INFO 272. Qualitative Research Methods

1. See handout

2. Small grants $5000 to do supplemental fieldwork on ‘consumerization’ in existing field sites over the summer, funded by Intel

3. Ideally for PhD students already ‘in the field’

Studentship program

Outline

Classic Content Analysis

Lightweight Document Analysis

Heavy-duty Document Analysis

Analyzing the contents of documents in isolation

Analyzing documents in context

Systematic collection and analysis of documents in context

in order to

define requirements, improve business processes[see Glushko 2005]

1. What accounts for incomplete, badly kept records?

2. What is the context within which records are produced?

Review of Readings

Classic content analysis

Units and Dimensions Syntax vs. Semantics Units: Words, sentences, paragraphs, articles Also, propositional units

“biotechnology, the most recent among post-war base technologies, enters the public arena in the 1990s”1. “biotechnology enters the public arena in the 1990s”

2. “biotechnology is a base technology”

3. “biotechnology is a base technology of the post-war period”

4. “biotechnology is the most recent base technology”

[Bauer and Gaskell]

Method

1) Sample documents (can even do a random sample)

2) Divide documents into units1. syntactical vs. semantic elements

2. Articles, words, sentences, themes, propositions

3) Construct a coding frame and assign codes to units

4) Calculate frequencies

Word frequency

Fatigue 55

Chronic 51

Illness 50

Syndrome 46

Research 29

Virus/viral/virology 23

Disease 19

Fibromyalgia 18

Depression 14

Immune/immune-related/immunology

9

Genetic 4

Psychology/psychological 4

Neurology/neurological 4

Word frequency in a 2315-word leaflet on Chronic Fatigue Syndrome produced by CFS patients [source: Prior]

Purpose

Media monitoring – construct a continually updated evaluation frame (an open-system)

Comparisons (between newspapers, between audiences, against standards)

Construct indices (of societal values) – how people describe themselves and ideal partners in lonely hearts columns

[Bauer and Gaskell]

Document analysis: Lightweight

Incorporating collected documents into interviews

Projective Interviewing

J: “um, I kept the brochure, that said that the church was ‘changing destinies and taking new territories’ and I wondered if you could sort of explain what that means for the church?”M: “yeah, um, changing destinies means that people…look at their lives in a particular way. For example, people who would look at the patterns in their family and they may say well all our family, everybody is an alcoholic so I’m more likely to become an alcoholic or people looking to their families and say that we all come from very poor backgrounds so we are all likely to become poor and so you know, they have a mentality that predates and is based on what they’ve been told…”

Projective Interviewing

Content analysis of collected documents

Combined with other forms of data to make an argument about ‘inclusiveness’

World Summit on the Information Society

Document analysis: Heavy-Duty

Documents in business processes - method1. Collect documents (iteratively and according

to a logic of selection)

2. Create a document inventory

3. Classify the documents

4. Analyze the inventory

5. Contextualize docs in interviews

6. Recommendations

[source: Bob Glushko]

Readings: record of medical clinic consultationExamining document contents:

1. Identify categories

2. Ordering of text within a unit (i.e. a single entry in the medical record)

3. The geography of entries

4. What is not written (economy)

Readings: record of medical clinic consultation

Observing documents in the field: Document within doctor/patient interaction Written for what audience?

Readings:Outcome of the AnalysisCritique of motivation to digitize records: What are the ‘bad’ organizational reasons

for good clinical records? Systematic data entry interferes with

expressing ambivalence, subtlety, with strategic ordering and omission

Document analysis: Final Thoughts

Document characteristics

[source: Bob Glushko]

Interrogating your documents Who is the author? Are they identified

or not? Is it bound with other documents and

where is its placement? What is the document material? Is it written or printed? What can you

say about the fonts, size? Is a signature on a document required

and what does it mean?

In Summary

Limits of content analysis Lightweight document analysis where

documents support central research concern

Heavy-duty document analysis where documents are the central research concern