industry versus laboratary clinker processing using ga

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Industrial versus Laboratory Clinker ProcessingUsing Grinding Aids (Scale Effect)

Article in Advances in Materials Science and Engineering · December 2015

Impact Factor: 0.74 · DOI: 10.1155/2015/938176

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Joseph J. Assaad

Notre Dame University

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https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Joseph_Assaad?enrichId=rgreq-1a6dbe65-a3af-49c6-b9b7-0f84577bcdf7&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4NzM2MDA3MztBUzozMzIyOTQ5ODk1OTg3MjNAMTQ1NjIzNjcwNzI5Mw%3D%3D&el=1_x_4https://www.researchgate.net/?enrichId=rgreq-1a6dbe65-a3af-49c6-b9b7-0f84577bcdf7&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4NzM2MDA3MztBUzozMzIyOTQ5ODk1OTg3MjNAMTQ1NjIzNjcwNzI5Mw%3D%3D&el=1_x_1https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Joseph_Assaad?enrichId=rgreq-1a6dbe65-a3af-49c6-b9b7-0f84577bcdf7&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4NzM2MDA3MztBUzozMzIyOTQ5ODk1OTg3MjNAMTQ1NjIzNjcwNzI5Mw%3D%3D&el=1_x_7https://www.researchgate.net/institution/Notre_Dame_University?enrichId=rgreq-1a6dbe65-a3af-49c6-b9b7-0f84577bcdf7&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4NzM2MDA3MztBUzozMzIyOTQ5ODk1OTg3MjNAMTQ1NjIzNjcwNzI5Mw%3D%3D&el=1_x_6https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Joseph_Assaad?enrichId=rgreq-1a6dbe65-a3af-49c6-b9b7-0f84577bcdf7&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4NzM2MDA3MztBUzozMzIyOTQ5ODk1OTg3MjNAMTQ1NjIzNjcwNzI5Mw%3D%3D&el=1_x_5https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Joseph_Assaad?enrichId=rgreq-1a6dbe65-a3af-49c6-b9b7-0f84577bcdf7&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4NzM2MDA3MztBUzozMzIyOTQ5ODk1OTg3MjNAMTQ1NjIzNjcwNzI5Mw%3D%3D&el=1_x_4https://www.researchgate.net/?enrichId=rgreq-1a6dbe65-a3af-49c6-b9b7-0f84577bcdf7&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4NzM2MDA3MztBUzozMzIyOTQ5ODk1OTg3MjNAMTQ1NjIzNjcwNzI5Mw%3D%3D&el=1_x_1https://www.researchgate.net/publication/287360073_Industrial_versus_Laboratory_Clinker_Processing_Using_Grinding_Aids_Scale_Effect?enrichId=rgreq-1a6dbe65-a3af-49c6-b9b7-0f84577bcdf7&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4NzM2MDA3MztBUzozMzIyOTQ5ODk1OTg3MjNAMTQ1NjIzNjcwNzI5Mw%3D%3D&el=1_x_3https://www.researchgate.net/publication/287360073_Industrial_versus_Laboratory_Clinker_Processing_Using_Grinding_Aids_Scale_Effect?enrichId=rgreq-1a6dbe65-a3af-49c6-b9b7-0f84577bcdf7&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4NzM2MDA3MztBUzozMzIyOTQ5ODk1OTg3MjNAMTQ1NjIzNjcwNzI5Mw%3D%3D&el=1_x_2


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Research ArticleIndustrial versus Laboratory Clinker Processing Using Grinding Aids (Scale Effect)

Joseph Jean Assaad

Holderchem Building Chemicals, P.O. Box , Baabda, Lebanon

Correspondence should be addressed to Joseph Jean Assaad; [email protected]

Received September ; Accepted November

Academic Editor: Luigi Nicolais

Copyright © Joseph Jean Assaad. Tis is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License,which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Te evaluation o grinding aid (GA) effect on clinker processing in laboratory grinding mills is relatively simple. Yet, the resultsobtained cannot be directly transposed to industrial mills, given the undamentally different operational modes and grindingparameters. Tis paper seeks to evaluate the scale effect by comparing the results obtained rom a closed-circuit tube milloperating at ton/hr to those determined using a -liter laboratory mill. ests results have shown that the decrease in specicenergy consumption (Ec) due to glycol or amine-based GA can be evaluated under laboratory conditions. However, such testsunderestimate the actual perormance that could be achieved in real-scale mills; the Ec reduction due to GA is around twooldhigher when grinding is perormed in real-scale mill. Compared to industrial tests, the cement particle size distribution curveswidened and shifed towards higher diameters when grinding was perormed under laboratory conditions, particularly with GA

additions. Tis led to remarkable changes in water demand, setting time, and - and -day compressive strengths.

1. Introduction

Grinding aids (GAs) are incorporated during clinker proc-essing to reduce electrostatic orces and agglomeration o cement grains. Teir chemical basis mostly includes etha-nolamines such as triethanolamine (EA) and triisopro-panolamine (IPA) as well as glycols such as diethyleneglycol (DEG) and propylene glycol (PG) [–]. Te practicalconsequences o such additions to the cement industry canbroadly be divided into two aspects including an increase in

cement Blaine neness and compressive strength or givenspecic energy consumption (Ec) and/or savings in electricalenergy and Ec together with improved mill productivity orgiven neness. Te ormer direction is relevant when pro-ducing cement possessing increased neness necessary orhigh early strength requirements (i.e., ASM C ype III[]), while the latter is more and more demanded with today’sconstraints regarding the reduction o usable energy []. It isto be noted that GAs blended with IPA moleculesare knownby their capability to promote cement hydration reactions,thereby leading to increased compressive strengths [, –].

Te evaluation o GA effect on clinker processing in lab-oratory grinding mills is relatively simple; it provides a

preliminary assessment o GA effects on cement nenessand properties. Yet, the results obtained cannot be directly transposed to industrial mills, given the undamentally different operational modes and grinding parameters suchas comminution orces, screening, ventilation, and clinkertemperature [, ]. For instance, the clinker processing inreal-scale mills is a continuing process, whereby the grindingorces are applied to the coarse particles while the neones are discharged as soon as they have been reduced to

the required cut size. All particles larger than the cut sizewould be sent to a reject stream, thereore creating a so-called circulating load (CL). Te CL is dened as the averagenumber o times that the material circulates through thegrinding system beore becoming the product [].

Unlike industrial mills, laboratory grinding mills oper-ated over given time interval do not account or CL, thereoreleading to different cement particle size distribution (PSD)curves [, ]. his consequently alters cement propertiessuch as water demand, rheology, and hydration processessuch as heat release, setting time, volume change, andstrength development [, ]. It is to be noted that the Blainemeasurement cannot effectively represent the entire PSD,

Hindawi Publishing CorporationAdvances in Materials Science and EngineeringVolume 2015, Article ID 938176, 12 pageshttp://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/938176

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Advances in Materials Science and Engineering

given the act that two cements with different ratios o ne-to-coarseparticles and describedby differentPSD canpossessthe same Blaine value [, ].

Te differences in PSD curves determined under labora-tory and industrial mill conditions were noticed by severalresearchers in the cement and mineral grinding industries

[, , ]; the laboratory tests yielded signicantly widerPSD curves than those experienced in practice. ASM CStandard Specication or GAs related such changes tocement owability and mill retention time (MR) duringgrinding []. Te MR can be dened as the average timenecessary or the bulk material to pass through the tubemill []. Hence, to properly evaluate GA effect on cementproperties, the standard recommends the realization o ull-scale tests over enough time to ensure reaching equilibriumconditions and stable CL [].

In the literature, limited attempts have been made toquantiy the scale effect(i.e., industrialversus laboratory mill)that could result rom GA additions on cement neness andproperties. Tis research project was initiated ollowing anindustrial grinding test undertaken to validate the effect o glycol and amine-based GAs on Ec and cement perormance.It presents data collected over consecutive days o clinkergrinding in real-scale closed-circuit tube mill operating ataround ton/hr. Results obtained were compared with thosedetermined using a -liter laboratory grinding mill. Tispaper can be o particular interest to cement manuacturers,GA suppliers, and researchers dealing with processing andtesting procedures o cement and clinker materials.

2. Materials Used and Testing Methods

.. Materials. Industrial clinker used or the production o ASM C ype I cement [], natural pozzolan meetingthe requirements o ASM C Class N [], and gypsummaterials were employed. Teir ratio in the cement producedwas maintained at .%, .%, and %, respectively. Tematerials chemical composition and PSD are presented inable .

wo commercially available GAs were tested in this study.Te glycol-based GA is composed by DEG andPG chemicals;it is reerred to as grinding aid and pack-set inhibitor in thecement industry. Its active chemicals determined by KarlFischer method, specic gravity, and pH were %, .,and ., respectively. Te second GA is amine-based; it is

commonly used as grinding aid and strength enhancer inthe cement industry. Its main components include IPA andEA; the active chemicals, specic gravity, and pH were %,., and ., respectively.

.. Testing Methods. Te cement neness characteristicswere evaluated using the Blaine measurement, sieve residue,and PSD curve. Te Blaine was determined using the airpermeability apparatus as per ASM C est Method [],while the and m residues reerred to as R- and R-,respectively, were determined using a mechanical shaker. Alaserparticle sizediffraction analyzer (Analysette NanoecPlus) capable o measuring particle sizes varying rom .

: Chemical composition and grading o clinker, pozzolan,and gypsum.

Clinker Pozzolan Gypsum

SiO2, % . . .

Al2O

3, % . . .

Fe2

O3

, % . . .CaO, % . . .

MgO, % . . .

SO3, % . . .

Percent retained on

. mm .

. mm . . .

. mm . . .

. mm . .

. mm . .

. mm . . .

. mm . .

. mm . . Pan .

to m was used or cement particle measurements. Teapparatus complies with ISO technical requirements,with reproducibility (

50) less than %. Te equipment gen-

erates high-speed data processing at cycles per secondwithin an entire measuring time less than minutes andyields high-accuracy measurements that deviate by not morethan ±.% rom standard samples.

Te cement PSD curves were deducted by tting the laserdiffraction data into the Rosin-Rammler-Sperling-Bennett

(RRSB) unction given as []

() = 1 − exp − 0

. ()

reers to the measured particle size in m, () is thecumulative raction passing unction, is the slope o sizedis-tribution reecting the narrowness or wideness o PSD (thehigher means a narrowerPSD), and

0 indicates the powder

neness in m that corresponds to .% cumulative passing value on the distribution curve. Te resulting correlation

coefficients (2) o the regression lines built throughout thisproject between ln

() and ln

[ln

(1/1−())] varied between

. and ..Te water demand required to achieve normal consis-

tencywas determined by mixing g oground cementwitha measured quantity o water, as per ASM C est Method[]. Using the same cement paste produced or normalconsistency, the Vicat initial and nal setting times werethen determined as per ASM C est Method []. Tecompressive strength was determined as per ASM CestMethod []. ests were perormed using mortars preparedwith g o ground cement, g o normalized sand (EN-), and xed w/c o .. Te cubes were demolded thesecond day rom casting and stored side by side in saturatedlimewater until the testing time o and days.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/252553574_Analysis_of_the_ASTM_Round-Robin_Test_on_Particle_Size_Distribution_of_Portland_Cement_Phase_II?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-1a6dbe65-a3af-49c6-b9b7-0f84577bcdf7&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4NzM2MDA3MztBUzozMzIyOTQ5ODk1OTg3MjNAMTQ1NjIzNjcwNzI5Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232980485_Grinding_Process_Simulation_Based_on_Rosin-Rammler_Equation?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-1a6dbe65-a3af-49c6-b9b7-0f84577bcdf7&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4NzM2MDA3MztBUzozMzIyOTQ5ODk1OTg3MjNAMTQ1NjIzNjcwNzI5Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262195594_Effect_of_clinker_grinding_aids_on_flow_of_cement-based_materials?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-1a6dbe65-a3af-49c6-b9b7-0f84577bcdf7&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4NzM2MDA3MztBUzozMzIyOTQ5ODk1OTg3MjNAMTQ1NjIzNjcwNzI5Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/41015024_Improved_cement_quality_and_grinding_efficiency_by_means_of_closed_mill_circuit_modeling?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-1a6dbe65-a3af-49c6-b9b7-0f84577bcdf7&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4NzM2MDA3MztBUzozMzIyOTQ5ODk1OTg3MjNAMTQ1NjIzNjcwNzI5Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/41015024_Improved_cement_quality_and_grinding_efficiency_by_means_of_closed_mill_circuit_modeling?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-1a6dbe65-a3af-49c6-b9b7-0f84577bcdf7&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4NzM2MDA3MztBUzozMzIyOTQ5ODk1OTg3MjNAMTQ1NjIzNjcwNzI5Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262195594_Effect_of_clinker_grinding_aids_on_flow_of_cement-based_materials?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-1a6dbe65-a3af-49c6-b9b7-0f84577bcdf7&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4NzM2MDA3MztBUzozMzIyOTQ5ODk1OTg3MjNAMTQ1NjIzNjcwNzI5Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/252553574_Analysis_of_the_ASTM_Round-Robin_Test_on_Particle_Size_Distribution_of_Portland_Cement_Phase_II?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-1a6dbe65-a3af-49c6-b9b7-0f84577bcdf7&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4NzM2MDA3MztBUzozMzIyOTQ5ODk1OTg3MjNAMTQ1NjIzNjcwNzI5Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232980485_Grinding_Process_Simulation_Based_on_Rosin-Rammler_Equation?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-1a6dbe65-a3af-49c6-b9b7-0f84577bcdf7&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4NzM2MDA3MztBUzozMzIyOTQ5ODk1OTg3MjNAMTQ1NjIzNjcwNzI5Mw==


4/14


Separator

Separator

feed (B1)

Cement (B3)

(B0)

(B2)

Double-deckscreen

crusher

storage

clinkerstorage

Pozzolanstoragestorage

Gypsum

Crushed

Clinker

Clinker

Rejects

feed

Fresh

Ball grinding mill

F : Various stages during industrial closed-circuit grinding tube mill.

: Design parameters or the tube ball mill and separator.

ube ball mill Compartment Rotor separator

Internal diameter, m . . Rotor diameter, m Internal length, m . . Rotor height, m .

Filling degree, % . Motor power, kW

Charge weight, ton Rotor speed, rpm

Ball size, mm to to Fan power, kW

Mill motor power, kW Air ow, m3/min

Mill speed, rpm

Fan motor power, kW

Production rate, ton/hr (design value)

3. Test Results and Discussion

.. Data Obtained from Industrial Tube Mill

... Description of Mill Employed. Industrial closed-circuittube (or ball) mill schematically presented in Figure wasused or cement production. Te clinker initially passesthrough a double-deck screen, where all particles larger than mm are sent to a precrusher. A measured resh eedmixture (B) o precrushed clinker, gypsum, and pozzolan isintroduced in the mill. Afer grinding, an elevator conveysthe entire ground material (B) to a rotor separator where itis divided into two ractions. Te coarse raction constitutesthe separator rejects (B) that is sent back to the mill oran additional cycle o grinding, whereas the ne raction

becomes the nal product (B). During steady-state opera-tion, the mill productivity is equal to B (or B), since neither

accumulation nor generation o new material takes placeinside the mill. Te CL is calculated as B1/B3 = (B0+B2)/B0.Te design parameters o the industrial tube mill and rotorseparator are given in able .

... Control of Grinding Mill Parameters. Te industrial millwas operating without any GA. Te rst stage o testingconsisted in ensuring uniormity o grinding parameters andsampling cement at regular time intervals or use as controlmixtures. Tis stage was pursued over hours; the datacollected are summarized in able . Te resh eed rate (B),mill sound, mill motor power consumption, separator motorpower, separator air ow rate, rejects (B), and CL were equal


5/14


: Data collected over time during industrial grinding without or with GA.

Day/time,hr:min

GA,g/ton

Feed (B),ton/hr

Mill sound,dB

Mill motorpower, %

Rotor motor,kW

Air ow rate,m3/min

Rejects (B),ton/hr

CL Blaine,

cm2/g

/: . . . . .

/: . . . . .

/: . . . . . /: . . . . . .

/: . . . . .

/: . . .

/: . . . . .

/: . . . . .

/: . . . .

/: . . . . . .

/: . . . . .

/: . . . . . .

/: . . . .

/: . . . . .

/: . . .

/: . . . . .

/: . . . . .

/: . . . . .

/: . . . . . .

/: . . .

/: . . . . .

/: . . . . .

Values in bold correspond to stable mill conditions.Glycol-based GA was used in the rst testing day, while amine-based one was used in the second day.

to ± . ton/hr, .± dB, .% ± .%, . ± kW, ± m3/min, . ± ton/hr, and .± ., respectively. Teproduct’s temperature leaving the mill (B) hovered around

± ∘C, and Blaine neness was within ± cm2/g.Te resulting Ec calculatedas the ratio between the consumedmill motor power and B was around . ± . kWh/ton.

Ten, sprinkling o glycol-based GA over the resh eedintroduced in the mill started at a rate o g/ton using anautomatic dispenser. Te grinding parameters were adjustedover time to maximize mill productivity under stable condi-tions while achieving similar Blaine neness as the control

mix (i.e., Blaine o ± cm2/g). For instance, the millsound is an indicator o lling state in mill compartments

during operation [, ]; an emptier mill will produce alouder sound, whereas the increased amounts o clinker willdampen the clanking noise and result in lower decibel (dB)

values. Hence, this index sharply increased to around dBduring the rst hour o GA addition, thus reecting improvedclinker processing and reduced MR (able ). Te decreasein motor power consumption rom % to .% o ultimatecapacity is another indicator o improved clinker processing.Te mill sound and power consumption were readjustedto around ± . dB and % ± .%, respectively, by increasing gradually B to .± . ton/hr (able ). Furtherincreases in B would not be desirable as this may abuse themill motor capacity (an % threshold value was placed by

the cement company). Te corresponding Ec decreased rom. kWh/ton when grinding was perormed without GA to. kWh/ton; this can be directly attributed to the organicGA molecules adsorbed on clinker suraces, thus reducingcement agglomeration with direct consequences on B andEc [, , ].

Te separator’s rotor speed (or motor power) and air ow rate are crucial parameters or controlling cement nenessand residue [, , , ]. Hence, increasing the rotorspeed will elevate the product’s neness and increase therejects (B), since more particles will be returned back tomill. Conversely, higher air ow inside the separator wouldcarry particles o larger size into the ne stream, thereore

decreasing cement neness with reduced B. Around hourswas necessary to regulate B, rotor motor power, and airow rate in order to obtain stable mill conditions deliveringcement neness close to that o the control mix. Te B

varied between and ton/hr during the rst hoursand thereafer stabilized at around . ± . ton/hr. Tecorresponding CL ranged rom . to . and stabilized ataround . ± ..

Te increase in CL due to GA additions is a common phe-nomenon in the cement grinding industry, mostly attributedto a decrease in MR and improved cement owability [, ,]. In other words, the use o GA makes coarser the productthat leaves the mill (B), thereby requiring increased number

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/41015024_Improved_cement_quality_and_grinding_efficiency_by_means_of_closed_mill_circuit_modeling?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-1a6dbe65-a3af-49c6-b9b7-0f84577bcdf7&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4NzM2MDA3MztBUzozMzIyOTQ5ODk1OTg3MjNAMTQ1NjIzNjcwNzI5Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/240407958_Optimization_of_continuous_ball_mills_used_for_finish-grinding_of_cement_by_varying_the_LD_ratio_ball_charge_filling_ratio_ball_size_and_residence_time?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-1a6dbe65-a3af-49c6-b9b7-0f84577bcdf7&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4NzM2MDA3MztBUzozMzIyOTQ5ODk1OTg3MjNAMTQ1NjIzNjcwNzI5Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285729613_Why_TIPA_leads_to_an_increase_in_the_mechanical_properties_of_mortars_whereas_TEA_does_not?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-1a6dbe65-a3af-49c6-b9b7-0f84577bcdf7&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4NzM2MDA3MztBUzozMzIyOTQ5ODk1OTg3MjNAMTQ1NjIzNjcwNzI5Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280877279_Quantifying_the_effect_of_clinker_grinding_AIDS_under_laboratory_conditions?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-1a6dbe65-a3af-49c6-b9b7-0f84577bcdf7&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4NzM2MDA3MztBUzozMzIyOTQ5ODk1OTg3MjNAMTQ1NjIzNjcwNzI5Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262195594_Effect_of_clinker_grinding_aids_on_flow_of_cement-based_materials?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-1a6dbe65-a3af-49c6-b9b7-0f84577bcdf7&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4NzM2MDA3MztBUzozMzIyOTQ5ODk1OTg3MjNAMTQ1NjIzNjcwNzI5Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/41015024_Improved_cement_quality_and_grinding_efficiency_by_means_of_closed_mill_circuit_modeling?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-1a6dbe65-a3af-49c6-b9b7-0f84577bcdf7&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4NzM2MDA3MztBUzozMzIyOTQ5ODk1OTg3MjNAMTQ1NjIzNjcwNzI5Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/240407958_Optimization_of_continuous_ball_mills_used_for_finish-grinding_of_cement_by_varying_the_LD_ratio_ball_charge_filling_ratio_ball_size_and_residence_time?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-1a6dbe65-a3af-49c6-b9b7-0f84577bcdf7&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4NzM2MDA3MztBUzozMzIyOTQ5ODk1OTg3MjNAMTQ1NjIzNjcwNzI5Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285729613_Why_TIPA_leads_to_an_increase_in_the_mechanical_properties_of_mortars_whereas_TEA_does_not?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-1a6dbe65-a3af-49c6-b9b7-0f84577bcdf7&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4NzM2MDA3MztBUzozMzIyOTQ5ODk1OTg3MjNAMTQ1NjIzNjcwNzI5Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/41015024_Improved_cement_quality_and_grinding_efficiency_by_means_of_closed_mill_circuit_modeling?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-1a6dbe65-a3af-49c6-b9b7-0f84577bcdf7&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4NzM2MDA3MztBUzozMzIyOTQ5ODk1OTg3MjNAMTQ1NjIzNjcwNzI5Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/41015024_Improved_cement_quality_and_grinding_efficiency_by_means_of_closed_mill_circuit_modeling?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-1a6dbe65-a3af-49c6-b9b7-0f84577bcdf7&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4NzM2MDA3MztBUzozMzIyOTQ5ODk1OTg3MjNAMTQ1NjIzNjcwNzI5Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262195594_Effect_of_clinker_grinding_aids_on_flow_of_cement-based_materials?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-1a6dbe65-a3af-49c6-b9b7-0f84577bcdf7&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4NzM2MDA3MztBUzozMzIyOTQ5ODk1OTg3MjNAMTQ1NjIzNjcwNzI5Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/240407958_Optimization_of_continuous_ball_mills_used_for_finish-grinding_of_cement_by_varying_the_LD_ratio_ball_charge_filling_ratio_ball_size_and_residence_time?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-1a6dbe65-a3af-49c6-b9b7-0f84577bcdf7&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4NzM2MDA3MztBUzozMzIyOTQ5ODk1OTg3MjNAMTQ1NjIzNjcwNzI5Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/240407958_Optimization_of_continuous_ball_mills_used_for_finish-grinding_of_cement_by_varying_the_LD_ratio_ball_charge_filling_ratio_ball_size_and_residence_time?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-1a6dbe65-a3af-49c6-b9b7-0f84577bcdf7&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4NzM2MDA3MztBUzozMzIyOTQ5ODk1OTg3MjNAMTQ1NjIzNjcwNzI5Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280877279_Quantifying_the_effect_of_clinker_grinding_AIDS_under_laboratory_conditions?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-1a6dbe65-a3af-49c6-b9b7-0f84577bcdf7&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4NzM2MDA3MztBUzozMzIyOTQ5ODk1OTg3MjNAMTQ1NjIzNjcwNzI5Mw==


6/14


: Ec and cement properties afer reaching stable conditions in industrial mill grinding.

Control cement Cement with glycol-based

GA at g/tonCement with amine-based

GA at g/ton

Ec, kWh/ton . (.%) . (.%) . (.%)

Blaine, cm2/g (.%) (.%) (.%)

R-, % . (.%) . (.%) . (.%)R-, % . (.%) . (.%) . (.%)

. (.%) . (.%) . (.%)0, m . (.%) . (.%) . (.%)

Water demand, % . (.%) . (.%) . (.%)

Final setting, min (.%) (.%) (.%)

-day compression, MPa . (.%) . (.%) . (.%)

-day compression, MPa . (.%) . (.%) . (.%)

Te COV values are given between parentheses.

Poly. (control cement)

Poly. (glycol GA)

Poly. (amine GA)

Poly. (control cement)

Poly. (glycol GA)

Poly. (amine GA)

Industrial grinding

Laboratory grinding(50-liter mill)

Blaine = 3850 ± 75 cm2/g

Blaine = 3850 ± 50 cm2/g

0

20

40

60

80

100

P a s s i n g

( % )

1 10 1000.1

Sieve diameter (m)

1 10 1000.1

Sieve diameter (m)

0

20

40

60

80

100

P a s s i n g

( % )

F : PSD cur ves obtained under industrial and laboratory grinding conditions o control cement and those containing GAs.

o passages through the system to reach the targeted nenesslevel. Afer reaching stable mill conditions, the grinding testswere pursued or additional hours, whereby samples o cement were taken at regular time intervals. Te product’stemperature leaving the mill (B) hovered around ± ∘C.

Te dispensing o glycol-based GA was stopped over-

night, and industrial testing resumed the second day usingthe amine-based one. Again, afer assuring stability o millconditions, dispensing o the amine-based GA started atrelatively reduced rate o g/ton (this was due to economicreasons established by the cement company). As earlier, thetube mill and separator parameters were adjusted to ensurestable grinding conditions delivering cement neness closeto that determined on the control mix (able ). Afer around hours o grinding, the B reached . ± ton/hr, whilemill sound, motor power consumption, separator motorpower, separator air ow, B, and CL were equal to . ±. dB, .% ± .%, . ± . kW, ± m3/min, ± ton/hr, and . ± ., respectively. Te Ec that resulted rom

the amine-based GA was . kWh/ton. It is to be notedthat the air speed within the tube mill varied rom around. m/s when grinding was realized without GA to . and. m/s when the glycol- and amine-based GAs were used,respectively.

... Effect of GAs on Cement Fineness and Properties: Indus-trial Grinding. able summarizes the properties o con-trol cement and those containing GAs that resulted romindustrial grinding afer reaching stable conditions (theEc values are also given). It is to be noted that the datareported in able are averages o to measurementscollected afer reaching stable mill conditions. Te coefficiento variation (COV) or each measurement determined as theratiobetween standard deviation and mean values, multipliedby , is given.

Te PSD curves o cement mixtures sampled afer reach-ing stable mill conditions are plotted in Figure (this g-ure also plots the various PSD curves determined under


7/14


laboratory conditions that will be discussed later in text).Although the Blaine values are quite close to each other and

varied within ± cm2/g, it is clear that GA additionsaffected PSD curves including a reduction in the percentageo very ne particles smaller than around m as well asthose retained on coarser sieve diameters. For example, the

R- decreased rom .% or the control mix to .%and .% with the addition o glycol- and amine-based GA,respectively. Tis resulted in narrower PSD curves togetherwith their shifing towards smaller diameters. Hence, increased rom . or the control cement to . and.when grinding was perormed using the glycol- and amine-based GA, respectively. Te corresponding

0 decreased rom

. to . and .m, respectively. Te narrowing o PSDcurves due to GAs is well proven in the cement industry ; it isrelated to an improvement in cement owability [, ].

Te water demand necessary to achieve normal consis-tency o various sampled mixtures remained almost invari-able at .% ± .% (able ). Nevertheless, the settingtime remarkably increased rom min or the controlcement to min when the glycol-based GA was used. Forgiven Blaine neness, this can be attributed to a combinationo different phenomena including the reduction o cementparticles ner than around m that mainly inuence thesetting [].Additionally, the adsorption o glycol monolayersonto cement grains can partly block hydration reactions,

just like what happens with the use o water reducers inconcrete mixtures [, ]. Because o similar reasons, the -day compressive strength decreased rom . MPa or thecontrol mortar to . MPa or that prepared using cementcontaining glycol GA (able ).

Te setting time that resulted rom cement containingamine-based GA was relatively lower than the one obtainedusing glycol GA (i.e., versus min, resp.). Tis canbe attributed to the IPA existing in the ormer GA; thosemolecules are known by their capacity to promote cementhy dration reactions with consequently reduced setting times[, , ]. Te resulting -day compressive strength slightly increased to . MPa.

Te -day compressive strength increased rom. MPa or the control mortar to . MPa or the onemade using cement ground with glycol-based GA. Tisstrength improvement can be related to enhanced cementPSD possessing increased amount o raction grains vary-ing rom around to m []. Te increase in -day compressive strength was more accentuated (i.e.,

. MPa) when the amine-based GA was used. Concurrentto the enhancement in PSD, the remarkable increase incompression up to .MPa can be related to the IPAmolecules that improv e cement hydration reactions and leadto increased strengths [, , , ].

.. Grinding Tests Performed under Laboratory Conditions

... Description of Laboratory Mill. A -liter laboratory grinding mill having a drum diameter, length, and rotationalspeed o mm, mm, and rpm, respectively, wasused in this testing program (Figure ). Te mill was con-nected to an electric counter or monitoring Ec in kWh/ton

F : Photo o the -liter laboratory grinding mill.

determined as

(c

× 1000)/(mass o ground mix in kg

×mill actor), where c reers to the amount o electricity inkWh consumed during the grinding time interval and millactor equal to as per the manuacturer calibration proce-dure. A total o kg steel balls ( kg o mm diameterand kg o mm diameter) were used or grinding, thusmaking a lling degree equal to .%. Te mill operated in aroom where ambient temperature and relative humidity were ± ∘C and ± %, respectively.... Approach Used for Clinker Grinding. Initially, a controlmix was prepared by grinding kg o materials withoutany GA until achieving a Blaine neness similar to that

obtained rom industrial testing, that is,

±cm2/g. Te

percentages o clinker, pozzolan, and gypsum in the groundmix were maintained similar to those used in industrialtests. Te approach consists in grinding the materials or acertain elapsed time, stopping the mill, and sampling around grams to check whether the Blaine became close to thetargeted value. I not, additional grinding is perormed. Tecontrol mixwas ound to require an Ec o .kWh/ton (i.e.,grinding time o . min).

wo other grinding tests were then realized by sprinklingthe preselected glycol- and amine-based GA concentrationso or g/ton onto the kg eed materials. Grindingstopped when the cement mixtures reached Blaine nenessequivalent to the control mix. Te temperature o cement

obtained right afer the end o grinding hovered around to ∘C. It is to be noted that each test was repeated twice toevaluate the COV o various measurements, as summarizedin able .

... Effect of GAs on Cement Fineness and Properties: Lab-oratory Grinding. As expected, the addition o GA led toreduced Ec, given the decrease in cement agglomeration,that is, rom . kW/ton or the control mix to . and. kWh/ton or those containing glycol- and amine-basedGA, respectively.

Te GA addition was associated with an increase in R-and R- values (able ), given the reduced Ec applied

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/229368022_Characterization_of_Various_Cement_Grinding_Aids_and_their_Impact_on_Grindability_and_Cement_Performance?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-1a6dbe65-a3af-49c6-b9b7-0f84577bcdf7&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4NzM2MDA3MztBUzozMzIyOTQ5ODk1OTg3MjNAMTQ1NjIzNjcwNzI5Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222496234_Effects_of_Cement_Particle_Size_Distribution_on_Performance_Properties_of_Portland_Cement-Based_Materials?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-1a6dbe65-a3af-49c6-b9b7-0f84577bcdf7&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4NzM2MDA3MztBUzozMzIyOTQ5ODk1OTg3MjNAMTQ1NjIzNjcwNzI5Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280877279_Quantifying_the_effect_of_clinker_grinding_AIDS_under_laboratory_conditions?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-1a6dbe65-a3af-49c6-b9b7-0f84577bcdf7&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4NzM2MDA3MztBUzozMzIyOTQ5ODk1OTg3MjNAMTQ1NjIzNjcwNzI5Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262195594_Effect_of_clinker_grinding_aids_on_flow_of_cement-based_materials?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-1a6dbe65-a3af-49c6-b9b7-0f84577bcdf7&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4NzM2MDA3MztBUzozMzIyOTQ5ODk1OTg3MjNAMTQ1NjIzNjcwNzI5Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285729613_Why_TIPA_leads_to_an_increase_in_the_mechanical_properties_of_mortars_whereas_TEA_does_not?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-1a6dbe65-a3af-49c6-b9b7-0f84577bcdf7&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4NzM2MDA3MztBUzozMzIyOTQ5ODk1OTg3MjNAMTQ1NjIzNjcwNzI5Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222805309_On_the_mechanism_of_strength_enhancement_of_cement_paste_and_mortar_with_triisopropanolamine?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-1a6dbe65-a3af-49c6-b9b7-0f84577bcdf7&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4NzM2MDA3MztBUzozMzIyOTQ5ODk1OTg3MjNAMTQ1NjIzNjcwNzI5Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/238446669_Use_of_cement_grinding_aids_to_optimise_clinker_factor?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-1a6dbe65-a3af-49c6-b9b7-0f84577bcdf7&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4NzM2MDA3MztBUzozMzIyOTQ5ODk1OTg3MjNAMTQ1NjIzNjcwNzI5Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222496234_Effects_of_Cement_Particle_Size_Distribution_on_Performance_Properties_of_Portland_Cement-Based_Materials?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-1a6dbe65-a3af-49c6-b9b7-0f84577bcdf7&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4NzM2MDA3MztBUzozMzIyOTQ5ODk1OTg3MjNAMTQ1NjIzNjcwNzI5Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285729613_Why_TIPA_leads_to_an_increase_in_the_mechanical_properties_of_mortars_whereas_TEA_does_not?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-1a6dbe65-a3af-49c6-b9b7-0f84577bcdf7&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4NzM2MDA3MztBUzozMzIyOTQ5ODk1OTg3MjNAMTQ1NjIzNjcwNzI5Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222805309_On_the_mechanism_of_strength_enhancement_of_cement_paste_and_mortar_with_triisopropanolamine?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-1a6dbe65-a3af-49c6-b9b7-0f84577bcdf7&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4NzM2MDA3MztBUzozMzIyOTQ5ODk1OTg3MjNAMTQ1NjIzNjcwNzI5Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/238446669_Use_of_cement_grinding_aids_to_optimise_clinker_factor?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-1a6dbe65-a3af-49c6-b9b7-0f84577bcdf7&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4NzM2MDA3MztBUzozMzIyOTQ5ODk1OTg3MjNAMTQ1NjIzNjcwNzI5Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/257293539_Efficiency_of_grinding_stabilizers_in_cement_clinker_processing?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-1a6dbe65-a3af-49c6-b9b7-0f84577bcdf7&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4NzM2MDA3MztBUzozMzIyOTQ5ODk1OTg3MjNAMTQ1NjIzNjcwNzI5Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/229368022_Characterization_of_Various_Cement_Grinding_Aids_and_their_Impact_on_Grindability_and_Cement_Performance?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-1a6dbe65-a3af-49c6-b9b7-0f84577bcdf7&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4NzM2MDA3MztBUzozMzIyOTQ5ODk1OTg3MjNAMTQ1NjIzNjcwNzI5Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285729613_Why_TIPA_leads_to_an_increase_in_the_mechanical_properties_of_mortars_whereas_TEA_does_not?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-1a6dbe65-a3af-49c6-b9b7-0f84577bcdf7&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4NzM2MDA3MztBUzozMzIyOTQ5ODk1OTg3MjNAMTQ1NjIzNjcwNzI5Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285729613_Why_TIPA_leads_to_an_increase_in_the_mechanical_properties_of_mortars_whereas_TEA_does_not?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-1a6dbe65-a3af-49c6-b9b7-0f84577bcdf7&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4NzM2MDA3MztBUzozMzIyOTQ5ODk1OTg3MjNAMTQ1NjIzNjcwNzI5Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262195594_Effect_of_clinker_grinding_aids_on_flow_of_cement-based_materials?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-1a6dbe65-a3af-49c6-b9b7-0f84577bcdf7&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4NzM2MDA3MztBUzozMzIyOTQ5ODk1OTg3MjNAMTQ1NjIzNjcwNzI5Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222805309_On_the_mechanism_of_strength_enhancement_of_cement_paste_and_mortar_with_triisopropanolamine?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-1a6dbe65-a3af-49c6-b9b7-0f84577bcdf7&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4NzM2MDA3MztBUzozMzIyOTQ5ODk1OTg3MjNAMTQ1NjIzNjcwNzI5Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222805309_On_the_mechanism_of_strength_enhancement_of_cement_paste_and_mortar_with_triisopropanolamine?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-1a6dbe65-a3af-49c6-b9b7-0f84577bcdf7&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4NzM2MDA3MztBUzozMzIyOTQ5ODk1OTg3MjNAMTQ1NjIzNjcwNzI5Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/257293539_Efficiency_of_grinding_stabilizers_in_cement_clinker_processing?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-1a6dbe65-a3af-49c6-b9b7-0f84577bcdf7&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4NzM2MDA3MztBUzozMzIyOTQ5ODk1OTg3MjNAMTQ1NjIzNjcwNzI5Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/238446669_Use_of_cement_grinding_aids_to_optimise_clinker_factor?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-1a6dbe65-a3af-49c6-b9b7-0f84577bcdf7&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4NzM2MDA3MztBUzozMzIyOTQ5ODk1OTg3MjNAMTQ1NjIzNjcwNzI5Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/238446669_Use_of_cement_grinding_aids_to_optimise_clinker_factor?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-1a6dbe65-a3af-49c6-b9b7-0f84577bcdf7&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4NzM2MDA3MztBUzozMzIyOTQ5ODk1OTg3MjNAMTQ1NjIzNjcwNzI5Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222496234_Effects_of_Cement_Particle_Size_Distribution_on_Performance_Properties_of_Portland_Cement-Based_Materials?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-1a6dbe65-a3af-49c6-b9b7-0f84577bcdf7&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4NzM2MDA3MztBUzozMzIyOTQ5ODk1OTg3MjNAMTQ1NjIzNjcwNzI5Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222496234_Effects_of_Cement_Particle_Size_Distribution_on_Performance_Properties_of_Portland_Cement-Based_Materials?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-1a6dbe65-a3af-49c6-b9b7-0f84577bcdf7&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4NzM2MDA3MztBUzozMzIyOTQ5ODk1OTg3MjNAMTQ1NjIzNjcwNzI5Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280877279_Quantifying_the_effect_of_clinker_grinding_AIDS_under_laboratory_conditions?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-1a6dbe65-a3af-49c6-b9b7-0f84577bcdf7&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4NzM2MDA3MztBUzozMzIyOTQ5ODk1OTg3MjNAMTQ1NjIzNjcwNzI5Mw==


8/14


: Ec and cement properties ollowing laboratory grinding.

Control cement Cement with glycol-based GA at

g/tonCement with amine-based GA at

g/ton

est number

Ec, kWh/ton . . . . . .

. (%) . (.%) . (%)

Blaine, cm2/g

(.%) (.%) (.%)

R-, % . . . . . .

. (.%) . (.%) . (.%)

R-, % . . . .

(.%) . (.%) . (.%)

. . . . . .. (.%) . (.%) . (.%)

0, m . . . . .

. (.%) . (.%) . (.%)

Water demand, % . . . . . .. (.%) . (.%) . (.%)

Final setting, min

. (.%) (.%) . (.%)

-day compression,MPa

. . . . .

. (.%) . (.%) . (.%)

-day compression,MPa

. . . . .

. (.%) . (.%) . (.%)

Te mean o two values is considered or analysis. Te COV is given between parentheses.

during processing []. For example, the R- increased rom

% or the control cement to .% and .% when theglycol- and amine-based GA was used, respectively. Nev-ertheless, a certain amount o ne material was producedduring grinding o mixtures containing GA due to reducedlevel o agglomeration, thus widening the PSD curves whilemaintaining similar Blaine neness (reer to Figure ). Hence,the parameter decreased rom . or the control cementto . and . or those prepared with glycol- and amine-based GA, respectively. Te corresponding

0 increased rom

. to . and . m, respectively.Compared to the control mix, the incorporation o GA

did not remarkably alter water demand and setting time;those measurements varied within .% ± .% and ± min, respectively (able ). Nevertheless, remarkableincrease in early strength occurred when both GAs wereused (i.e., . MPa or the control mortar compared to .and . MPa or glycol and amine GA, resp.). Te increase in-day compression could mostly be attributed to an increasein the amount o ne cement particles, as a consequence o GA additions [, ].

Te -day compression was differently affected by GAadditions, as compared to the control mortar that exhibitedstrength o . MPa (i.e., values o . and . MPa weremeasured or mortars made using cement containing glycoland amine GA, resp.). Te decrease in -day compressionthat resulted rom glycol-based GA could be related to

increased percentage o cement particles coarser than

m,

especially knowing that glycol chemicals added at relatively low to moderate rates do not affect the development o com-pressive strength [, , ]. Conversely, the increase in com-pressive encountered with the use o amine-based GA can beattributed to the presence o IPA molecules, thus promotingcement hydration reactions and resulting in higher late-agestrengths [, , ].

.. Comparison of Data Obtained from Industrial

versus Laboratory Tests

... Effect of GAs on Mill Performance. Te variations inEc due to GA additions that resulted rom industrial and

laboratory grinding are plotted in Figure . Compared toindustrial tests, excessively high Ec was required to secure a

cement Blaine o ± cm2/g when grinding was realizedin the laboratory mill. For instance, the Ec o . kWh/tonneeded or industrial grinding o the control mix increasedto . kWh/ton in laboratory grinding. Te addition o glycol- and amine-based GA led to reduced Ec to .and . kWh/ton, respectively, albeit still substantially higher than those registered rom industrial grinding. Tesignicantly reduced absolute Ec values that resulted romindustrial grinding could be related to a combination o phenomena including improved grinding energy due to thepresence o compartments with different ball sizes and

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222805309_On_the_mechanism_of_strength_enhancement_of_cement_paste_and_mortar_with_triisopropanolamine?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-1a6dbe65-a3af-49c6-b9b7-0f84577bcdf7&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4NzM2MDA3MztBUzozMzIyOTQ5ODk1OTg3MjNAMTQ1NjIzNjcwNzI5Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/238446669_Use_of_cement_grinding_aids_to_optimise_clinker_factor?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-1a6dbe65-a3af-49c6-b9b7-0f84577bcdf7&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4NzM2MDA3MztBUzozMzIyOTQ5ODk1OTg3MjNAMTQ1NjIzNjcwNzI5Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/238446669_Use_of_cement_grinding_aids_to_optimise_clinker_factor?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-1a6dbe65-a3af-49c6-b9b7-0f84577bcdf7&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4NzM2MDA3MztBUzozMzIyOTQ5ODk1OTg3MjNAMTQ1NjIzNjcwNzI5Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262195594_Effect_of_clinker_grinding_aids_on_flow_of_cement-based_materials?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-1a6dbe65-a3af-49c6-b9b7-0f84577bcdf7&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4NzM2MDA3MztBUzozMzIyOTQ5ODk1OTg3MjNAMTQ1NjIzNjcwNzI5Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222496234_Effects_of_Cement_Particle_Size_Distribution_on_Performance_Properties_of_Portland_Cement-Based_Materials?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-1a6dbe65-a3af-49c6-b9b7-0f84577bcdf7&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4NzM2MDA3MztBUzozMzIyOTQ5ODk1OTg3MjNAMTQ1NjIzNjcwNzI5Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285729613_Why_TIPA_leads_to_an_increase_in_the_mechanical_properties_of_mortars_whereas_TEA_does_not?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-1a6dbe65-a3af-49c6-b9b7-0f84577bcdf7&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4NzM2MDA3MztBUzozMzIyOTQ5ODk1OTg3MjNAMTQ1NjIzNjcwNzI5Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222805309_On_the_mechanism_of_strength_enhancement_of_cement_paste_and_mortar_with_triisopropanolamine?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-1a6dbe65-a3af-49c6-b9b7-0f84577bcdf7&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4NzM2MDA3MztBUzozMzIyOTQ5ODk1OTg3MjNAMTQ1NjIzNjcwNzI5Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/238446669_Use_of_cement_grinding_aids_to_optimise_clinker_factor?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-1a6dbe65-a3af-49c6-b9b7-0f84577bcdf7&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4NzM2MDA3MztBUzozMzIyOTQ5ODk1OTg3MjNAMTQ1NjIzNjcwNzI5Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285729613_Why_TIPA_leads_to_an_increase_in_the_mechanical_properties_of_mortars_whereas_TEA_does_not?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-1a6dbe65-a3af-49c6-b9b7-0f84577bcdf7&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4NzM2MDA3MztBUzozMzIyOTQ5ODk1OTg3MjNAMTQ1NjIzNjcwNzI5Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262195594_Effect_of_clinker_grinding_aids_on_flow_of_cement-based_materials?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-1a6dbe65-a3af-49c6-b9b7-0f84577bcdf7&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4NzM2MDA3MztBUzozMzIyOTQ5ODk1OTg3MjNAMTQ1NjIzNjcwNzI5Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262195594_Effect_of_clinker_grinding_aids_on_flow_of_cement-based_materials?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-1a6dbe65-a3af-49c6-b9b7-0f84577bcdf7&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4NzM2MDA3MztBUzozMzIyOTQ5ODk1OTg3MjNAMTQ1NjIzNjcwNzI5Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222805309_On_the_mechanism_of_strength_enhancement_of_cement_paste_and_mortar_with_triisopropanolamine?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-1a6dbe65-a3af-49c6-b9b7-0f84577bcdf7&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4NzM2MDA3MztBUzozMzIyOTQ5ODk1OTg3MjNAMTQ1NjIzNjcwNzI5Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222805309_On_the_mechanism_of_strength_enhancement_of_cement_paste_and_mortar_with_triisopropanolamine?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-1a6dbe65-a3af-49c6-b9b7-0f84577bcdf7&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4NzM2MDA3MztBUzozMzIyOTQ5ODk1OTg3MjNAMTQ1NjIzNjcwNzI5Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/238446669_Use_of_cement_grinding_aids_to_optimise_clinker_factor?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-1a6dbe65-a3af-49c6-b9b7-0f84577bcdf7&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4NzM2MDA3MztBUzozMzIyOTQ5ODk1OTg3MjNAMTQ1NjIzNjcwNzI5Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/238446669_Use_of_cement_grinding_aids_to_optimise_clinker_factor?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-1a6dbe65-a3af-49c6-b9b7-0f84577bcdf7&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4NzM2MDA3MztBUzozMzIyOTQ5ODk1OTg3MjNAMTQ1NjIzNjcwNzI5Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/238446669_Use_of_cement_grinding_aids_to_optimise_clinker_factor?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-1a6dbe65-a3af-49c6-b9b7-0f84577bcdf7&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4NzM2MDA3MztBUzozMzIyOTQ5ODk1OTg3MjNAMTQ1NjIzNjcwNzI5Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222496234_Effects_of_Cement_Particle_Size_Distribution_on_Performance_Properties_of_Portland_Cement-Based_Materials?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-1a6dbe65-a3af-49c6-b9b7-0f84577bcdf7&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4NzM2MDA3MztBUzozMzIyOTQ5ODk1OTg3MjNAMTQ1NjIzNjcwNzI5Mw==


9/14


27.9

22.924.4

43.27

39.2340.33

17.92

12.54

9.34

6.79

Control Glycol GA Amine GA Control Glycol GA Amine GA

Laboratory mill

Ec (kWh/ton)

Decrease in Ec due to GA addition (%)

Ec (kWh/ton)

Decrease in Ec due to GA addition (%)

Industrial mill

0

10

20

30

40

50

E c v a r i a t i o n s

d u e t o G A a d

d i t i o n s

0

10

20

30

40

50

E c v a r i a t i o n s

d u e t o G A a d

d i t i o n s

F : Ec and its rate o decrease due to GA additions during industrial and laboratory grinding.

enhanced screening efficiency associated with the CL [, ,, ].

Regardless o the grinding conditions (i.e., industrial versus laboratory), the use o glycol-based GA showedenhanced reduction in Ec as compared to the amine-basedone (Figure ). Yet, it is important to note that the decrease

in Ec due to GA is around twoold higher when grinding wasperormed in industrial mill, as compared to laboratory mill.For example, the decrease in Ec varied rom .% to .%when industrial grinding was realized using the glycol- oramine-basedGA, respectively. Suchvariation was rom .%to .% in the laboratory mill, respectively. Among themost inuential parameters that may lead to increased Ec

variations in industrial mills could be the ventilation systemthat helps optimizing the MR at which the product passesthrough the tube as a result o reduced cement agglomeration[, ]. In other words, this suggests that the assessment o GA inuence on Ec under laboratory conditions is adequateor comparison purposes o various GAs within each other;

however, such tests underestimate the actual perormancethat could be achieved in real-scale mills.

... Comparison of Cement Fineness. Te variations in R-,

0, and determined on control cement and those con-

taining glycol- and amine-based GA ollowing industrialor laboratory grinding are plotted in Figure . Comparedto data obtained rom industrial tests, it is clear that lab-oratory grinding widens the cement PSD curve and shifsit towards higher diameters. For example, the parametero the control cement decreased rom . to . whengrinding was realized in industrial or laboratory conditions,respectively. Te corresponding

0 increased rom . to

. m, respectively. Additionally, it is important to notethatthe widening o PSD and shifing towards larger diameterswere particularly accentuated with GA additions duringlaboratory grinding, that is, unlike the steeper trend thatresulted rom industrial tests. Forinstance, o .obtainedrom industrial test realized with glycol-based GA dropped

considerably to . with laboratory grinding, while the cor-responding

0 increased rom . to .m, respectively.

Te remarkable changes in cement PSD curves gen-erated during industrial and laboratory grinding are welldocumented in the literature. For example, Katsioti et al.[] reported that GAs added during clinker processingin industrial mills lead to narrow PSD, given the reducedpercentage o very ne particles lower than around m.Conversely, when grinding is realized in laboratory mills, thepercentage o such ne particles increases due to reducedcement agglomeration resulting rom the presence o GAs[, ]. Tis phenomenon is mostly attributed to different milloperational modes (i.e., mainly the CL) that directly inuence

amount o ne particles including the overall PSD curves.

... Comparison of Cement Properties. Te comparisonbetween industrial and laboratory grinding ollowing GAaddition on water demand, setting time, and compressivestrength is plotted in Figure . Generally speaking, laboratory grinding led to reduced water demand (i.e., .% ± .%compared to .% ± .% in industrial grinding), whichcould be related to enhanced packing density resulting romincreased PSD wideness (i.e., lower actor) [, ]. Tesetting time remained almost unchanged at ± min,with the exception o two cement mixtures including theone industrially ground with glycol-based GA (i.e., min)

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/240407958_Optimization_of_continuous_ball_mills_used_for_finish-grinding_of_cement_by_varying_the_LD_ratio_ball_charge_filling_ratio_ball_size_and_residence_time?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-1a6dbe65-a3af-49c6-b9b7-0f84577bcdf7&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4NzM2MDA3MztBUzozMzIyOTQ5ODk1OTg3MjNAMTQ1NjIzNjcwNzI5Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/229368022_Characterization_of_Various_Cement_Grinding_Aids_and_their_Impact_on_Grindability_and_Cement_Performance?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-1a6dbe65-a3af-49c6-b9b7-0f84577bcdf7&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4NzM2MDA3MztBUzozMzIyOTQ5ODk1OTg3MjNAMTQ1NjIzNjcwNzI5Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262195594_Effect_of_clinker_grinding_aids_on_flow_of_cement-based_materials?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-1a6dbe65-a3af-49c6-b9b7-0f84577bcdf7&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4NzM2MDA3MztBUzozMzIyOTQ5ODk1OTg3MjNAMTQ1NjIzNjcwNzI5Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262195594_Effect_of_clinker_grinding_aids_on_flow_of_cement-based_materials?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-1a6dbe65-a3af-49c6-b9b7-0f84577bcdf7&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4NzM2MDA3MztBUzozMzIyOTQ5ODk1OTg3MjNAMTQ1NjIzNjcwNzI5Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222794674_Effects_of_particle_size_distribution_surface_area_and_chemical_composition_on_Portland_cement_strength?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-1a6dbe65-a3af-49c6-b9b7-0f84577bcdf7&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4NzM2MDA3MztBUzozMzIyOTQ5ODk1OTg3MjNAMTQ1NjIzNjcwNzI5Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/229368022_Characterization_of_Various_Cement_Grinding_Aids_and_their_Impact_on_Grindability_and_Cement_Performance?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-1a6dbe65-a3af-49c6-b9b7-0f84577bcdf7&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4NzM2MDA3MztBUzozMzIyOTQ5ODk1OTg3MjNAMTQ1NjIzNjcwNzI5Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222242036_Modelling_Cement_Grinding_Circuits?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-1a6dbe65-a3af-49c6-b9b7-0f84577bcdf7&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4NzM2MDA3MztBUzozMzIyOTQ5ODk1OTg3MjNAMTQ1NjIzNjcwNzI5Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/41015024_Improved_cement_quality_and_grinding_efficiency_by_means_of_closed_mill_circuit_modeling?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-1a6dbe65-a3af-49c6-b9b7-0f84577bcdf7&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4NzM2MDA3MztBUzozMzIyOTQ5ODk1OTg3MjNAMTQ1NjIzNjcwNzI5Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262195594_Effect_of_clinker_grinding_aids_on_flow_of_cement-based_materials?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-1a6dbe65-a3af-49c6-b9b7-0f84577bcdf7&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4NzM2MDA3MztBUzozMzIyOTQ5ODk1OTg3MjNAMTQ1NjIzNjcwNzI5Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262195594_Effect_of_clinker_grinding_aids_on_flow_of_cement-based_materials?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-1a6dbe65-a3af-49c6-b9b7-0f84577bcdf7&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4NzM2MDA3MztBUzozMzIyOTQ5ODk1OTg3MjNAMTQ1NjIzNjcwNzI5Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222794674_Effects_of_particle_size_distribution_surface_area_and_chemical_composition_on_Portland_cement_strength?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-1a6dbe65-a3af-49c6-b9b7-0f84577bcdf7&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4NzM2MDA3MztBUzozMzIyOTQ5ODk1OTg3MjNAMTQ1NjIzNjcwNzI5Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/240407958_Optimization_of_continuous_ball_mills_used_for_finish-grinding_of_cement_by_varying_the_LD_ratio_ball_charge_filling_ratio_ball_size_and_residence_time?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-1a6dbe65-a3af-49c6-b9b7-0f84577bcdf7&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4NzM2MDA3MztBUzozMzIyOTQ5ODk1OTg3MjNAMTQ1NjIzNjcwNzI5Mw==


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220

265

245

212.5

220

197.5

Control Glycol GA Amine GA Control Glycol GA Amine GA

Industrial mill Laboratory mill

Control Glycol GA Amine GA

Laboratory mill

Control Glycol GA Amine GA

Industrial mill

1-day comp.28-day comp.

1-day comp.28-day comp.

Blaine = 3850 ± 75 cm2/g Blaine = 3850 ± 75 cm2/g

10

12

14

16

18

1 - d a y c o m p r e s s i v e s t r e n g t h ( M

P a

)

180

200

220

240

260

280

300

S e t t i n g t i m e

( m i n )

180

200

220

240

260

280

300

S e t t i n g t i m e

( m i n )

10

12

14

16

18

1 - d a y c o m p r e s s i v e s t r e n g t h ( M

P a

)

40

45

50

55

60

65

2 8 - d a y c o m p r e s s i v e s t r e n g t h ( M

P a

)

40

45

50

55

60

65

2 8 - d a y c o m p r e s s i v e s t r e n g t h ( M

P a

)

Water demand = 28.65% ± 0.15%

Water demand = 27.6% ± 0.15%

F : Comparison o cement properties that resulted rom industrial and laboratory grinding mills due to GA additions.

canbe related to variations in the ne-to-coarse cementparti-cles generatedrom each grinding method andtheir inuenceon cement hydration reactions and strength developmentover time.

4. Summary and Conclusions

Tis research project was initiated ollowing an industrialtest undertaken to validate the effect o glycol- and amine-based GAs on mill perormance and cement properties. It

mainly seeks to evaluate the scale effect by comparing theresults obtained rom the closed-circuit tube mill operatingat around ton/hr to those determined using a -liter lab-oratory mill. Grinding was realized or xed Blaine neness

o ± cm2/g.Compared to laboratory tests, remarkably reduced Ec

was required during industrial grinding, given the adaptedoperational mode or enhanced clinker processing such asthe presence o compartments and improved screeningassociated with the rotor separator, ventilation, and CL.


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specimens),” ASM C-, ASM International, West Con-shohocken, Pa, USA, .

[] R. Schnatz, “Optimization o continuous ball mills used ornish-grinding o cement by varying the L/D ratio, ball chargelling ratio, ball size and residence time,” International Journal of Mineral Processing , vol. , supplement, pp. S–S, .

[] M. Fuerstenau and K. Han, Principles of Mineral Processing ,Society or Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration, Littleton,Mass, USA, .

[] M. Katsioti, P. E. sakiridis, P. Giannatos, Z. sibouki, and J.Marinos, “Characterization o various cement grinding aidsandtheir impact on grindability and cement perormance,” Con-struct ion and Building Materials, vol. , no. , pp. –,.

[] . S. Sverak, C. G. J. Baker, and O. Kozdas, “Efficiency o grind-ing stabilizers in cement clinker processing,” Minerals Engineer-ing , vol. -, pp. –, .

[] P. Alsop, Cement Plant Operations Handbook for Dry ProcessPlants, radeship Publications, Portsmouth, UK, .

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/240407958_Optimization_of_continuous_ball_mills_used_for_finish-grinding_of_cement_by_varying_the_LD_ratio_ball_charge_filling_ratio_ball_size_and_residence_time?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-1a6dbe65-a3af-49c6-b9b7-0f84577bcdf7&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4NzM2MDA3MztBUzozMzIyOTQ5ODk1OTg3MjNAMTQ1NjIzNjcwNzI5Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/240407958_Optimization_of_continuous_ball_mills_used_for_finish-grinding_of_cement_by_varying_the_LD_ratio_ball_charge_filling_ratio_ball_size_and_residence_time?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-1a6dbe65-a3af-49c6-b9b7-0f84577bcdf7&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4NzM2MDA3MztBUzozMzIyOTQ5ODk1OTg3MjNAMTQ1NjIzNjcwNzI5Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/240407958_Optimization_of_continuous_ball_mills_used_for_finish-grinding_of_cement_by_varying_the_LD_ratio_ball_charge_filling_ratio_ball_size_and_residence_time?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-1a6dbe65-a3af-49c6-b9b7-0f84577bcdf7&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4NzM2MDA3MztBUzozMzIyOTQ5ODk1OTg3MjNAMTQ1NjIzNjcwNzI5Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/240407958_Optimization_of_continuous_ball_mills_used_for_finish-grinding_of_cement_by_varying_the_LD_ratio_ball_charge_filling_ratio_ball_size_and_residence_time?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-1a6dbe65-a3af-49c6-b9b7-0f84577bcdf7&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4NzM2MDA3MztBUzozMzIyOTQ5ODk1OTg3MjNAMTQ1NjIzNjcwNzI5Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/240407958_Optimization_of_continuous_ball_mills_used_for_finish-grinding_of_cement_by_varying_the_LD_ratio_ball_charge_filling_ratio_ball_size_and_residence_time?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-1a6dbe65-a3af-49c6-b9b7-0f84577bcdf7&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4NzM2MDA3MztBUzozMzIyOTQ5ODk1OTg3MjNAMTQ1NjIzNjcwNzI5Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/229368022_Characterization_of_Various_Cement_Grinding_Aids_and_their_Impact_on_Grindability_and_Cement_Performance?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-1a6dbe65-a3af-49c6-b9b7-0f84577bcdf7&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4NzM2MDA3MztBUzozMzIyOTQ5ODk1OTg3MjNAMTQ1NjIzNjcwNzI5Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/229368022_Characterization_of_Various_Cement_Grinding_Aids_and_their_Impact_on_Grindability_and_Cement_Performance?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-1a6dbe65-a3af-49c6-b9b7-0f84577bcdf7&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4NzM2MDA3MztBUzozMzIyOTQ5ODk1OTg3MjNAMTQ1NjIzNjcwNzI5Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/229368022_Characterization_of_Various_Cement_Grinding_Aids_and_their_Impact_on_Grindability_and_Cement_Performance?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-1a6dbe65-a3af-49c6-b9b7-0f84577bcdf7&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4NzM2MDA3MztBUzozMzIyOTQ5ODk1OTg3MjNAMTQ1NjIzNjcwNzI5Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/229368022_Characterization_of_Various_Cement_Grinding_Aids_and_their_Impact_on_Grindability_and_Cement_Performance?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-1a6dbe65-a3af-49c6-b9b7-0f84577bcdf7&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4NzM2MDA3MztBUzozMzIyOTQ5ODk1OTg3MjNAMTQ1NjIzNjcwNzI5Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/229368022_Characterization_of_Various_Cement_Grinding_Aids_and_their_Impact_on_Grindability_and_Cement_Performance?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-1a6dbe65-a3af-49c6-b9b7-0f84577bcdf7&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4NzM2MDA3MztBUzozMzIyOTQ5ODk1OTg3MjNAMTQ1NjIzNjcwNzI5Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/229368022_Characterization_of_Various_Cement_Grinding_Aids_and_their_Impact_on_Grindability_and_Cement_Performance?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-1a6dbe65-a3af-49c6-b9b7-0f84577bcdf7&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4NzM2MDA3MztBUzozMzIyOTQ5ODk1OTg3MjNAMTQ1NjIzNjcwNzI5Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/257293539_Efficiency_of_grinding_stabilizers_in_cement_clinker_processing?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-1a6dbe65-a3af-49c6-b9b7-0f84577bcdf7&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4NzM2MDA3MztBUzozMzIyOTQ5ODk1OTg3MjNAMTQ1NjIzNjcwNzI5Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/257293539_Efficiency_of_grinding_stabilizers_in_cement_clinker_processing?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-1a6dbe65-a3af-49c6-b9b7-0f84577bcdf7&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4NzM2MDA3MztBUzozMzIyOTQ5ODk1OTg3MjNAMTQ1NjIzNjcwNzI5Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/257293539_Efficiency_of_grinding_stabilizers_in_cement_clinker_processing?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-1a6dbe65-a3af-49c6-b9b7-0f84577bcdf7&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4NzM2MDA3MztBUzozMzIyOTQ5ODk1OTg3MjNAMTQ1NjIzNjcwNzI5Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/229368022_Characterization_of_Various_Cement_Grinding_Aids_and_their_Impact_on_Grindability_and_Cement_Performance?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-1a6dbe65-a3af-49c6-b9b7-0f84577bcdf7&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4NzM2MDA3MztBUzozMzIyOTQ5ODk1OTg3MjNAMTQ1NjIzNjcwNzI5Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/229368022_Characterization_of_Various_Cement_Grinding_Aids_and_their_Impact_on_Grindability_and_Cement_Performance?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-1a6dbe65-a3af-49c6-b9b7-0f84577bcdf7&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4NzM2MDA3MztBUzozMzIyOTQ5ODk1OTg3MjNAMTQ1NjIzNjcwNzI5Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/229368022_Characterization_of_Various_Cement_Grinding_Aids_and_their_Impact_on_Grindability_and_Cement_Performance?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-1a6dbe65-a3af-49c6-b9b7-0f84577bcdf7&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4NzM2MDA3MztBUzozMzIyOTQ5ODk1OTg3MjNAMTQ1NjIzNjcwNzI5Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/229368022_Characterization_of_Various_Cement_Grinding_Aids_and_their_Impact_on_Grindability_and_Cement_Performance?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-1a6dbe65-a3af-49c6-b9b7-0f84577bcdf7&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4NzM2MDA3MztBUzozMzIyOTQ5ODk1OTg3MjNAMTQ1NjIzNjcwNzI5Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/229368022_Characterization_of_Various_Cement_Grinding_Aids_and_their_Impact_on_Grindability_and_Cement_Performance?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-1a6dbe65-a3af-49c6-b9b7-0f84577bcdf7&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4NzM2MDA3MztBUzozMzIyOTQ5ODk1OTg3MjNAMTQ1NjIzNjcwNzI5Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/257293539_Efficiency_of_grinding_stabilizers_in_cement_clinker_processing?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-1a6dbe65-a3af-49c6-b9b7-0f84577bcdf7&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4NzM2MDA3MztBUzozMzIyOTQ5ODk1OTg3MjNAMTQ1NjIzNjcwNzI5Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/257293539_Efficiency_of_grinding_stabilizers_in_cement_clinker_processing?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-1a6dbe65-a3af-49c6-b9b7-0f84577bcdf7&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4NzM2MDA3MztBUzozMzIyOTQ5ODk1OTg3MjNAMTQ1NjIzNjcwNzI5Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/257293539_Efficiency_of_grinding_stabilizers_in_cement_clinker_processing?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-1a6dbe65-a3af-49c6-b9b7-0f84577bcdf7&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4NzM2MDA3MztBUzozMzIyOTQ5ODk1OTg3MjNAMTQ1NjIzNjcwNzI5Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/240407958_Optimization_of_continuous_ball_mills_used_for_finish-grinding_of_cement_by_varying_the_LD_ratio_ball_charge_filling_ratio_ball_size_and_residence_time?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-1a6dbe65-a3af-49c6-b9b7-0f84577bcdf7&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4NzM2MDA3MztBUzozMzIyOTQ5ODk1OTg3MjNAMTQ1NjIzNjcwNzI5Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/240407958_Optimization_of_continuous_ball_mills_used_for_finish-grinding_of_cement_by_varying_the_LD_ratio_ball_charge_filling_ratio_ball_size_and_residence_time?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-1a6dbe65-a3af-49c6-b9b7-0f84577bcdf7&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4NzM2MDA3MztBUzozMzIyOTQ5ODk1OTg3MjNAMTQ1NjIzNjcwNzI5Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/240407958_Optimization_of_continuous_ball_mills_used_for_finish-grinding_of_cement_by_varying_the_LD_ratio_ball_charge_filling_ratio_ball_size_and_residence_time?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-1a6dbe65-a3af-49c6-b9b7-0f84577bcdf7&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4NzM2MDA3MztBUzozMzIyOTQ5ODk1OTg3MjNAMTQ1NjIzNjcwNzI5Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/240407958_Optimization_of_continuous_ball_mills_used_for_finish-grinding_of_cement_by_varying_the_LD_ratio_ball_charge_filling_ratio_ball_size_and_residence_time?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-1a6dbe65-a3af-49c6-b9b7-0f84577bcdf7&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4NzM2MDA3MztBUzozMzIyOTQ5ODk1OTg3MjNAMTQ1NjIzNjcwNzI5Mw==


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