influence of herbigation based integrated...
TRANSCRIPT
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G.J.B.B., VOL.7 (1) 2018: 36-40 ISSN 2278 – 9103
36
INFLUENCE OF HERBIGATION BASED INTEGRATED WEED MANAGEMENTPRACTICES ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF AEROBIC RICE
Abhishek, G.M., Thimmegowda, M.N., Nagaraju, B.K. Ramachandrappa and MurukannappaDept. of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, UAS, GKVK, Bengaluru-560 065
ABSTRACTA field experiment was conducted during the summer season of 2015 at Zonal Agricultural Research Station, University ofAgricultural Sciences (UAS), Gandhi Krishi Vignana Kendra (GKVK), Bengaluru to assess the herbigation basedintegrated weed management in aerobic rice. The experiment consisted of 12 treatments laid out in randomized completeblock design with three replications comprising pre-emergent herbigation of two herbicides at three doses integrated withone hand weeding, post emergent herbigation at two doses, post emergent herbigation with one hand weeding, one handweeding and one intercultivation compared with weedy check and weed free check. The results revealed that pre-emergentherbigation of pretilachlor + bensulfuron methyl 6.6% GR @ 10 kg ha-1 + one hand weeding + one inter-cultivationrecorded significantly higher growth parameters viz., plant height, number of tillers, leaf area and total dry matteraccumulation (35.5 cm, 25.1 hill-1, 3954.3 cm2 hill-1 and 153.8 g hill-1, respectively) yield parameters like number ofproductive tillers, panicle length, panicle weight, total number of grains, grain and straw yield (33.2 hill-1, 25.8 cm, 204.3 ghill-1, 291.0 panicle-1, 8954 kg ha-1 and 11371 kg ha-1), net returns(98865 Rs. ha-1). Further, higher availability of majornutrients (N, P2O5 and K2O) higher uptake by crop and lower uptake by weeds were also recorded in the same treatment.
KEY WORDS: Aerobic rice, herbigation, growth and yield, Econimics, Integrated weed management.
INTRODUCTIONRice (Oryza sativa L.) is major food crop for more thanhalf of the world’s population. It occupies the enviableprime place among the food crops cultivated around theworld and is grown in 162.3 million hectares with aproduction of 738.1 million tonnes with a productivity of4.54 tonnes per hectare (Anon, 2015). It is considered tobe primarily an irrigated crop. Since olden days it wascultivating under traditional puddled soil and transplantingmethod. Their, it was consuming around 4000-5000 litresof water to produce 1 Kg grain which is 2 to 3 timeshigher than that of other cereals. Water shortage isbecoming severe in many rice growing areas of the world,the introduction of aerobic rice which means growing ofhigh yielding rice in nonpuddled and non-flooded aerobicsoil with the support of external inputs like supplementaryirrigation, manures and fertilizers; aerobic rice systemscan reduce water use in rice production by as much as50% (Bouman, 2001). However, direct-seeded aerobic riceis subject to more severe weed infestation thantransplanted lowland rice, because in aerobic rice systemsweeds germinate simultaneously with rice, and there is nowater layer to suppress weed growth. In aerobic rice,weeds cause yield loss to an extent of 56.4 to 90.70 percent (Paradkar et al., 1997). In such condition to ensurehigh yield, we should take necessary and time bound weedmanagement practices. Since many years research onweed control methods like hand weeding, intercultivation,herbicide spray and their integration has achieved goodprogress. Apart from this to overcome water shortageproblems there is more scope for micro irrigation systemslike drip and sprinkler. Herbigation is “the process of
injecting an approved chemical (herbicide) into irrigationwater and applying through the irrigation system to crop,weed or field”. In aerobic rice there is possibility to followherbigation through drip irrigation system along with otherweed control methods, whose efficiency needs to beworked out. Hence, the present investigation wasundertaken to study the effect of herbigation basedintegrated weed management practices on growth, yieldand economics of aerobic rice.
MATERIALS & METHODSA field experiment was conducted during the summerseason of 2015 at Zonal Agricultural Research Station,Gandhi Krishi Vignana Kendra (GKVK), University ofAgricultural Sciences (UAS), Bengaluru. The soil of theexperimental site was red sandy clay loam in texture,acidic in reaction (6.28), medium in available nitrogen(294.6 kg ha-1), available phosphorus (44.2 kg ha-1) andavailable potassium (233.2 kg ha-1). The organic carboncontent was medium in range (0.58 %). KRH 4, a mediumduration hybrid was sown on February 16 at a spacing of25 x 25 cm. Experiment consisting 12 treatments i.e., T1:PE herbigation of pyrazosulfuron ethyl 10% WP @ 250 gha-1 + one HW, T2: PE herbigation of pyrazosulfuron ethyl10% WP @ 375 g ha-1 + one HW, T3: PE herbigation ofpyrazosulfuron ethyl 10% WP @ 500 g ha-1 + one HW,T4: PE herbigation of pretilachlor + bensulfuron methyl6.6% GR @ 10 kg ha-1 + one HW, T5: PE herbigation ofpretilachlor + bensulfuron methyl 6.6% GR @ 15 kg ha-1
+ one HW, T6: PE herbigation of pretilachlor +bensulfuron methyl 6.6% GR @ 20 kg ha-1 + one HW, T7:PE herbigation of pretilachlor + bensulfuron methyl 6.6%GR @ 10 kg ha-1 + PoE herbigation of bispyribac sodium
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Herbigation based integrated weed management of aerobic rice
37
10% SC @ 200 ml ha-1, T8: PE herbigation of pretilachlor+ bensulfuron methyl 6.6% GR @ 10 kg ha-1 + PoEherbigation of bispyribac sodium 10% SC @ 300 ml ha-1,T9: PE herbigation of pretilachlor + bensulfuron methyl6.6% GR @ 10 kg ha-1 + PoE herbigation of bispyribacsodium 10% SC @ 200 ml ha-1 + one HW, T10: PEherbigation of pretilachlor + bensulfuron methyl 6.6% GR@ 10 kg ha-1 + one HW + one intercultivation, T11:Weedy check, T12: Weed free check. The trial was laidout in randomized complete block design (RCBD) withthree replications. Pre-emergent herbigation at one dayafter sowing and post emergent herbigation at 23 DAS wasdone through drip irrigation system. The data on growthparameters viz., plant height, number of tillers, leaf area
and dry matter accumulation, yield parameters viz.,number of productive tillers, panicle length, panicleweight, total number of grains, 1000 grain weight, grainand straw yield were recorded adopting standardprocedure. After harvest of the crop data on nutrient (N,Pand K) uptake by crop and weeds, nutrient remained in thesoil was analysed. Nutrient use efficiency was calculatedby using the formulae. The collected data was subjected toFisher’s method of “Analysis of Variance” (Panse andSukhatme, 1967). Wherever, F- test was significant anappropriate value of critical difference (C.D.) was workedout for comparison among the treatment means, otherwise,against C.D. values NS (Non-significant) was indicated.
Nutrient use efficiency (kg kg-1) =Grain yield (kg ha-1)Plant nutrient applied(kg ha-1)
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONEffect on crop growthAmong the treatments, weed free check recorded hasrecorded higher plant height (36.5 cm), number of tillers(28.3 hill-1), leaf area (4108.0 cm2 hill-1) and total drymatter accumulation (167.7 g hill-1) which was on par withpre-emergent herbigation of pretilachlor + bensulfuronmethyl 6.6% GR @ 10 kg ha-1 + one hand weeding + oneintercultivation (35.5 cm, 25.1 tillers hill-1, 3954.3 cm2 hill-1 and 153.8 g hill-1 respectively ) (Table 1). This is due tobetter suppression of weeds during the initial stage andprovided optimal condition for crop to establish. Theseresults are in line with the findings of Kusuma (2007) andBhagirath Singh et al. (2015).Effect on Yield and Yield ParametersAmong herbigation treatments pre-emergent herbigationof pretilachlor + bensulfuron methyl 6.6% GR @ 10 kg ha-
1 + one hand weeding + one intercultivation has recordedhigher yield components like, productive tillers hill-1
(33.2), Panicle length (25.8 cm), Panicle weight (204.3 ghill-1), Total No. of grains panicle-1 291.0), Grain yield(8954 kg ha-1) and straw yield (11371 kg ha-1) (Table 2)followed by pre-emergent herbigation of pretilachlor +bensulfuron methyl 6.6% GR @ 10 kg ha-1 + postemergent herbigation of bispyribac sodium 10% SC @200 ml ha-1 + one hand weeding (32.1 hill-1, 25.7 cm,197.5 g hill-1, 288.8 panicle-1, 8767 kg ha-1 and 11085 kgha-1 respectively). This was due to better weed control inthese treatments resulted in higher growth, because of thebetter growth, photosynthates were translocated intoeconomic part. Similar results have been obtained byJagadish (2015).
TABLE 1: Effect of herbigation practices on growth parameters of aerobic rice at 90 DAS
T1: PE herbigation of pyrazosulfuron ethyl 10% WP @ 250 g ha-1 + one HW. T2: PE herbigation of pyrazosulfuron ethyl 10% WP @
375 g ha-1 + one HW. T3: PE herbigation of pyrazosulfuron ethyl 10% WP @ 500 g ha-1 + one HW. T4: PE herbigation of pretilachlor +
bensulfuron methyl 6.6% GR @ 10 kg ha-1 + one HW. T5: PE herbigation of pretilachlor + bensulfuron methyl 6.6% GR @ 15 kg ha-1 +
one HW. T6: PE herbigation of pretilachlor + bensulfuron methyl 6.6% GR @ 20 kg ha-1 + one HW. T7: PE herbigation of pretilachlor +
bensulfuron methyl 6.6% GR @ 10 kg ha-1 + PoE herbigation of bispyribac sodium 10% SC @ 200 ml ha-1. T8: PE herbigation ofpretilachlor + bensulfuron methyl 6.6% GR @ 10 kg ha-1 and PoE herbigation of bispyribac sodium 10% SC @ 300 ml ha-1. T9: PEherbigation of pretilachlor + bensulfuron methyl 6.6% GR @ 10 kg ha-1 + PoE herbigation of bispyribac sodium 10% SC @ 200 ml ha-1
+ one HW. T10: PE herbigation of pretilachlor + bensulfuron methyl 6.6% GR @ 10 kg ha-1 + one HW + one intercultivation. T11:
Weedy check T12: Weed free check(Note: HW: Hand Weeding, PE: Pre-emergent, PoE: Post emergent)
TreatmentsPlant height(cm)
No. of tillers(hill-1)
Leaf area(cm2 hill-1)
Total dry matteraccumulation (g hill-1)
T1 34.2 23.4 2744.9 126.7T2 33.5 23.7 2833.3 128.7T3 33.8 24.3 3320.0 133.1T4 33.6 24.4 3430.0 136.1T5 34.4 24.6 3673.3 139.8T6 34.9 24.0 3052.8 130.4T7 34.3 24.5 3547.7 137.8T8 34.5 24.9 3766.7 142.4T9 35.0 25.1 3863.3 147.1T10 35.5 25.1 3954.3 153.8T11 38.1 18.3 1223.7 98.1T12 36.5 28.2 4108.0 167.7S.Em.± 1.22 1.07 109.31 3.69CD @ 5% 3.57 3.15 320.61 10.83
-
TA
BL
E 2:
Effect of herbigation practices on yield
parameters and econom
ics of aerobic rice
T1 : P
E herbigation of pyrazosulfuron ethyl 10%
WP
@ 250 g ha
-1+
one HW
.T2 : P
E herbigation of pyrazosulfuron ethyl 10%
WP
@ 375 g ha
-1+
one HW
.T3 : P
E herbigation
of pyrazosulfuron ethyl 10% W
P @
500 g ha-1
+one
HW
.T
4 : PE
herbigation of pretilachlor + bensulfuron m
ethyl 6.6% G
R @
10 kg ha-1
+ one H
W.
T5 : P
E herbigation of
pretilachlor + bensulfuron m
ethyl 6.6% G
R @
15 kg ha-1
+ one H
W.
T6 :
PE
herbigation of pretilachlor + bensulfuron m
ethyl 6.6% G
R @
20 kg ha-1
+ one H
W.
T7 :
PE
herbigation of pretilachlor + bensulfuron m
ethyl 6.6% G
R @
10 kgha
-1+
PoE
herbigation of bispyribac sodium 10%
SC
@ 200 m
l ha-1.T
8 :P
E herbigation of
pretilachlor +bensulfuron m
ethyl 6.6% G
R @
10kg ha
-1and P
oEherbigation of
bispyribac sodium 10%
SC
@ 300
ml ha
-1.T9 :P
E herbigation of pretilachlor +
bensulfuron methyl 6.6%
GR
@ 10 kg ha
-1+
PoE
herbigation of bispyribac sodium 10%
SC
@ 200 m
l ha-1+
one HW
.T10 :P
E herbigation of pretilachlor +
bensulfuron methyl 6.6%
GR
@ 10 kg ha
-1+
oneH
W +
one intercultivation.T11 : W
eedy check T12 : W
eed freecheck
(Note:
HW
: Hand W
eeding, PE
: Pre-em
ergent, PoE
: Post em
ergent)
Treatm
entsP
roductivetillers hill -1
Panicle
length(cm
)
Panicle
weight
(g hill -1)
Total N
o. ofgrains panicle
-
1
1000grainw
eight (g)
Grain yield
(kg ha-1)
Straw
yield(kg ha
-1)G
rossreturns(R
s. ha-1)
Cost of
cultivation(R
s. ha-1)
Net returns
(Rs. ha
-1)B
:C ratio
T1
25.121.4
176.4251.7
23.17545
9066129797
5357076227
2.42T
226.1
21.6170.5
253.023.2
76719230
13197153920
780512.45
T3
29.122.3
180.9265.7
23.58512
9996146188
5427091918
2.69T
429.5
22.5184.9
270.723.3
851910186
14649155270
912212.65
T5
31.123.2
193.1277.3
23.18645
10693149013
5647092543
2.64T
628.0
21.8180.5
261.023.3
81649800
14042957670
827592.44
T7
30.222.9
190.5273.2
23.28525
10279146679
5223094449
2.81T
831.5
23.3195.7
284.323.4
867210808
14956552510
970552.85
T9
32.125.7
197.5288.8
23.38767
11085151368
5583095538
2.71T
1033.2
25.8204.3
291.023.7
895411371
15463555770
988652.77
T11
14.020.6
92.5207.7
23.91379
167623750.7
49270-25520
0.48T
1235.3
26.1215.1
302.024.0
946012235
16359560070
1035252.72
S.E
m.±
1.140.91
6.5610.61
0.50344
417-
--
-C
D @
5%3.35
2.6719.23
31.13N
S1010
1223-
--
-
G.J.B.B., VOL.7 (1) 2018: 36-40 ISSN 2278 – 9103
KritiTypewritten text38
-
TA
BL
E 3:
Effect of herbigation on available nutrient status in soil after harvest, nutrient uptake by crop
(kg ha-1),w
eeds(kg ha
-1) and
nutrient useefficiency (kg kg
-1)in aerobic rice
T1 : P
E herbigation of pyrazosulfuron ethyl 10%
WP
@ 250 g ha
-1+
one HW
.T
2 : PE
herbigation of pyrazosulfuron ethyl 10% W
P @
375 g ha-1
+one H
W.
T3 : P
E
herbigation of pyrazosulfuronethyl 10%
WP
@ 500 g ha
-1+
oneH
W.T
4 : PE
herbigation of pretilachlor + bensulfuron m
ethyl 6.6% G
R @
10 kg ha-1
+ one H
W.T
5 : PE
herbigation of pretilachlor + bensulfuron m
ethyl 6.6% G
R @
15 kg ha-1
+ one H
W.T
6 :PE
herbigation of pretilachlor + bensulfuron m
ethyl 6.6% G
R @
20 kg ha-1
+ one
HW
.T7 :P
E herbigation of pretilachlor +
bensulfuron methyl 6.6%
GR
@ 10 kg ha
-1+
PoE
herbigation of bispyribac sodium 10%
SC @
200 ml ha
-1.T8 :P
E herbigation
ofpretilachlor +
bensulfuron methyl 6.6%
GR
@ 10
kg ha-1
and PoE
herbigation ofbispyribac sodium
10% S
C @
300m
l ha-1.
T9 :
PE
herbigation of pretilachlor +
bensulfuron methyl 6.6%
GR
@ 10 kg ha
-1+
PoE
herbigation of bispyribac sodium 10%
SC
@ 200 m
l ha-1+
one HW
.T10 :
PE
herbigation of pretilachlor + bensulfuron
methyl 6.6%
GR
@ 10 kg ha
-1+
one HW
+ one intercultivation.
T11 : W
eedy check T12 : W
eed free check(N
ote:H
W: H
and Weeding, P
E: P
re-emergent, P
oE: P
ost
emergent)
Treatm
entsA
vailable nutrient status in soil(kg ha
-1)N
utrient uptake by crop(kg ha
-1)N
utrient uptake by weeds
(kg ha-1)
Nutrient use efficiency
(kg kg-1)
NP
2 O5
K2 O
NP
2 O5
K2 O
NP
2 O5
K2 O
NP
2 O5
K2 O
T1
260.0029.80
208.6755.77
14.7749.30
47.6716.43
42.7350.30
107.8083.84
T2
263.0030.63
212.0057.27
15.6352.47
48.4315.50
40.3051.14
109.5985.24
T3
262.2031.33
210.3363.43
17.7059.40
41.0711.97
42.4056.75
121.6094.58
T4
258.5330.80
213.3367.73
18.3063.00
28.4711.37
31.1356.79
121.7094.66
T5
267.6331.33
221.4075.63
20.2068.93
20.7310.07
26.6057.63
123.5096.06
T6
265.4731.77
211.3359.30
16.6054.40
35.7012.50
33.6354.43
116.6390.71
T7
261.9330.67
219.7369.90
19.2064.90
25.6710.87
29.7056.83
121.7994.72
T8
273.6333.60
230.0381.67
21.1770.77
17.108.90
22.0057.82
123.8996.36
T9
286.0035.00
235.4385.53
22.3373.83
14.337.33
19.2758.45
125.2597.42
T10
287.3336.77
249.0088.07
23.7376.33
12.276.20
17.0759.69
127.9199.49
T11
243.1029.50
207.6736.97
8.2029.30
62.7319.43
49.339.20
19.7115.33
T12
294.8338.57
258.7794.20
24.7779.70
0.000.00
0.0063.07
135.14105.11
S.Em
.±10.06
1.868.13
2.101.37
3.192.54
0.773.01
2.304.92
3.83C
D @
5%29.51
5.4423.86
6.154.01
9.357.44
2.258.83
6.7414.44
11.23
Herbigation based integrated weed management of aerobic rice
KritiTypewritten text39
-
40
EconomicsAmong herbigation treatments, maximum gross and netreturns were observed with pre-emergent herbigation ofpretilachlor + bensulfuron methyl 6.6% GR @ 10 kg ha-1
+ one hand weeding + one intercultivation (154635 and98865 Rs. ha-1 respectively) with the B:C ratio of 2.77(Table 2). This was associated with higher grain and strawyield. whereas, highest B:C ratio was obtained in pre-emergent herbigation of pretilachlor + bensulfuron methyl6.6% GR @ 10 kg ha-1 and post emergent herbigation ofbispyribac sodium 10% SC @ 300 ml ha-1 (2.85) Similarresults have been obtained by Jagadish (2015).Nutrient uptake and availabilityAmong the treatments pre-emergent herbigation ofpretilachlor + bensulfuron methyl 6.6% GR @ 10 kg ha-1
+ one hand weeding + one intercultivation recorded moreavailable soil nutrients (N, P2O5 and K2O) after harvest(287.33, 36.77 and 249.00 kg ha-1 respectively), higheruptake of nutrients by crop (88.07, 23.73 and 76.33 kg ha-1) and lesser uptake by weeds (12.27, 6.20 and 17.07 kgha-1 respectively) was observed(Table 3) followed by pre-emergent herbigation of pretilachlor + bensulfuron methyl6.6% GR @ 10 kg ha-1 + post emergent herbigation ofbispyribac sodium 10% SC @ 200 ml ha-1 + one handweeding. These results are in line with Gopinath et al.(2012). Nutrient use efficiency was also higher in thesetreatments because of higher grain and straw yield.
CONCLUSIONPre-emergent herbigation of pretilachlor + bensulfuronmethyl 6.6% GR @ 10 kg ha-1 + one hand weeding + oneintercultivation resulted in higher yield weed controlfollowed by pre-emergent herbigation of pretilachlor +bensulfuron methyl 6.6% GR @ 10 kg ha-1 + postemergent herbigation of bispyribac sodium 10% SC @200 ml ha-1 + one hand weeding. These herbigation
treatments were found to be promising to control weeds inaerobic rice and would play an important role in areaswhere labour is too expensive and time is short.
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Bouman, B. A. M., 2001, Water-efficient managementstrategies in rice production. Int. Rice Res. Notes 26: 17-22.
Gopinath, K.A., Mina, B. L., Singh, K. P. & Nataraja,K.C. (2012) Integrated weed management in direct-seededrainfed rice. Indian J. Agron., 57 (3):245-249.
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Panse, V. G. & Sukhatme, P.V. (1967) Statistical methodsfor agricultural workers. ICAR, Pub., New Delhi, p.359.
Paradkar, N.R., Kurchania, S.P. &Tiwari, J.P. (1997)Chemical control of Parthenium hysterophorus L. andother associated weeds in upland drilled rice. Indian J.Weed Sci., 29 (3&4): 151-154.
G.J.B.B., VOL.7 (1) 2018: 36-40 ISSN 2278 – 9103