informatica umanistica d: lessicografia & computer dizionari elettronici wordnet
TRANSCRIPT
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INFORMATICA UMANISTICA D: LESSICOGRAFIA & COMPUTER
Dizionari elettronici
WordNet
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Dizionari elettronici
Strumenti informatici usati non piu’ solo per realizzare dizionari cartacei, ma per sviluppare nuovi tipi di dizionari che consentono nuove forme di ricerca
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DIZIONARI PER L’INGLESE IN FORMA ELETTRONICA
Oxford English Dictionary, seconda edizione
Oxford Talking Dictionary Concise Oxford Dictionary Learner dictionaries:
Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English (LDOCE)
Collins COBUILD English Dictionary
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CONCISE OXFORD DICTIONARY
RICERCA: Headword search (con *) Hypertext search Full text search (also of phrases / groups)
FILTRI: etymology, phrasal verbs, suffixes
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COLLINS: COBUILD
Disponibile da: http://
www.biblio.unitn.it/BancheDati/BancheDati.asp
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DIZIONARI ELETTRONICI PER L’ITALIANO
Il VELI Zanichelli: CD-ROM Multilingue,
Scaffale Elettronico Devoto-Oli Garzanti: IPA `parla’
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DEVOTO-OLI
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ESEMPIO: DEVOTO-OLI
Ricerca normale Forme di citazione (incrementale)
Hyperlinks Definizione / declinazione Sinonimi / contrari Ricerca avanzata No: pronuncia; citazioni? Limitato: storico
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DEVOTO-OLI: SINONIMI E CONTRARI
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ESEMPIO:ZINGARELLI INTERATTIVO
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MRDS
Distinzione importante: Dizionari consultabili elettronicamente Dizionari MACHINE READABLE Dizionari MACHINE TRACTABLE
Particolarmente utili: dizionari creati per EFL: LDOCE COBUILD
Progetto piu’ ambizioso: ODE in XML
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ESEMPIO: ODE su CD-ROM (in XML)
Esempio di database lessicografico in XML (= estremamente machine tractable)
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ODE IN XML: OVERVIEW
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ODE IN XML: FORMATO DELLE ENTRIES
<se> <cn>815750</cn> - <hg> <hw>stock</hw> </hg> <s1> <ps>noun</ps> - <s2 num="1">- <df>the goods or merchandise kept on the premises of a shop or warehouse and available for sale or distribution:</df> <ex>the store has a very low turnover of stock</ex> | </S2> <S2 num=“2”> …… </S2> </S1> <s1> <ps>adjective</ps> …..
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ODE IN XML: INFORMAZIONI NLP
- <nlp> <sup>merchandise</sup> <ss>Commerce</ss> - <morph id="01">- <mu sy="NN"> <inf>stock</inf> <ph>stQk</ph> </mu>+ <mu sy="NNS"> <ph>stQks</ph> </mu> </morph> </nlp>
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ELDIT
(Elektronisches Lern(er)wörterbuch Deutsch-Italienisch – Dizionario elettronico per apprendenti italiano-tedesco )
Un esempio di dizionario Per apprendimento Nato in forma elettronica
Lezione su ELDIT: il 14/5
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WordNet
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SEMANTICA & LESSICO: UN RIASSUNTO
“ate”
WORD-FORMS LEXEMES SENSES
EAT-LEX-1eat0600
eat0700
“eat”
“eats”
“eaten”
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L’ORGANIZZAZIONE DEL LESSICO
“stock”
WORD-FORMS LEXEMES SENSES
STOCK-LEX-1
STOCK-LEX-2
STOCK-LEX-3
stock0100
stock0200
stock0600
stock0700
stock0900
stock1000
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SINONIMIA
“cheap”
WORD-FORMS LEXEMES SENSES
CHEAP-LEX-1
CHEAP-LEX-2
INEXP-LEX-3
cheap0100
….
……
cheapXXXX
inexp0900
inexpYYYY
“inexpensive”
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WORDNET
A lexical database created at Princeton Freely available for research from the Princeton site http://www.cogsci.princeton.edu/~wn/
Information about a variety of SEMANTICAL RELATIONS Three sub-databases (supported by psychological
research as early as (Fillenbaum and Jones, 1965)) NOUNs VERBS ADJECTIVES and ADVERBS
Each database organized around SYNSETS
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SYNSETS
Senses (or `lexicalized concepts’) are represented in WordNet by the set of words that can be used in AT LEAST ONE CONTEXT to express that sense / lexicalized concept: the SYNSET
E.g.,
{chump, fish, fool, gull, mark, patsy, fall guy, sucker, shlemiel, soft touch, mug}(gloss: person who is gullible and easy to take advantage of)
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IL DATABASE DEI NOMI
About 90,000 forms, 116,000 senses Relations:
hypernym breakfast -> meal
hyponym meal -> lunch
has-member faculty -> professor
member-of copilot -> crew
has-Part table -> leg
part-of course -> meal
antonym leader -> follower
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IPERNIMIA2 senses of robin
Sense 1robin, redbreast, robin redbreast, Old World robin, Erithacus rubecola -- (small Old World songbird with a reddish breast) => thrush -- (songbirds characteristically having brownish upper plumage with a spotted breast) => oscine, oscine bird -- (passerine bird having specialized vocal apparatus) => passerine, passeriform bird -- (perching birds mostly small and living near the ground with feet having 4 toes arranged to allow for gripping the perch; most are songbirds; hatchlings are helpless) => bird -- (warm-blooded egg-laying vertebrates characterized by feathers and forelimbs modified as wings) => vertebrate, craniate -- (animals having a bony or cartilaginous skeleton with a segmented spinal column and a large brain enclosed in a skull or cranium) => chordate -- (any animal of the phylum Chordata having a notochord or spinal column) => animal, animate being, beast, brute, creature, fauna -- (a living organism characterized by voluntary movement) => organism, being -- (a living thing that has (or can develop) the ability to act or function independently) => living thing, animate thing -- (a living (or once living) entity) => object, physical object -- => entity, physical thing --
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MERONIMIAwn beak –holon
Holonyms of noun beak
1 of 3 senses of beak
Sense 2
beak, bill, neb, nib
PART OF: bird
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VERBI
About 10,000 forms, 20,000 senses Relations between verb meanings:
Hypernym fly-> travel
Troponym Walk -> stroll
Entails Snore -> sleep
Antonym Increase -> decrease
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RELAZIONI TRA SIGNIFICATI VERBALI
V1 ENTAILS V2 when Someone V1 (logically) entails Someone V2- e.g., snore entails sleep
TROPONYMY when To do V1 is To do V2 in some manner- e.g., limp is a troponym of walk
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AGGETTIVI & AVVERBI
About 20,000 adjective forms, 30,000 senses
4,000 adverbs, 5600 senses Relations:
Antonym (adjective)
Heavy <-> light
Antonym (adverb) Quickly <-> slowly
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COME USARLO
Online: http://cogsci.princeton.edu/cgi-bin/webwn
Scaricatevelo, poi da command line: Get synonyms:
wn –synsn bank Get hypernyms:
wn –hypen robin (also for adjectives and verbs): get antonyms
wn –antsa right
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I LIMITI DI WORDNET
Coverage words not in WordNet
Crocidolite, spinoff (spin-off) Missing information: MERONYMY
Context-dependent senses: slump, crash, bust all synonyms in the WSJ corpus
The structure of WordNet Some information is encoded in complex ways
(room, wall, floor) But: MOVING TARGET!!
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MERONIMIA IN WORDNET: UN ESPERIMENTO
100 bridging descriptions in a mereological relation
Ran a script trying to find a direct link in WordNet (1.7) between one of the senses of the BD and one of the senses of any of the previous NPs
Results: in only 6 cases there is in WordNet a direct lexical relation between a BD and one of the CFs
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John looked at the HOUSE. The WALL was crumbling.
ARTIFACT
HOUSING BUILDING
HOUSE HOME ROOM
WALL FLOOR
IS-A IS-A
IS-AIS-A PART-OF
PART-OF PART-OF
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SOLUZIONE: ACQUISIZIONE LESSICALE
Parziale (aggiungi informazioni a WordNet, specialmente per domini specialistici)
Totale (crei un nuovo lessico a partire da zero)
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LETTURE
Jackson, cap. 6.7 Marello, cap. 5.5 C. Fellbaum. WordNet: An electronic
lexical database. MIT Press, 1998 cap. 1