (2018)
Employment Impact (FTE's) Queensland2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034 2035 2036 2037 2038 2039 2040 Total
DirectAgriculture 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Mining and mining services 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Manufacturing 12 1 6 34 16 15 14 22 19 24 58 25 32 8 72 49 47 68 45 155Utilities 3 0 1 7 3 3 3 5 4 5 13 6 7 2 16 11 10 15 10 34Construction 29 2 14 83 38 36 33 55 46 59 141 62 79 21 175 121 115 166 111 380Wholesale Trade 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Retail Trade 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Hospitality & Food Services 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Transport 10 1 5 29 13 13 12 19 16 20 49 22 27 7 61 42 40 58 39 132Communication Services 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Finance and Insurance 3 0 1 7 3 3 3 5 4 5 12 5 7 2 15 11 10 15 10 33Property Services 6 1 3 18 8 8 7 12 10 13 31 14 17 5 39 26 25 37 24 83Ownership of Dwellings 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Professional, Scientific & Tech Se 13 1 6 38 17 17 15 25 21 27 65 28 36 10 80 55 52 76 51 174Other administrative services 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Public admin & safety 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Education 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Health and Social Services 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Culture & Recreation Services 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Personal Services 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total 75 6 35 218 100 95 87 143 120 153 369 162 205 54 458 315 299 434 289 992
Direct plus InducedAgriculture 5 0 3 16 7 7 6 10 9 11 27 12 15 4 33 23 22 31 21 72Mining and mining services 2 0 1 5 2 2 2 4 3 4 9 4 5 1 11 8 7 11 7 25Manufacturing 23 2 11 68 31 29 27 44 37 48 115 50 64 17 142 98 93 135 90 308Utilities 7 1 3 19 9 8 8 13 11 14 33 14 18 5 41 28 27 39 26 88Construction 46 4 22 133 61 58 53 88 73 94 226 99 125 33 280 193 183 266 177 607Wholesale Trade 6 0 3 17 8 8 7 11 10 12 30 13 16 4 37 25 24 35 23 79Retail Trade 17 1 8 48 22 21 19 32 27 34 82 36 46 12 102 70 67 97 64 221Hospitality & Food Services 10 1 5 30 14 13 12 19 16 21 50 22 28 7 62 43 41 59 39 135Transport 21 2 10 62 28 27 25 40 34 43 104 46 58 15 130 89 85 123 82 281Communication Services 3 0 1 7 3 3 3 5 4 5 13 6 7 2 16 11 10 15 10 34Finance and Insurance 9 1 4 25 12 11 10 17 14 18 43 19 24 6 53 36 35 50 33 115Property Services 11 1 5 33 15 14 13 22 18 23 56 24 31 8 69 48 45 66 44 150Ownership of Dwellings 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Professional, Scientific & Tech Se 32 3 15 94 43 41 38 62 51 66 159 70 88 23 197 136 129 187 125 427Other administrative services 8 1 4 22 10 10 9 15 12 16 38 16 21 6 47 32 30 44 29 101Public admin & safety 2 0 1 7 3 3 3 4 4 5 11 5 6 2 14 10 9 13 9 31Education 6 1 3 18 8 8 7 12 10 13 31 14 17 5 38 26 25 36 24 83Health and Social Services 8 1 4 22 10 10 9 14 12 15 37 16 21 5 46 32 30 44 29 100Culture & Recreation Services 2 0 1 6 3 3 3 4 4 5 11 5 6 2 14 9 9 13 9 29Personal Services 9 1 4 26 12 11 10 17 14 18 44 19 24 6 54 37 36 52 34 118
Total 227 19 107 659 302 287 264 433 362 463 1,118 489 621 164 1,387 953 905 1,314 876 3,004
51 AITI (2018)
Employment Impact (FTE's) South Australia2031 2031 2031 2031 2031 2031 2031 2031 2031 2031 2032 2033 2034 2035 2036 2037 2038 2039 2040 Total
DirectAgriculture 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Mining and mining services 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Manufacturing 0 0 0 2 2 1 1 1 1 52 47 45 43 44 44 43 39 39 37 362Utilities 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 10 10 9 10 10 9 9 8 8 80Construction 0 0 0 4 4 4 3 3 3 127 116 110 106 107 109 104 96 95 91 887Wholesale Trade 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Retail Trade 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Hospitality & Food Services 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Transport 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 44 41 38 37 37 38 36 34 33 32 309Communication Services 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Finance and Insurance 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 10 10 9 9 10 9 8 8 8 78Property Services 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 28 26 24 23 24 24 23 21 21 20 195Ownership of Dwellings 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Professional, Scientific & Tech Se 0 0 0 2 2 2 2 1 1 58 53 50 48 49 50 48 44 43 42 406Other administrative services 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Public admin & safety 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Education 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Health and Social Services 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Culture & Recreation Services 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Personal Services 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total 0 0 0 10 10 9 9 8 8 331 304 288 276 280 284 272 252 247 239 2,314
Direct plus InducedAgriculture 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 28 26 24 23 24 24 23 21 21 20 196Mining and mining services 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 6 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 47Manufacturing 0 0 0 3 3 3 3 3 3 104 96 91 87 88 89 86 79 78 75 728Utilities 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 28 26 25 24 24 24 23 22 21 20 199Construction 0 0 0 5 5 5 5 5 4 185 170 161 154 156 159 152 141 138 133 1,292Wholesale Trade 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 19 17 17 16 16 16 16 14 14 14 133Retail Trade 0 0 0 2 2 2 2 2 2 68 62 59 56 57 58 56 52 50 49 473Hospitality & Food Services 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 38 35 33 32 32 33 32 29 29 28 268Transport 0 0 0 3 3 2 2 2 2 87 79 75 72 73 74 71 66 65 62 605Communication Services 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 11 10 10 10 10 10 9 9 8 81Finance and Insurance 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 38 35 33 32 32 33 32 29 29 28 269Property Services 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 41 38 36 34 35 35 34 31 31 30 289Ownership of Dwellings 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Professional, Scientific & Tech Se 0 0 0 4 4 3 3 3 3 122 112 106 102 103 105 101 93 91 88 855Other administrative services 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 31 28 27 25 26 26 25 23 23 22 213Public admin & safety 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 9 8 8 8 8 8 7 7 7 65Education 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 26 24 22 22 22 22 21 20 19 19 181Health and Social Services 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 31 28 27 25 26 26 25 23 23 22 213Culture & Recreation Services 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 8 8 8 8 8 7 7 7 7 64Personal Services 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 34 32 30 29 29 29 28 26 26 25 240
Total 0 0 0 27 27 25 24 23 22 917 841 798 765 774 787 754 698 684 661 6,411
52 AITI (2018)
Employment Impact (FTE's) Victoria2031 2031 2031 2031 2031 2031 2031 2031 2031 2031 2032 2033 2034 2035 2036 2037 2038 2039 2040 Total
DirectAgriculture 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Mining and mining services 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Manufacturing 0 0 0 1 1 1 14 1 1 1 1 1 1 44 43 42 41 39 38 196Utilities 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 9 9 9 9 8 43Construction 0 0 0 4 4 3 34 3 3 3 3 3 3 109 106 103 99 96 93 479Wholesale Trade 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Retail Trade 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Hospitality & Food Services 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Transport 0 0 0 1 1 1 12 1 1 1 1 1 1 38 37 36 35 34 32 167Communication Services 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Finance and Insurance 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 9 9 9 8 8 42Property Services 0 0 0 1 1 1 8 1 1 1 1 1 1 24 23 23 22 21 20 105Ownership of Dwellings 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Professional, Scientific & Tech Se 0 0 0 2 2 2 16 1 1 1 1 1 1 50 48 47 45 44 43 219Other administrative services 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Public admin & safety 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Education 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Health and Social Services 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Culture & Recreation Services 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Personal Services 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total 0 0 0 9 9 9 90 8 8 7 7 7 7 285 276 268 260 251 243 1,251
Direct plus InducedAgriculture 0 0 0 1 1 1 8 1 1 1 1 1 1 25 25 24 23 22 22 112Mining and mining services 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 6Manufacturing 0 0 0 3 3 3 29 3 3 2 2 2 2 93 90 87 85 82 79 408Utilities 0 0 0 1 1 1 8 1 1 1 1 1 1 25 25 24 23 22 22 112Construction 0 0 0 6 6 5 53 5 5 4 4 4 4 167 162 157 153 148 143 735Wholesale Trade 0 0 0 1 1 1 8 1 1 1 1 1 1 26 25 24 24 23 22 114Retail Trade 0 0 0 2 2 2 21 2 2 2 2 2 2 65 63 61 60 58 56 287Hospitality & Food Services 0 0 0 1 1 1 12 1 1 1 1 1 1 39 38 37 35 34 33 171Transport 0 0 0 3 3 3 26 2 2 2 2 2 2 81 79 76 74 72 69 357Communication Services 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 14 14 13 13 12 64Finance and Insurance 0 0 0 1 1 1 14 1 1 1 1 1 1 44 42 41 40 39 37 192Property Services 0 0 0 1 1 1 13 1 1 1 1 1 1 41 40 38 37 36 35 180Ownership of Dwellings 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Professional, Scientific & Tech Se 0 0 0 4 4 4 41 4 4 3 3 3 3 131 127 123 119 115 112 575Other administrative services 0 0 0 1 1 1 10 1 1 1 1 1 1 30 29 29 28 27 26 133Public admin & safety 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 7 7 7 6 6 32Education 0 0 0 1 1 1 8 1 1 1 1 1 1 25 24 24 23 22 22 111Health and Social Services 0 0 0 1 1 1 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 29 28 27 26 25 25 126Culture & Recreation Services 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 9 9 9 8 8 42Personal Services 0 0 0 1 1 1 10 1 1 1 1 1 1 31 30 29 28 27 26 136
Total 0 0 0 29 29 28 279 25 24 23 23 23 22 886 860 834 808 782 756 3,894
Australian Industrial Transformation Institute College of Business, Government and Law Flinders University GPO Box 2100 Adelaide SA 5001 P: + 61 8 8201 5083 E: [email protected]