Infectious Diseases

Bacteria, Virus, Protozoa, Fungi, Parasitic Worms, Prions

***Infection occurs in a Multi-factorial Interaction

Infectious Diseases

Infectious Diseases Are Pathogens

Pathogens are microscopic disease-causing agents.

Pathogens are parasitic, requiring a host in which to live and reproduce.

Infectious Diseases Epidemics

1924 Black Plague in Los Angeles. 37 People died within 2 months.

1779-1780 Local Outbreaks of Dengue Fever sporadically, in Asia, Africa, & North America

1957 Asian flu killed 70,000 Americans

Pandemics The Black Plague of 14th-15th Centuries killed ½ of the

peoples of Asia & Europe, and large numbers in Africa & the Middle East.

1918 Spanish Influenza killed 20 million world-wide. Post-WWII Dengue Fever: From SE Asia to World Wide

Infectious Diseases Agents Virus Bacteria Fungi Protozoa Parasitic Worms Prions

Endogenous = In Our Bodies

Exogenous = Invaders

YOUR Controls Stress Immunity Fitness Drug Avoidance Personal Hygiene Safe Sex Behavior

PUBLIC HEALTH Controls

Tap Water, Drinking Fountains & Water Storage

Public Bathrooms & Sewers

Infectious DiseasesRESERVOIRS Athletic Locker Rooms

Staph Infections; Jock Itch, Athlete’s Foot Birds, Fish, Insects, Animals

Bats, Cats, Etc.: Rabies Rat Droppings: Hanta Virus Brown Rat Fleas: Black Plague Mosquitoes: Dengue Fever

People: STI/STDs, HIV, Common Cold, Influenza Objects: Staph, Bed Bugs, HIV Food-borne: Salmonella, Hepatitis A, Cholera Water: Cholera, Legionnaire’s D., Cryptosporidium, Hep. A Soil: Tetanus, Ringworm, Hanta Virus Air: TB (H2O droplets), German Measles

Infectious DiseasesMODES OF TRANSMISSION

Direct Contact Person to Person

Perinatal

Indirect Contact By Air By Water By Soil By Object

Toilet Seat, Razor, Tooth Brush, Bed Sheet Vector

Birds, Insects, Animals, Fish

Infectious DiseasesPortal of Entry Eyes Ears Mucous Membranes:

Nose, Throat, Mouth, Vagina, Penis, Rectum

Skin

Portal of Exit Bite/Salvia Digestion Urination Respiration Blood Contact Reproduction Syst.

Infectious Diseases Bacteria

100 species cause human diseases

Staphylococcal Acne, Boils, Sties, Toxic Shock

Syndrome Surgical, Community Staph

Aurius

Streptococcal A, B, C, D, E Strep Throat, Scarlet Fever,

Impetigo (Skin) Focal, Toxic Shock Flesh-Eating Strep

1994 in Hospitals

Pneumonia Early 20th Century Leading

Cause of US Death

Legionnaire’s Disease 1976 Philadelphia ~ Pneumonia

Tuberculosis (TB) Eradicated in US in 20th C. Re-Emergent Globally

1/3 of world popul. infected

Periodontal Disease Destroys Gums = Teeth Loss

Rickettsia Diseases Rocky Mt. Spotted Fever (Deer

Tick Vector) Typhus (Fleas, Ticks, Lice)

ReSurgent, Re-Emerging Infectious Diseases TB

Early 20th Century: Major U.S. Killer

Penicillin & Other Antibiotics Brought TB under control, eradicated in the U.S.

Late 20th Century migration of mutant (drug-resistant) strains from former-USSR entered N.Y., L.A. 2006 L.A. County

had 906 cases

Overcrowding & Poor Sanitation

Failure to isolate Active Cases

Weakened Public Health Infrastructure

Screening of At-Risk Populations

7-8 million new infection cases annually, world wide

Note: TB does take prolonged exposure.

Infectious DiseasesViruses

1/500 the size of a bacteria!

Has RNA/DNA, but can not perform cell respiration or metabolism Viruses Attach to/inject

RNA/DNA Into Captive Cells

Resistant to heat, formaldehyde, radiation

Long incubation periods, slow-acting, semi-dormant for years

Drug treatments limited

Common Colds 100 Types Endemic (always here) Hand Contact

Transmission

Influenzas 1956-57 U.S. Flu

Epidemic Killed Thousands

Infectious Mononucleosis College Student Disease Not highly contagious Not fatal

Infectious Diseases Viruses ctd. Hepatitis A,B,C,D,….

Mumps Re-surgent in U.S. due to

lack of child innoculation Can cause sterility in

young adult males

Small Pox Chicken Pox

Adult Shingles (virus hibernates) Serious Illness;

blindness

Measles Rubella = German

Measles Serious fetal damage if

Mother has in 1st Trimester Can lead to rheumatic

heart disease, kidney & nerve damage

Rabies Infectious from warm-

blooded mammals Spread through urine &

saliva Extremely Virulent, Fatal 1-3 Mo. Incubation

Infectious Diseases Fungi

Molds, spores of Plant

Vaginal Yeast Aka: Candidiasis

Athlete’s Foot Ringworm Jock Itch

Protozoa Microscopic, 1-celled

organism Tropical Countries

African Sleeping Sickness (Trypanosomiasis transm. by Tsetse Fly)

Malaria Cryptosporidium (1993 Lake

Michigan Fish Infestation-Milwaukee, WI Outbreak)

Giandiasis ((H20 Borne)

Trichomoriasis (STI/STD) Trichinosis

Uncooked Pork

Infectious Diseases Parasitic

Worms Largest Pathogen Visible to Eye

Hook Worm Pin Worms Tape Worms Pubic Lice Anisakiasis

(Raw Fish Worm)

Prion Unconventional Virus Self-Replicating, Protein-

Based Agent

Mad Cow Disease Spongiform

Destroys brain cells Creutzfeldt-Jacob’s

Disease

Infectious Diseases BODY DEFENSES: THE BARRIERS SKIN IMMUNE SYSTEM (Blood, Lymph) MUCOUS MEMBRANES

Nose, Mouth, Throat, Vagina, Penis, Anus

CILIA Nose, Lungs, Bronchi

TEARS, EAR WAX

Infectious Diseases IMMUNE SYSTEM

Blood, Lymph Systems

Bone Marrow, Glands (Spleen) produce Blood/Lymph Components

Antigens=Invaders (Virus,

Bacteria, Fungi … Foreign Tissue) are substances capable of triggering an Immune Response, e.g. stimulate the body to produce Antibodies

Antibodies form in the body’s attempt to match & counter the Invaders Immunoglobulin Humeral Immune Response

Cell-mediated Immunity Lymphocytes attack & destroy

Invaders Macrophages (WBCs) -lymphocytes (Bone Marrow) T- lymphocytes (Thymus)

T-Cells: Memory T’s; Helper T’s;

Killer T’s (Reject Foreign Tissue) Suppressor T’s (Turn Off Other Cells)

Infectious Diseases The Human Body’s

NATURAL IMMUNE Response Fever: 1-2o

Toxins secreted by antigens cause temperature. This can help destroy the Invader.

Pain; Body Ache Direct Pt. of Contact Referred (Non-Pt. of

Contact, e.g. jaw pain from HA)

Vaccines Acquired Immunity

Self-Made/Naturally Injected/Ingeste

Active Immunity Daily Life Vaccine Acquired

Passive Immunity Immunity from Externally-

made Antibodies Moms to Nursing Babies

Infectious Diseases Personal Habits & Knowledges & Family History

Know Infections (We pass them among each other!) WASH HANDS 3-4XDaily Wipe anal Area AWAY (backwards) from sex organs COVER MOUTH/Nose, when around someone who is

coughing! SAFE SEX! KEEP UP YOUR IMMUNITY

Sleep Vitamins 3 Meals Daily Relaxation!

Infectious Diseases Personal Habits & Knowledges

SAFE KITCH/COOKING PRACTICES Clean! Chopping Boards NO shared utensils

SANITARY HOME Use individual wash cloths & towels in

daily hygiene. DON’T SHARE! Sterilize laundry items, E.G USE HOT

WATER

CLEAN WEEKLY phones, microwave buttons, door knobs, computer keyboards, etc. with antiseptic spray

Infectious Diseases

Infectious Diseases

THE END.

The slides following are for perspective on the commonality of Infectious Disease Symptoms.

ReSurgent, Re-Emerging Infectious Diseases

West Nile Virus In U.S. only a few years –

33 States, CALIFORNIA Cases

Birds, Animal Victims No Humans, Yet.

Symptoms Headache & Fever Body Ache Muscle Weakness **Brain Inflammation

Prevention Mosquito Control:

Eliminate Standing H20 around yard & sewers. It allows breeding.

Wear Insect Repellant-DEET

ReSurgent, Re-Emerging Infectious Diseases

Malaria Anopheles Mosquito World Wide Territory

Symptoms Flu-like symptoms *There is an anti-malarial

drug

Prevention Mosquito Control:

Eliminate standing H20 around yard & sewers. It allows breeding.

Wear Insect Repellant-DEET

Mosquito Netting Over Beds

ReSurgent, Re-Emerging Infectious Diseases

Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Virus; Mosquito vector World Wide Tropical/Sub-

Tropical Countries Occurred in Ceylon

following Indonesian Tsunami

Symptoms Fever, Nausea, Vomiting, Rash Hemorrhagic Manifestations;

Hypotension

Prevention Mosquito Control:

Eliminate standing H20 around yard & sewers. It allows breeding.

Wear Insect Repellant-DEET

Mosquito Netting Over Beds

ReSurgent, Re-Emerging Infectious Diseases

Cholera Bacteria Spread through fecal

contamination of food & H2O Follows natural disaster &

war in areas where sewer & H2O supplies are disrupted & mixes

2003 Basra, Iraq 1992-4: 160 U.S. cases,

mostly in California Foreign Ships dumping bilge

@ ports

Symptoms Acute diarrheal

infection Leg cramps Vomiting Dehydration &

Shock Death can occur

in hours

ReSurgent, Re-Emerging Infectious Diseases Cryptosporidium

H2O-borne Protozoa 1993 Milwaukee, WI

outbreak

Symptoms Dehydration; wgt. Loss Stomach Cramps/Pain Fever; Nausea; Vomiting

ReSurgent, Re-Emerging Infectious Diseases Hanta Virus

SW U.S. States California

Deer Mice Vector Rodent Droppings

in Dust

Symptoms Lungs fill with fluid =

severe breathing difficulty

Pulmonary death in 2-3 days

ReSurgent, Re-Emerging Infectious Diseases E-coli.

Escherichia Food-borne Cow Feces contact

with food supply U.S, Multi-State

Jack-in-the Box Outbreak

Symptoms Severe Diarrhea Kidney Failure

Prevention Eliminate Grain feed to

cattle prior to slaughter houses. E.coli bacteria dies in cow’ stomach

ReSurgent, Re-Emerging Infectious Diseases Mad Cow

Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE)

In humans Creutzfeldt-Jacob

Disease Neuro-degenerative

Disease (Brain Damage)

Rapidly Progressive; Always Fatal

ReSurgent, Re-Emerging Infectious Diseases Ebola

Virus African Villages Overcrowding Lack of Community

Sanitation Zaire: 1995

Killed 245 of 316

Symptoms Fever Massive Internal

Hemorrhage

ReSurgent, Re-Emerging Infectious Diseases SARS

Direct Contact with Infected Person

10-day Incubation Carriers may not have

symptoms

Symptoms Fever +100.4 Breathing Difficulty Respiratory Syst.

Failure

ReSurgent, Re-Emerging Infectious Diseases Bird Flu

Direct Contact with Infected Person(s); Infected Fowl

No known cure

ReSurgent, Re-Emerging Infectious Diseases TB Mad Cow Ebola Virus E. coli Bacteria Hanta Virus Listeriosis (Food

Bacteria)

Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (Virus)

Cholera (Bacteria) Aminal/Human Feces

Malaria Mosquito/Protozoa

Cryptosporidium Raw Fish Protozoa

West Nile Virus Lyme Disease (Bacteria

caused by black-legged tick)

Infectious Diseases Bacteria

Staphylococcus Aureus The Community STAPH Story

Transmitted in Athletic Facilities, Day-care, Nursing Homes.

Transmitted among Family Members Toxin “Panton Valentine Leucocidin (PVL)

Staph germs pass one another the “gene” that makes it.

Can cause pneumonia all by itself, or can exacerbate pneumonia caused by another bacteria

ReSurgent, Re-Emerging Infectious Diseases Lyme Disease

Deer Tick Vector

Rocky Mt. Spotted Fever

Typhus