influence of anthropogenic factor and topography on forest ... · reclassification and converting...

Influence of anthropogenic factor

and topography on forest fires on

example of Brandenburg and

northern Portugal

Martin Fimiarz

Overview

I. Project areas

II. Fire Basics

III. Forest Fires in Brandenburg

IV. The MODIS Sensor

V. Methodology & Results

VI. Examples of RS-Applications

VII. Conclusion

Project

areas

MODIS

Sensor

Forest Fires

in Brandenburg

Examples of

RS-ApplicationsFire Basics

Methodology &

Results

Fig.1: Location of Brandenburg Source: Fimiarz 2011

Project

areas

Project

areas

MODIS

Sensor

Forest Fires

in Brandenburg

Examples of


Methodology &

Results

Source: Fimiarz 2011Fig.2 Forest and Forest Fires 2005-2008*

Project

areas

* Darstellung auf der Grundlage von Daten der unteren Forstbehörde des Landes Brandenburg

Project

areas

MODIS

Sensor

Forest Fires

in Brandenburg

Examples of


Methodology &

Results

Source: Fimiarz 2011Fig.3 Location of research area in Northern Portugal

Project

areas

Project

areas

MODIS

Sensor

Forest Fires

in Brandenburg

Examples of


Methodology &

Results

Source: Fimiarz 2011Fig.4 Forest Fires in Northern Portugal, 2003 - 2005

Project

areas

Project

areas

MODIS

Sensor

Forest Fires

in Brandenburg

Examples of


Methodology &

Results

Fire behaviour: influencing factors

Fig.5: Fire Enviroment Triangle Source: Pyne et al. 1996: 49

Fire Basics

Project

areas

MODIS

Sensor

Forest Fires

in Brandenburg

Examples of


Methodology &

Results

Fig. 6: Topography

Topography

Source: Fuller 1991: 39

Fire Basics

Project

areas

MODIS

Sensor

Forest Fires

in Brandenburg

Examples of


Methodology &

Results

Slope (C), Aspect (D), Elevation (A)

Fire Basics

Source: Fimiarz 2011Fig.7 Slope, Aspect, Elevation

Project

areas

MODIS

Sensor

Forest Fires

in Brandenburg

Examples of


Methodology &

Results

• After Poland Germany is the most endangered area to forestfires in Central Europe

• Endangered are particularly the eastern federal states

From 858 FF in Germany 2009 there were 470 cases in East G.

• Particularly affected by forest fires is the federal state of Brandenburg

• Reasons are climatic conditions (driest state), associated with sandy soils which store very little precipitation

• In addition there is a high proportion of pine (70 %) which is particularly vulnerable concerning fires

Forest Fires

in Brandenburg

Project

areas

MODIS

Sensor

Forest Fires

in Brandenburg

Examples of


Methodology &

Results

Fig.8: Endangered areas for forest fires Source: Hirschberger 2010

Forest Fires

in Brandenburg

Project

areas

MODIS

Sensor

Forest Fires

in Brandenburg

Examples of


Methodology &

Results

Fig.9 Fig.10

Quelle: http://modis-ocean.gsfc.nasa.gov/grafics/

Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer

• Carrier platform Terra: 18.12.1999 (Fig.8)

• Carrier platform Aqua: 04.05.2001 (Fig.9)

MODIS

Sensor

Project

areas

MODIS

Sensor

Forest Fires

in Brandenburg

Examples of


Methodology &

Results

Terra-Platform and their Sensors

Fig.11 Source: http://modis-ocean.gsfc.nasa.gov/grafics/terralounch.gif

MODIS

Sensor

Project

areas

MODIS

Sensor

Forest Fires

in Brandenburg

Examples of


Methodology &

Results

Technical Data of the MODIS-Sensor

• Flight height: 705 km

• Strip width: 2330 km

• Spatial Resolution: 250m /500m /1000m

• Radiometric Resolution: 12 bit (4096 grayscales)

• Spectral Resolution: 36 bands

(0,405µm -14,385µm)

• Temporal Resolution: 1 day

• Passing time at Equator : 10:30 (Terra), 13:30 (Aqua)

• Orbit: Terra (north to south), Aqua (south to north)

MODIS

Sensor

Project

areas

MODIS

Sensor

Forest Fires

in Brandenburg

Examples of


Methodology &

ResultsMODIS

Sensor

Fig.12: Available Data Source: https://wist.echo.nasa.gov/api/

https://wist.echo.nasa.gov/api/

Project

areas

MODIS

Sensor

Forest Fires

in Brandenburg

Examples of


Methodology &

Results

• MOD/MYD 09 Surface Reflectance

• MOD/MCD 43 BRDF / Albedo

• MOD/MYD 11 Land Surface Temperature

• MOD/MYD 14 Fire

• MOD/MYD 12 Land Cover / Change

• MOD/MYD 13 Vegetation Indices

• MOD/MYD 15 Leaf Area Index / FPAR

• MOD/MYD 17 Veg.Net Primary Production

• MOD 44 Vegetation Cov. Conv/Cont. Fields

Selected MODIS Data Products

MODIS

Sensor

Project

areas

MODIS

Sensor

Forest Fires

in Brandenburg

Examples of


Methodology &

Results

MODIS Fire Products

MOD14A1 or MYD14A1

• daily Fire Product

MOD14A2 bzw. MYD14A2

• 8-day Fire Product

Both possibilities are free on internet

Spatial resolution: 1000m

There are 2 possibilities to get the data

1. Data Format: HDF 2. Shapefile

• 48 hours

• 7 day

MODIS

Sensor

Project

areas

MODIS

Sensor

Forest Fires

in Brandenburg

Examples of


Methodology &

Results

Fig.13: Corine Raster Data Converting to Vektor Source: Fimiarz 2011

Methodology &

Results

Corine Raster Data Converting to Vektor

Project

areas

MODIS

Sensor

Forest Fires

in Brandenburg

Examples of


Methodology &

Results

Methodology &

Results

Fig.14: Selection by location Source: Fimiarz 2011

Selection by location

Project

areas

MODIS

Sensor

Forest Fires

in Brandenburg

Examples of


Methodology &

Results

Methodology &

Results

Fig.15: Aspect created on base of ASTER elevation data Source: Fimiarz 2011

Aspect

Project

areas

MODIS

Sensor

Forest Fires

in Brandenburg

Examples of


Methodology &

Results

Methodology &

Results

Fig.16: Reclassification and Converting to Vektor Source: Fimiarz 2011

Reclassification and Converting to Vektor

Project

areas

MODIS

Sensor

Forest Fires

in Brandenburg

Examples of


Methodology &

Results

Methodology &

Results

Fig.17: Intersection with Corine forest mask Source: Fimiarz 2011

Intersection with Corine forest mask

Project

areas

MODIS

Sensor

Forest Fires

in Brandenburg

Examples of


Methodology &

Results

Methodology &

Results

Fig.18: Result after intersection Source: Fimiarz 2011

Result after intersection

Project

areas

MODIS

Sensor

Forest Fires

in Brandenburg

Examples of


Methodology &

Results

Methodology &

Results

Fig.19: Selection by location Source: Fimiarz 2011

Selection by location

Project

areas

MODIS

Sensor

Forest Fires

in Brandenburg

Examples of


Methodology &

Results

Methodology &

Results

Fig. 20: Selection by location Buffer roads 500m Source: Fimiarz 2011

Selection by location Buffer roads 500m

Project

areas

MODIS

Sensor

Forest Fires

in Brandenburg

Examples of


Methodology &

Results

Brandenburg

Methodology &

Results

Fig.21: Results Brandenburg depending on Aspect Source: Fimiarz 2011

Project

areas

MODIS

Sensor

Forest Fires

in Brandenburg

Examples of


Methodology &

Results

Brandenburg

Methodology &

Results

Fig.22: Results Brandenburg depending to 500m road buffer Source: Fimiarz 2011

Project

areas

MODIS

Sensor

Forest Fires

in Brandenburg

Examples of


Methodology &

Results

Northern Portugal: Aspect

Methodology &

Results

Fig.23: Results Northern Portugal depending on Aspect Source: Fimiarz 2011

Project

areas

MODIS

Sensor

Forest Fires

in Brandenburg

Examples of


Methodology &

Results

Research Area: Arhangay Mountains

Fig. 24: Entire fire spreading from12.08.02 to 02.10.02

Examples of

RS-Applications

Source: Fimiarz 2006

Project

areas

MODIS

Sensor

Forest Fires

in Brandenburg

Examples of


Methodology &

Results

Research Area: Arhangay Mountains

Fig. 25: Accuracy of MODIS Fire Detection

Examples of

RS-Applications


Project

areas

MODIS

Sensor

Forest Fires

in Brandenburg

Examples of


Methodology &

Results

17.05.06 17.05.06

MODIS Surface reflectance Product

500m 250m

Examples of

RS-Applications

Fig. 26 Fig. 27

Project

areas

MODIS

Sensor

Forest Fires

in Brandenburg

Examples of


Methodology &

Results

25.05.06 25.05.06

MODIS Surface reflectance Product

500m 250m

Examples of

RS-Applications

Fig. 28 Fig. 29

Project

areas

MODIS

Sensor

Forest Fires

in Brandenburg

Examples of


Methodology &

Results

Fig.30: Land surface temperature product one week before the fire


Examples of

RS-Applications

Project

areas

MODIS

Sensor

Forest Fires

in Brandenburg

Examples of


Methodology &

Results

Fig.31: Forest before fire in Bugant area (Mongolia)


Landsat NDVI

Examples of

RS-Applications

Project

areas

MODIS

Sensor

Forest Fires

in Brandenburg

Examples of


Methodology &

Results

Fig.32: Forest after fire in Bugant area (Mongolia)


Examples of

RS-Applications

Project

areas

MODIS

Sensor

Forest Fires

in Brandenburg

Examples of


Methodology &

Results

Fig.33: Forest area compared with MODIS Fire Product


Examples of

RS-Applications

• MODIS Active Fire Data is not suitable for a fire monitoring in

Germany

• According to aspect, there is influence visible to forest fires in

Brandenburg and Northern Portugal

• According to the infrastructure (road buffers) a influence could be also confirmed

• Remote Sensing Data, especially MODIS, is very suitable for

research particulary on global scale

Conclusion

Thank You

References

AHERN, FRANK J.; GOLDAMMER, JOHANN G.; JUSTICE CHRISTOPHER O.(2001): Global and Regional Vegetation

Fire Monitoring from Space. SPB Academic Publishing bv – Hague, Netherlands.

ALBERTZ, JÖRG (2001): Einführung in die Fernerkundung. 2. Edition. Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft

– Darmstadt

ALLGÖWER, BRITTA; CARLSON, J. D.; WAGTENDONK, JAN W. (2003): Introduction to Fire Danger Rating and

Remote Sensing – Will Remote Sensing Enhance Wildland Fire Danger Rating? – In: CHUVIECO, EMILIO:

Wildland Fire Danger – Estimation and Mapping. Singapore, 1-19

BADECK, FRANZ‐W., PETRA LACH, YLVA HAUF, JOACHIM ROCK, FELICITAS SUCKOW, KIRSTEN THONICKE (2003):

Steigendes klimatisches Waldbrandrisiko, AFZ‐Der Wald 2003

CHANDLER, C. et al (1983 cited by LEX 1996: 36)

CHUVIECO, EMILIO (2003): Wildland Fire Danger Estimation and Mapping. World Scientific Publishing Co.

Pte. Ltd. – Singapore

FULLER, M. (1991): Forest Fires. An Introduction to Wildland Fire Behavior, Management, Firefighting

and Prevention. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. – New York

GIGLIO, LOUIS (2010): MODIS Collection 5 Active Fire Product User´s Guide Version 2.4. online in

internet [20/03/2006] http://modis-fire.umd.edu/Documents/MODIS_Fire_Users_Guide_2.4.pdf

GOLDAMMER, JOHANN G. (1978): VW-Symposion »Feuerökologie«. Band1, Heft2. Forstzoologisches

Institut der Albert-Ludwigs-Universität – Freiburg i. Br.

http://modis-fire.umd.edu/Documents/MODIS_Fire_Users_Guide_2.4.pdf




GOLDAMMER, JOHANN G. (1994): Feuerökologie. – in: Spektrum der Wissenschaft. Issue 07/1994

HIRSCHBERGER, PETER (2010): Wälder in Flammen - Ursachen und Folgen der weltweiten Waldbrände.

WWF Deutschland, Berlin, in internet:

http://www.wwf.de/fileadmin/fm-wwf/pdf_neu/wwf_waldbrandstudie.pdf [02.04.2011]

JACOB, KLAUS (1995): Entfesselte Gewalten: Stürme, Erdbeben und andere Naturkatastrophen.

Birkhäuser Verlag – Basel, Boston, Berlin

JUSTICE, C. O.; GIGLIO, L.; KORONTZI, S.; OWENS, J.; MORISETTE, J. T.; ROY, D.; DESCLOITRES, J.;

ALLEAOME, S.; PETITCOLIN, F.; KAUFMAN, Y. (2002): The MODIS fire products. In: Remote Sensing of

Environment, Vol. 83 (3)

LEX, PETER (1996): Bekämpfung von Waldbränden, Moorbränden, Heidebränden. 4. Auflage. Verlag W.

Kohlhammer – Stuttgart, Berlin, Köln

LILLESAND, THOMAS M.; KIEFER, RALPH W.; JPNATHAN W. CHIPMAN (2004): Remote Sensing and Image

Interpretation. 5. Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. – Hoboken, USA

PATZELT, STEFFEN THOMAS (2008): Waldbrandprognose und Waldbrandbekämpfung in Deutschland –

zukunftsorientierte Strategien und Konzepte unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der

Brandbekämpfung aus der Luft, in internet:

http://ubm.opus.hbz-nrw.de/volltexte/2008/1631/pdf/diss.pdf [02.04.2011]

PYNE, STEPHEN J.; ANDREWS, PATRICIA L.; LAVEN, RICHARD D. (1996): Introduction to Wildland Fire. 2.

Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. – New York

SALOMONSON, V. V.; BARNES, W. L.; MAYMON, P. W.; MONTGOMERY, H. E.; OSTROW, H. (1989 in WOLFE

et al. 2002: 32)

1 http://www.ospraciaz.pl/readarticle.php?article_id=10

References