infantry map reading handbook

7/17/2019 Infantry Map Reading Handbook

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/infantry-map-reading-handbook 1/36

INFANTRY

BASIC MAP READING

HANDBOOK

Every Infantry soldier must understand and be able to apply the

principles of basic navigation. Recent conflicts in diverse theatres have

emphasised the importance of Map Reading as a core skill to the Infantry.

This handbook has been designed as an aide to revision and will

complement any instruction you have received to date. We must ensure

that practical Map Reading is common place to all soldiers across the

Infantry. I commend the Infantry Map Reading Handbook to you, and urgeyou to use it in order to sharpen the interest and knowledge in this vital

subject.

DIRECTOR OF INFANTRY

1

INDEX



MAP READING AND LAND NAVIGATION

SECTION 1: MAPS AND INFORMATION1. MAPS AND THE GRID SYSTEM

2. GRID REFERENCES

3. SCALE

SECTION 2: HOW THE GROUND IS SHOWN ON A MAP4. ESTIMATING & MEASURING DISTANCES

5. HOW RELIEF IS SHOWN

6. THE SHAPE OF THE GROUND

SECTION 3: NAVIGATING EQUIPMENT AND SKILLS7. THE RA PROTRACTOR

8. ROMERS9. BEARINGS

10. SILVA LIGHTWEIGHT COMPASS

11. USING A LIGHTWEIGHT COMPASS

12. PRISMATIC COMPASS

13. DIRECTION WITHOUT A COMPASS

SECTION 4: WHERE AM I ON THE MAP?14. USING FEATURES TO SET A MAP AND FIND LOCATION

15. USING A COMPASS TO SET A MAP AND FIND LOCATION

16. THE GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM

SECTION 5: ROUTE SELECTION17. PLANNING FACTORS FOR ROUTE SELECTION

18. LAND NAVIGATION ON FOOT ‘PACING’

19. PLANNING FACTORS

20. ROUTE CARDS

SECTION 6: FOLLOWING A ROUTE21. ROUTE FOLLOWING SKILLS

22. FOLLOWING A PLANNED ROUTE CHECKLIST

23. ROUTE FOLLOWING IN RESTRICTED VISIBILITY

24. WHAT TO DO IF ARE YOU LOST

SECTION 7: SUMMARY25. CONTINUATION TRAINING

26. EXAMPLE OF MAP READING TEST

27. CONVENTIONAL MAP SYMBOLS

SO3 TDT, HQ Inf

Mil Tel: 94381 2720

2



SECTION 1: MAPS AND INFORMATION

MAPS AND THE GRID SYSTEM

The grid system on a map is based on lines of latitude and longitude, which are a series of

lines superimposed onto a map of the world. Lines of latitude are a series of concentric

rings, spreading north and south of the equator (see Fig 1). Lines of longitude run northand south intersecting at the geographic poles and measure the distance in mils or degrees

east and west from the meridian line which runs through Greenwich, London (see Fig 2).

The grid created by the lines of latitude and longitude allow us to determine an exact point

using the lines as co-ordinates, this is known as the grid system.

GRID REFERENCES

The UK National Grid system provides a means of giving a unique reference to any point

in the country. To read a grid reference always read first from left to right (eastings), then

bottom to top (northings) of your map.

"YOU GO ALONG THE PASSAGE AND UP THE STAIRS"

In other words....

eastings before northings.

The grid system is superimposed

on all maps, the only thing that

will differ is the scale of the map.

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INDEX



This is an example of a 4

figure grid reference.

On a normal 1:50000 map

each grid square is 1km in

width and length and so

can be divided into ten

100m intervals within the

square to give a more

accurate position.

Look at this example.

4

GRID

332

613

INDEX



5

SECTION 1: MAPS AND INFORMATION

SCALE

Scale Explanation

As a navigator you must be able to understand and use map scales successfully to relate

distances on the map to distances on the ground..

For example;

A football pitch is 4 centimetres long on the map, but the football pitch is 100 metres long

on the ground. In other words 4 cm = 100 m on the ground.

We need to express this

statement as a ratio.

Change the ground distance

into centimetres

There are 100 cm in a metre.

(4 cm / 10,000 cm)

(on map / on ground)

However, a ratio always

relates to 1 so, in this case

divide each side by 4 (1 cm /2,500 cm).

Therefore 1 cm on the map = 2,500 cm on the ground. Which as a ratio is 1:2 500.

Map Scale

The map scale is usually located on the base of the map, this is a normal 1:50000 map

scale. It will give details in Kilometres, Statute Miles and Nautical Miles.

The scale of the map is

important, it will indicate

which Romer to use when

plotting grid bearings or the

distance between check-

points if you are measuring

distance.

INDEX



6

SECTION 2: HOW THE GROUND IS SHOWN ON A MAP

ESTIMATING AND

MEASURING DISTANCES

Estimate distances by using the grid lines, all maps are gridded and scaled. With thisinformation estimating and measuring distances can be achieved in several ways.

Measurement Straight-line/Cross Country

Using the side of a lightweight

Compass, Romer or Protractor

which all have scaled rulers allows

simple straight-line distances to be

measured.

Grid squares are:

1 kilometre apart and approximately

1.5 kilometres across the grid square.

Look at the example; a straight-line distance is measured by a piece of card and the

distance between the two grids is marked off on the side of the card. Then the card is

measured using the map scale to give the straight-line distance.

Measurement Roads/Tracks

Place the straight side of a piece of

paper on the route to be measured

and mark off the distance travelled.

The side of the paper marked off

could be measured against the scale

of the map to produce an accuratedistance.

Examples of a straight-line

measurement between two points

on the map and measuring the

recorded distance against the scale

on the map.

INDEX



Another example of

measuring a linear feature

(road) using a straight line,

this allows measurement of

bends and curves.

Marking off the distances

along the road onto thepiece of paper allows a

complete measurement of

the full length of the road.


HOW RELIEF IS SHOWN

Contours

These are lines drawn on a map connecting points of the same height above mean sea

level. The difference in height between two adjacent contours is called the contour

interval. The contour interval varies with different scale maps. Contour values always read

'uphill' see below.

Contours allow you to:

1. Calculate heights.

2. See the steepness of

the ground.

3. Picture the shape of

the ground.

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INDEX



Look below at the three diagrams, with the use of contour lines it enables us to use a two-

dimensional image to get three-dimensional information. The first picture shows how wide

the feature is, the second shows how high it is, the bottom picture, shows what the

contours would look like if this feature was on your map.

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INDEX



9


THE SHAPE OF THE GROUND

Types of Slope

STRAIGHT / EVEN SLOPE

CONCAVE

CONVEX

INDEX



10

COMBINATION

The closer together the

contours, the steeper the

slope.

Types of Landforms (features)

There are many types of features, listed below are some of the most common types. Learn

to recognise them on the ground and on the map. A soldier should be able to recognise

the following landforms on a map and on the ground, and know their significance to

navigation: hills, valleys, escarpment, spur, re-entrant, saddle. Look below at the different

types of landforms and compare the shape of the feature and the contour lines.

V SHAPED VALLEY

U SHAPED VALLEY

INDEX



11

RE-ENTRANT

SADDLE

RIDGE

SPUR

INDEX



12

SECTION 3: NAVIGATING EQUIPMENT AND SKILLS

THE RA PROTRACTOR

Protractors are available in various sizes, semicircular or circular, usually made of

transparent plastic and graduated either in mils or degrees. The scales available are in milsand degrees. The Infantry only use mils in navigation.

Using the RA protractor.

1. The protractor shouldalways be used whenplotting grids and bearings.

2. Always check the scaleof the map and scale ofthe romer when plotting

grids.3. Tape up the yard scaleromer to avoid mistakes.

4. Use a line of fine cordfrom the centre pointwhen plotting bearings, a

plumb line.

5. Place the protractor over the map and align the northings and eastings with the zerolines and romer grids.

This is the issued protractor, the metres scale romers are on the left side, these are the

romers that you should use.

Metric Romers on the RA Protractor

Plotting a grid using the 1:50000 scale romer on the RA Protractor.

EXAMPLE A GR 628044 EXAMPLE B GR 627043

INDEX



13

Plotting Bearings

Ensure the map is on a flat surface, align the base line with the vertical lines on the map,

the 0 should be in line with Grid North. All vertical and horizontal lines should be aligned

with those on the map, overlay the centre point over your location on the map (trig point).

Then draw a line or use a plumb line to draw a line from your location (trig point) to your

target (church with tower). Where the line crosses the outer scale it indicates the Grid

Bearing from your position (trig point) to your target (church with tower). The outer scale isused when plotting bearings East and inner scale for bearings West.

What is the Grid Bearing from the Trig Point to the Church?

Answer = 1300mils

To plot a backbearing from the church, turn the protractor to the left with the centre point

over the church. Read of the inner scale and plot a bearing of 4500 mils back to the trig

point.

Choose two points on a map and practice this procedure.

INDEX



14


ROMERS

These provide a means of identifying the last digits of a grid reference. They are found on

the side of Silva compasses and on the inside face of protractors. Romers should not be

used to estimate an extra digit for a grid reference because the map is not designed to yield

the accuracy that the extra digits would imply.

Accuracy

This is the limit of accuracy you should expect from your romers:

1:25000 - 8 Figure grid reference is accurate to 10m.

1:50000 - 6 Figure grid reference is accurate to 100m.

EXAMPLE 1

GR 67851385 Church with tower.

GR 67551347 Trig Point.

GR 67151335 Church with spire.

EXAMPLE 2

GR 55300173 Church with spire.

GR 54900135 Trig Point.

GR 53820185 Radio Mast.

GR 53400130 Spot Height.

INDEX



How to obtain a Grid Reference using a Romer on a Silva

Lightweight Compass

Ensure that the base mark of the romer (corner of the compass) is positioned on the map

and it overlays the centre of the target. Align the romer so that the vertical and horizontal

lines of the romer match that of the map, this will increase the accuracy of your grids.

REMEMBER; EASTINGS THEN NORTHINGS!

Look at the example above; note accuracy can be guaranteed to within 100 metres. An

8-fig grid reference can be obtained by dividing the grid into tenths, however this is not

guaranteed to be 100% accurate.

To improve accuracy when plotting grids a Romer will be a useful too l.

1348

6785

6754

6715

15

INDEX




BEARINGS

You can give directions as:

The points of the compass, north, north-east, etc.Using the Mils system.

Which way is North? There are three norths.

Magnetic North. The compass needle always points to Magnetic North.

Grid North. The grid on a map is aligned to Grid North at the top of the map sheet.

True North. This is the actual direction to the North Pole.

Land navigators are only concerned with Magnetic and Grid North.

The difference between Magnetic and Grid North is called Magnetic Variation (MV) or the

Grid Magnetic Angle (GMA). This can always be found on the margin of your map with a

small diagram to assist you working out the magnetic variation.

To convert a magnetic bearing to a grid bearing, subtract the Magnetic Variation.

To convert a grid bearing to a magnetic bearing add the magnetic variation.

Remember:

This is an example of the grid magnetic variation which is

displayed on the margin of the map sheet. The magnetic

angle in 1998 is 70 mils. The year is now 2003 and theannual change is 2 mils East. This means that each year

the magnetic variation decreases by 2 mils.

Look at this example:

Change in angle from 1998 to 2003 = 5 x annual change

= 5 x 2 mils

= 10 mils East

The grid magnetic variation in 2003 = 60 mils

MAG TO GRID

GET RIDGRID TO MAG

ADD

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INDEX



17


SILVA LIGHTWEIGHT COMPASS

The compass is mounted on rectangular

clear plastic plate about 12.5 cm by 6 cm.

The compass body is cylindrical, liquid

filled and supports the compass needle on

a central pivot; it is graduated with an

outer circular scale at 50 mils interval and

inner scale at 2 degree intervals; a set of

four lines with an arrow is engraved

parallel to the zero axis of the circular

scales. The base is engraved with the

direction of travel arrow corresponding to

the lubber line of the compass. It also

incorporates a magnifying lens a shortscale of inches, a scale of millimetres and

Romers for 1: 25000,and 1: 50000 and

1: 63 360 scales.

Using the Silva Lightweight Compass

To take a grid bearing align the compass on the map, ensuring it is on a flat surface away

from Metallic (ferrous) objects such as weapons or vehicles. Place the compass with the

long side along the line of travel, in this case from the OP to the Church, then rotate the

compass dial so that the North Arrow and Parallel setting lines are parallel with theeastings. Where the line of travel cuts the compass dial is where the bearing can be

obtained. In our example this is 13 on the scale ring = a bearing of 1300mils.

INDEX



18

BEFORE ATTEMPTING TO USE THIS BEARING IT MUST BECONVERTED FROM A GRID TO A MAGNETIC BEARING USING THEMAGNETIC VARIATION

To march to the target (church), set 1300mils as your bearing by turning the compass dial

to read 13 (1300mils), keep the compass needle on the magnetic north and follow the

direction line of the compass. This will allow you to move cross-country or in restricted

visibility on your required bearing.

Finding North

Set your compass to North;

rotate the compass body until

the compass needle points to

the "N" of magnetic North.

Once the compass needle

and direction line are aligned

the direction line will point to

Magnetic North. To find Grid

North subtract the magnetic

variation.

The Eastings are aligned with

the direction arrow of the

compass and when the map

and compass are rotated left

the compass needle will sit

between the two luminous

dots. This indicates the map

and compass are aligned to

the general direction of North.

NOTE THE COMPASS BODY

IS ALIGNED TO GRID NORTH,

HOWEVER THE COMPASS

NEEDLE IS NOT BETWEEN

THE TWO LUMINOUS DOTS

COMPASS BODY IS

ALIGNED AND THE

NEEDLE IS BETWEEN

TWO LUMINOUS DOTS

RED DIRECTIONLINE POINTS

TOWARDS NORTH

MAGNETIC NEEDLE MUST

LAY BETWEEN THE TWO

LUMINOUS DOTS.

THIS WILL KEEP THE

NEEDLE POINTING TO

MAGNETIC NORTH.

INDEX



19


USING A SILVA LIGHTWEIGHT COMPASS

The compass needle always points to Magnetic North. Never stand near metal when using

a compass and always double check the bearing before setting off.

To take a bearing:1. Point the compass at the feature.

2. Turn the capsule until the north arrow is on top of the red hatched arrow.

3. Read off the bearing.

To plot a bearing:1. Convert the magnetic

bearing to a grid bearing.

2. Set the grid bearing on thecompass.

3. Place the edge of the

compass on your position

on the map.

4. Rotate the whole compass

until the lines in the

capsule are parallel with

the grid lines on the map.

5. Draw a line along the edge

of the compass and extendit to the church.

To plot a back bearing:

Having taken a magnetic bearing to a known position it is possible that you have got to

convert that bearing back, to your unknown location. This is called, plotting a back bearing.

If the bearing that you plot is less than 3200 mils then add 3200 from the original bearing.

Here is an example:

Bearing from your Location to Church with tower = 1300mils

As this is less than 3200, then add 3200 which gives you = 4500mils

The bearing from the church to your location is 4500mils. This is called a Back Bearing.

If the original bearing is greater than 3200mils then simply subtract 3200. This will give you

the back bearing. This can now be converted to a grid bearing and plotted on a map.

THIS BASIC PROCEDURE CAN BE PRACTICED ALMOST ANYWHERE. GO AND

PRACTICE IT TODAY, AND YOU WILL HAVE THE CONFIDENCE TO KNOW THAT YOU

WILL NEVER BE LOST.

COMPASS

BEARING

1300 mils

RED DIRECTION

ARROW POINTS

TOWARDS CHURCH

CHURCH

WITH TOWER

YOUR

LOCATION

RED NORTH IS

ALIGNED WITH

THE EASTINGS

INDEX



20


PRISMATIC COMPASS

The standard issue prismatic compass is a metallic cylinder with a double glass cover over

the compass card. A luminous bar marks the North point on the card and the card is

engraved with an inner and outer circle. The inner circle reads clockwise from 0 to 64 x 100,

6400mils starting at the north point, each small division being 100 mils. The outer circle is

graduated with laterally inverted numbers reading clockwise from 0 to 64 x 100, 6400 mils

starting at the south point, each small division being 20 mils. The compass needle is fixed

below the card so that the two swing together.

The upper glass cover is marked with black figures 2 to 64, each division being 100mils.

The cover is held by a brass ring and can be rotated to any desired position and clamped

in that positions by a screw near the hinge lid. On the white ring below the black figures of

the upper glass cover there is a black line on a luminous patch opposite the centre of the

lid hinge. It is extended by a hair line on the lower glass cover reaching to the inner circle

on the compass card; this line and its extensions is called the lubber line. Inside the lid the

lubber line is further extended by the hairline on the glass of the lid and by a luminous linereaching to the end of the tongue where there is a notch. On the outside of the ring

attached to the box and by which it may be held is another luminous notch. When the

compass is opened out flat all lines and notches are in a straight line passing through the

centre of the compass card, this line marks the axis of the compass.

SLING LOOP

HINGE EYE PIECE

LID WITH DIRECTION

LINE ON GLASS

COMPASS BODY

WITH LUMINOUS

FLOATING DIAL

ISSUED

PRISMATIC

COMPASS

INDEX



21

Taking a bearing.

To take a bearing look through the sighting slit on

top of the prism and line up the

hairline on the lid with the object to which the

bearing is to be taken. At the same time observe

through the eyepiece the reading on the card.

When the card comes to rest, read the bearingagainst the hairline. A bearing to the nearest

20 mils can be read without difficulty; with practice

readings to within 10 mils could be expected.

Readings increase from right to left as seen

through the prism.

What are the magnetic compass bearings for A,B,C,D?

ANSWERS

A = 5800mils, B = 3720mils, C = 1660mils, D = 2880mils.

Individual Compass Error

This is not an excuse for poor navigation; every compass has a certain individual error and may

not point exactly to Magnetic North. Prismatic compasses have an accepted tolerance of

14 mils either way. All compasses should be checked against a known bearing or another

compass before it is used.

INDEX




DIRECTION WITHOUT A COMPASS

Finding True North

Sun. The sun rises in the East, is

due South at midday in winter

(1 o'clock in summer) and sets in

the West. An extended hand-span

covers roughly 15 degrees or one

hour of sun movement. If you can

locate the direction of the sun

then using this method you will

know the approximate direction of

North.

North Stars. In the Northern Hemisphere you

can locate North by using the stars Ursa Major

(The Great Bear or Plough) will lead you to

Polaris (North Star) which is always North.

Look left at the diagram, Polaris is central to

the diagram, The Great Bear is very

prominent on a clear night, when located

extend an imaginary line from the end

"pointers" and this should enable you to locate

the pole star.

Watch Method. A watch cangive you an approximate

North-South line. Lay the

watch flat with the hour hand

pointing to the sun, or along

the shadow of a pencil or

similar object. In the Northern

Hemisphere, true south will

then be midway between the

hour hand and twelve o'clock

on the watch. In the SouthernHemisphere lay the watch with twelve o'clock pointing to the sun; true north then lies

midway between the hour hand and twelve o'clock.

22

INDEX



SECTION 4: WHERE AM I ON THE MAP?

USING FEATURES TO SET A MAP

AND FIND LOCATION

Setting or orientating the map means turning the map until all the symbols on the map arein the same direction as the ground features is from the observer's location. A handy

mnemonic that you can use to remember how to do this is:

D The direction of features must always coincide

D The distance to a feature will help to identify it on the map

C Conventional symbols on the map to the features on the ground

R Relief may be the only recognisable feature in wild country

A The linear features will assist in confirming direction and identification

P A pattern is recognisable

P The proximity of features to each other will help to identify it on the map

S The shape of a feature will help to identify it on the map

Using the map, observe the ground and orientate yourself using visible land marks or

reference points.

23

INDEX




USING A COMPASS TO SET A MAPAND FIND LOCATION

To set a map using a compass:1. Hold the map horizontally in front of you and place the compass on it with the

lubber lines parallel with the eastings.

2. Turn your body until the compass needle is parallel with the North-South grid lines.

3. Look up and relate the symbols on the map to the features on the ground.

Note that the Magnetic Variation is too small to consider when setting the map.

To find your location on a line feature:

1. Identify a ground feature that you can pinpoint on the map.

2. Take a magnetic bearing to it with your compass.

3. Change the magnetic bearing to a back bearing as previously described.

Then plot it as a grid bearing onto your map.

4. Your position is where the compass edge, or a line extended from it crosses the

line symbol. This method can be applied to any line feature such as a stream,

track or edge of a wood

To find your position when not on a line feature, repeat the previous procedure for at least

two, but ideally, three points. Your position is within the area where the lines intersect,

i.e. a resection.

Intersection is applying a bearing from yours and known positions to an unknown object.Resection is applying a bearing from known positions to your unknown position.

PRACTICE MAKES PERFECT.


THE GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM

What is a Global Positioning System?

Global positioning systems (GPS) will give position to within 100 metres and altitude above

mean sea level for 95% of the time. Thick cloud cover or a jungle canopy can block the sig-

nal required by the GPS and render it useless. DON'T RELY ON THE GPS ALONE.

Before setting out ensure that you have been trained in the use of the system that

you are using and you have studied the user handbook. Not all systems have the

same menu options or capabilities.

Check the batteries and carry spares.

Before starting your route enter your initial position

24

INDEX



To set the map using the GPS:

1. Place the map horizontally with the GPS on it, ensuring it is aligned with the

North-South grid lines.

2. Switch on the GPS and allow a few minutes to obtain a satellite 'fix' in Latitude

and Longitude

3. Turn your map until the North South grid lines match the GPS North arrow.

4. Look up and relate the symbols on the map to the features on the ground.

5. Convert the reading to a grid reference and note.

Note that magnetic variation is too small to consider when setting the map.

Remember: GPS is an aid to land navigation, it should not be regarded as a short cut to

accurate navigation.

SECTION 5: ROUTE SELECTION

PLANNING FACTORS FOR

ROUTE SELECTION

Factors Affecting Distance

Natural Obstacles Can the team physically cope with crossing any obstacles; this

could include rivers, lakes, cliffs or deserts. Natural obstacles

may force a detour.

Restricted Access There are man-made restrictions on access, this could be

Private Land, Out Of Bounds (minefield) or even Enemy Held

Ground.

Seasonal Access Even though there is a Right of Way, access may be restricted

at certain times of year. Will the weather close in during winter

or is there a possibility of avalanche or flooding?

Factors Affecting Time

Health/Fitness Your personal fitness will directly affect how fast and how far you

can safely walk. Always consider the weakest team member or

individuals that are injured.

Experience Are the team experienced enough to cover the distance or

capable of navigating the route in the climatic conditions.

Terrain Different terrain will allow progress at different rates. Can you

cope with the terrain? Have you got the correct clothing and

equipment for the terrain such as ropes or ice axes?

Going The condition of the ground, or the 'going', is a key factor in the

speed that you can walk across wild country. Will you cover the

route in the planned time frame?

Equipment The weights that people carry will determine the speed that the

terrain is covered.

25

INDEX



26


LAND NAVIGATION ON FOOT ‘PACING’

The compass provides the means of maintaining direction, and distances travelled are

estimated by any of the following methods:

Speed and Elapsed Time.

The method is suitable for moves over relatively open or otherwise easy terrain. If

movement is on foot and v is the estimated speed over an elapsed time t , the distance

travelled, d is given at once by d = v x t

Example, if the average speed of 3.5 kph was maintained over six hours then;

Distance travelled = 3.5 x 6

= 21 Kms

Pacing.

Counting paces is a relatively more accurate method of measuring distances travelled

provided that the pacer has calibrated his step relative to the terrain and that the terrain is

firm and even. This is a basic guide to marching and pacing.

Remember the number of paces will increase if you are travelling up or down hill. Pacing is

very effective in close country such as the jungle.

INDEX



27


PLANNING FACTORS

General

Information Always plan a route on a map before you start, use all available up todate information. This includes local knowledge as well as tactical

intelligence such as old patrol reports and even weather reports.

Factors Consider all the factors when selecting a route, time, distance,

altitude, equipment, food, water, radio ranges and enemy activity.

Distance Break it down into legs that can be managed easily with checkpoints.

With practice you will know if the steep but direct route or the long but

gentle route is best for you.

Legs A leg should be on the same path or bearing and end at a checkpoint

ideally a reference point.

Checkpoints These should be permanent, easily identifiable and capable of

confirmation on the ground both day and night.

Foul Weather In wild country, also plan alternative and escape routes for use in

foul weather. If the weather closes in or you have a casualty you must

have a plan to extract them to a RV for extraction.

Command When a route has been selected and approved do not deviate from

the route unless essential for safety reasons. If you do change routes

then inform someone by whatever means. Any rescue or casualty

extraction will be worked out using your planned route.

INDEX



28


ROUTE CARDS

A route card is a document containing the key details of your intended route. For a simple

lowland route by day, marking your route on a map may suffice. When walking in wild

country it is necessary to produce a proper route card for each day of a route.

The Benefits of Making a Route Card are:1. It concentrates your mind on the route and aids sensible planning.

2. It is a safety requirement that you leave your intentions with somebody.

3. It acts as a log and provides useful data during and after the journey.

4. Tactically it allows other patrols to know your location and duration of your patrol.

Developing a Route Card.

Calculate legs using reference

points and calculate the

distances in between.

Calculate bearing from leg to leg,

both grid and magnetic bearings.

Estimate time to travel the route

considering terrain, distance and

prevailing weather.

INDEX



SECTION 6: FOLLOWING A ROUTE

ROUTE FOLLOWING SKILLS

To march efficiently you need to:

1. Be constantly aware of your surroundings.

2. Continually relate map to ground to know your position on the map.

3. Know how to estimate distances by eye.

4. Know how to calculate distances travelled and still to be marched.

5. Develop a "Sense of Direction".

6. Competently use a compass to march on a bearing, check position and direction.

7. Trust your compass.

Estimating speed and distance travelled.

Using this formula allows you to calculate an approximate time it would take to move across

country uphill carrying a load.

FOLLOWING A PLANNED ROUTE CHECKLIST

Here is a checklist to use at the start of each leg

l Set / orientate map

l Locate position on map

l Read route card

l Identify route on map

l Identify start direction on groundl Note direction of travel

l Set the compass

l Pick markers

l Bound ground

l Note start time on route card

l Estimate checkpoint ETA

l Is everyone OK?

l Left any equipment?

l Always nominate a check navigator where possible and confirm direction and location.

29

5 kph plus 1 minute

per contour climbed

4 kph plus 1½ minutes

per contour climbed

INDEX



SECTION 6: FOLLOWING A ROUTE

ROUTE FOLLOWING IN RESTRICTED VISIBILITY

Practice and experience will give you confidence when travelling in restricted visibility.

Before entering restricted visibility:1. Think: "Do I need to enter?"

2. Confirm location and take bearings whilst you still can.

3. Move to a safer route if possible (but be aware of time and distance changes).

4. Have the confidence to follow your compass.

5. Carefully monitor distance and direction travelled.

6. Increase awareness and precision of route following.

7. Remember: mountains make their own weather.

8. At night retain your night vision and make full use of any lights and the stars for direction.

9. The leading marker method may help when walking on a bearing in very restricted

visibility. This is for extreme weather conditions where you rope each other together and

the lead man is guided by the navigator on a set bearing. Send a soldier out to the limit

of visibility and aligned with the compass bearing. March to him and continue to repeat

this method. Don't forget to pace your route, as this will help you estimate your position.

WHAT TO DO IF YOU ARE LOST

At some point everyone will become navigationally challenged (lost). As a navigator you will

have an idea of where you are by simple navigational reference points. There will usuallybe a reference point not too far away, buildings, roads or natural feature such as hills or

rivers. There will be something around you to allow you to orientate yourself, use all

available assistance and equipment to help you.

Don't panic: Remember STOP! Note the time. Maintain morale and confidence.

Confirm that you are lost. If confirmed, ask yourself:

1. "How did I get lost? Wrong path, wrong valley? ...?"

2. "When was I last certain of my location?"

3. "What general direction have I been moving in?

4. "Where is the sun ...?"5. "How long have I been travelling since then?"

6. "How far could I have come?"

Scrutinise map and ground again. If still lost ...

Select the safest option from:

Retrace your steps.

Head on a bearing towards a 'known feature' such as one of your 'bounds'.

When you have moved to a safe reference point then re-plot your route and check your navigation as often as required.

Do not charge off or attempt to guess, you will often increase the error in your navigation

and make the situation worse.

30

INDEX



SECTION 7: SUMMARY

CONTINUATION TRAINING

Military Map ReadingThe possibility of having to navigate over rough terrain in all weather conditions is part of life in the

Infantry. Theory lessons can be conducted by map reading instructors in barracks as part of anormal training programme. Map reading is a knowledge based skill that requires constant practice.

Most soldiers conduct map reading as part of a normal unit training programme. You can also helpyourself by using this handbook, visiting your local library and signing out map reading books as

well as going on the internet. A unit NAVEX by day or night is a great way to sharpen your skills.This is usually moving across a set piece of terrain or along a designated route carrying all personalfighting equipment. Every time you find yourself outdoors, whether going for a run, walk, or on

exercise, always carry and refer to your map. This will help avoid skill fade in this vital subject.

Adventure TrainingThe Army also recognises the importance of adventure training, in particular trekking, climbing andmountaineering as they all involve map reading. These are activities that promote map reading as askill and also practice navigating under testing conditions. All adventure training requires detailed

planning and resources. These activities must always be conducted by competent and qualifiedinstructors.

OrienteeringOrienteering is a sport that involves individuals or groups competing against each other by navigatinga set course using checkpoints, basic navigation and physical fitness. The sport combines navigation

and cross-country running. Both are demanding activities that will improve individuals map reading and

physical fitness. Most military training areas have permanent orienteering courses however a simplecourse takes a small amount of planning.

Permanent Orienteering Courses are established at the following garrison and camp areas;

Ballykinler Catterick Sennybridge Bulford Bramley

Borden Heath Deepcut RMAS Bruggen Merworth

Orienteering maps exist or are planned for the following garrison and camp areas;

ATR Winchester RMAS Catterick Upavon

Blandford Camp Shrivenham Lisburn Worthy Down

10 Top Tips for setting up an orienteering courseListed below is a checklist for a simple orienteering course planned at unit level. The course

selected must suit the standard of the soldiers. Start with a simple course, then progress to more

demanding routes, by day and night.

1. Authorised Training Area. (May have to be booked).

2. Maps of the area .( Small-scale maps are ideal 1: 25000 or less)

3. Silva compasses (one per man or group).

4. Recognisable check/control point markers (improvised will do)

5. Score card (improvised will do).

6. Safety is important so medical facilities must be considered.

7. Comprehensive safety brief for competitors and staff to include cut off times and what to do if injured.

8. Check weather conditions

9. Suitable clothing for rough ground and wet/cold weather.

10. Make it fun. Have a coy competition with a prize.

Details for local clubs and events and general information can be found at the following Websites;

Military: www.baoc.org.uk Civilian: www.britishorienteering.org.uk

31

INDEX



32

SECTION 7: SUMMARY

EXAMPLE OF A MAP READING TEST

References:

A. Manual of Map Reading and Land Navigation.

B. Series M726 1:50,000 Scale UK maps.

All questions refer to map sheet

Serial

(a)Performance

(b)

Test Conditions

(c)Standards

(d)

1.

2.

3.

4.

What is the straight-line distance

from ………… to …………?

What is the indirect distance by

road/track from ………… to

…………?

Identify the conventional signs

marked on the map. (Clearly mark

the map.)

a. g.

b. h.

c. i.

d. j.

e. k.

f. l.

Give an 8 figure grid reference of

the conventional signs in question 3.

a. g.

b. h.

c. i.

d. j.

e. k.

f. l.

a. Written.

a. Written.

a. Written.

b. Without reference to the map

legend.

c. Given an M726 Map with 12

conventional signs.

a. Written.

b. Given a Romer.

a. 2 Points.

a. 2 Points.

a. Eight out of twelve to

be correct.

a. Eight out of twelve

grid references to an

accuracy of + 10 metres.

INDEX



Serial

(a)Performance

(b)

Test Conditions

(c)Standards

(d)

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

Identify the relief features marked

on the map. (Clearly mark on themap.)

m. p.

n. q.

o. r.

What is the grid bearing from GR

………… to the GR …………?

If the grid bearing is …… mils andthe GMA is…… mils west, what is

the magnetic bearing?

If the magnetic bearing is …… mils

and the GMA is ……mils west, what

is the grid bearing?

What bearings would you set your

compass on if you were to march in

the following directions?

a. South

b. South Westc. North East

d. West

Your unit has 3 OP's the Grids are

as follows:

OP1 ________________

OP2 ________________

OP3 ________________

An enemy patrol is seen from the

above OP's on the following mag-

netic bearings.

OP1 ________________

OP2 ________________

OP3 ________________

Give a 6 figure Grid of the patrol.

a. Written.

a. Written.

b. Given a lightweight compass.

a. Written.

a. Written.

a. Written.


a. Written.


a. 6 Points.

a. 2 Points.

a. 2 Points.

a. 2 Points.

a. 4 Points.

a. 3 Points.

b. Accuracy to + 100m

33

INDEX



34

Serial

(a)Performance

(b)

Test Conditions

(c)Standards

(d)

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

You are unsure of your location, you

can see the following features and

take magnetic bearings to them.

Location and Grid Magnetic Bearing

a. ___________ ___________

b. ___________ ___________

c. ___________ ___________

Give a 6 figure Grid of your location.

Orient a Series M726 Map by

inspection, identify own location and

two other specified locations.

Demonstrate the ability to take a

magnetic bearing to a known

feature and apply it to the map as

a grid bearing.

Navigate a given route.

Navigate a given route by night.

a. Written.


a. Outdoors by day in an area

away from barracks at a position

that overlooks the Countryside.

There must be three identifiable

features visible.

b. Given a Series M726 Map of

the local area and a lightweight

compass.c. Given position to within 4km

squared.

d. Time allowed 4 minutes.

e. Oral, practical.

a. Outdoors by day

b. Given a Series M726 Map of

the local area and a lightweight

compass.

c. Oral ,practical.

a. Outdoors by day.b. Individually on foot.

c. Along roads, paths, tracks

and cross-country for a distance

of not less than 5km.

d. Away from barracks.

e. Using a Series M726 map,

and lightweight compass.

f. Report to two control points.

g. Time allowed 1hr per 4 km

h. Correctly briefed on safety

and the country code.

a. Outdoors by night.b. In pairs, on foot.

c. Along roads, paths, tracks

and cross-country for a distance

not less than 5km.

d. Away from barracks.

e. Using a Series M726 map,

and a lightweight compass.

f. Report to two control points.

g. Time allowed 1 hr per 4km.

h. Correctly briefed on Safety

and the Country Code.

a. 3 Points.


a. Must identify the 3

locations within the time.


a. Set the grid bearing

onto the map using the

lightweight compass.

a. Complete the routewithout assistance.

b. If control points are

used then they must be

visited in the correct

order.

c. Within the given time

limit.

a. Complete the routewithout assistance.

b. If control points are

used then they must be

visited in the correct

order.

c. Within the given time

limit.

INDEX



35

SECTION 7: SUMMARY

CONVENTIONAL MAP SYMBOLS

On maps various symbols will give you accurate information about the relief on the ground.

Trig points, spot heights, visible earthworks and cliff symbols provide relief information.There are several examples of conventional symbols below.

INDEX



INDEX

infantry map reading handbook

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