i

Chapter title  iProject:New Business Models for Sustainable Trading Relationships

Series:Topic Brief Series

Author:Shaun Ferris

Information and communication technologies for development

ii

This paper is part of a publication series generated by the New Business Models for Sustainable Trading Relationships project. The partners in the four-year project – the Sustainable Food Laboratory, Rainforest Alliance, the International Institute for Environment and Development, the International Center for Tropical Agriculture, and Catholic Relief Services – are working together to develop, pilot, and learn from new business models of trading relationships between small-scale producers and formal markets. By working in partnership with business and looking across a diversity of crop types and market requirements – fresh horticulture, processed vegetables, pulses, certified coffee and cocoa – the collaboration aims to synthesize learning about how to increase access, benefits, and stability for small-scale producers while generating consistent and reliable supplies for buyers.

For further information see: www.sustainablefoodlab.org/projects/ag-and-development and http://www.linkingworlds.org/

Please contact Shaun Ferris at Shaun.Ferris@crs.org at if you have any questions or comments.

ISBN 978-1-84369-847-0

Available to download at www.iied.org/pubs

©International Institute for Environment and Development/Sustainable Food Lab 2012

All rights reserved

Shaun Ferris works for the agriculture team within the program quality department of the Catholic Relief Services. His main areas of work for on linking poor farmers to markets. This work includes developing training materials and integrating ICT opportunities into program work.

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Chapter title  1Information and communication technologies for development

Table of contents

Executive summary ��������������������������2

1. The ICT transformation in emergency and development programs ���������������������4How is ICT innovation working in the

developing world? ����������������������� 5

2. How is ICT being used in agricultural development? ����������������������������� 7Does market information lead to increased

income? ������������������������������� 12

3. How affordable and appropriate are ICT services in the development of agriculture? ������������������������������ 14

Conclusion ���������������������������������� 18

References ��������������������������������� 34

2 Information and communication technologies for development

2

New ways of using IT technologies and communication systems are transforming lives across the world. There had been concerns that the digital divide was accelerating the global class structure, creating wider gaps between the haves and have-nots. If this was the case 10 years ago, the recent changes in mobile subscriptions alone have significantly closed that gap. Mobile services are a reality in virtually all corners of the world. For many millions of smallholder farmers and traders, mobiles phones have become an essential “tool of the trade”, strengthening existing business ties and opening up new opportunities with huge reductions in transaction times and cost.

This paper asks “How is information and communication technology (ICT) being used in agricultural development?” It outlines, using case study examples, how ICT applications for the agriculture sector range from the highly-sophisticated, fully-integrated chain-wide agri-business service packages used by the most commercial farmers, down to basic voice and text messaging that is being used very effectively by less resourced smallholder farmers and traders for all stages of the food production process: harvesting, processing, logistics to sales and marketing. To take advantage of this marketplace, the private sector, NGOs and governments are investing in a range of new tools to link farmers with assets, services and markets.

Five years ago, most ICT services for agriculture were confined to the top segment of farmers. The rapid rise in ICT technologies is now spreading into the smallholder agriculture sector and being used by a growing number of agricultural companies, development organizations, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and farmers.

Despite the massive uptake of mobile phones by agricultural producers, there are few quantitative studies that provide hard evidence of a link between technology and poverty reduction. Those studies that have explored this, however, found that farmer access to market information through radio, mobile phones and internet resulted in higher farm-gate prices and a better bargaining position with local traders.

To make good on the promise of ICT transformation, however, the paper suggests that organizations from the public and private sectors will need to create new types of partnerships and business networks with the millions of smallholder farmers in the developing world. Some general recommendations for ensuring these technologies contribute to sustainable and equitable development include:

• Promote investment policies that give communications companies incentives to cross subsidize investments from higher profit areas to expand infrastructure into less commercial rural areas.

• Support income levies within the commercial communications markets so that a percentage of profit is made available for public goods services.

• In more remote areas combine wireless technologies with electrical power sources that can be used by communities to support other vital sectors, such as health and education.

• Promote and support the development of content in local languages to improve the accessibility and inclusiveness of ICT applications.

Executive summary

3

• Support adult literacy and numeracy programs in rural areas to expand access and use of ICT-based services to low income, more marginal areas.

• Promote and facilitate the establishment of broad public–private partnerships in the implementation of projects that support both public services and less commercial areas.

• Promote use of, and investment in, open source technology, so that developers and users are not constrained by licensing issues.

Mobile services are a reality in virtually all corners of the world. For many millions of smallholder farmers and traders, mobiles phones have become an essential “tool of the trade”

4

1The ICT transformation in emergency and development programs

Over the past 30 years, the rapid development and integration of information and communication technologies (ICT) has transformed the way we live and do business. From humble beginnings in the 1960s, basic computer and telecommunication systems have revolutionized business operating systems. In the past 20 years the use of computerized systems has infiltrated virtually every sector of modern living across the globe and this revolution is now making its way into the development sector.

Many of the key events that have led to the IT revolution are based upon the maintenance of “Moore’s Law”, which predicts the doubling of computer processing power every 18 months. This has enabled the miniaturization of computing hardware from mainframes to personalized computers (PCs) in the 1970s, the shift from desktop to mobile technologies at the turn of the

century, and most recently the rise of a dazzling array of mobile devices linked to cloud computing1 (Figure 1).

The continued roll out of high-speed connectivity is rapidly creating a wired and wireless society, which is fuelling innovation and supporting our ability to share information and access new services and applications that add value to our lives and business ventures, at ever more affordable rates.

The driving force behind this huge innovation stream for faster, smarter, cheaper and more customized ways of connecting people to information services is the desire we have as individuals, families, groups, networks, firms, corporations and governments to understand our world more clearly, function more efficiently, and boost our skills and creativity.

Figure 1. Changes in technology over the past 50 years

Source: Thomas 2009

1. Cloud computing provides computation, software applications, data access, data management and storage resources online, without requiring cloud users to know the location and other details of the computing infrastructure.

5

The ICT transformation in emergency and development program 5

How is ICT innovation working in the developing world? During the 1980s and 1990s, major corporate, consumer and telecom markets focused on the lucrative markets of industrial nations. However, as growth in these markets flattened off, a combination of leading and new ICT companies turned their attention to the “emerging markets”. Many companies have maintained growth by reselling older technologies into these new markets, often referred to as the bottom of the pyramid (Prahalad 2004). As industrialized nations upgraded and deepened their markets, first generation technologies were repackaged for the rapidly emerging economies of Asia, Latin America and Africa. New companies from the emerging markets further energized the sector with business models that significantly reduced cost and increased access for the lower-income market segments. Frugal innovation has also allowed for mass market opportunities.

The roll out of “leapfrog technologies” in developing countries − whereby low-cost mobile phones are adopted instead of fixed-line telecoms − has led to massive uptake of new technology, which has transformed these societies. According to a recent Accenture and Vodafone report (Vodaphone and Accenture 2011) there are over 3.5 billion mobile connections in Africa, the Middle East, Latin America and the Asia-Pacific region (Figure 2). The current drive for additional connectivity through satellite and fiber optic cables is further accelerating the deployment and integration of mobile and web-based technologies.

How is the technology being used?

In emerging markets, mobile phones are the computing and communication product of choice. Market projections suggest that smart phones or some form of mobile device, such as the tablet,

Figure 2. Mobile cellular subscriptions per 100 inhabitants 2011*

160

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

0 CIS** Europe The Arab World Asia & Pacific Africa Americas States

143.0

119.5

103.3 96.786.7

73.9

53.0

* Estimate**Commonwealth of Independent States

Regions are based on the ITU BDT Regions, see: http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/definitions/regions/index.html

6

6 Information and communication technologies for development

will become the global “point of access” choice (see Figure 3). The convenience and affordability of mobile technology has enabled millions of people in lower-income countries to become connected. The new-found ability to communicate has been particularly important in providing links between rural and urban communities, for family and business counterparts.

For many millions of smallholder farmers and traders, mobile phones have become an essential “tool of the trade”, strengthening existing business ties and opening up new opportunities with huge reductions in transaction time and cost.

For the most part, smallholder farmers and local traders are using their phones within informal networks, and at this time there are few systematic services for rural communities.

As with the industrialized nations, however, the uses, applications and service options based on ICT solutions are rapidly changing as the private sector, NGOs, communities and governments gain more experience with the technology and start to build more effective and affordable services that link urban and rural communities within new types of social and business networks.

This process of social and technology change is both disruptive and innovative, causing many to rethink how people, systems and services can be configured to be faster, cheaper, better, and more equitable.

Figure 3. Global trends in preferred internet gateway device

Source: Giles 2011

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In many emerging economies agriculture remains a major source of employment and income. An expanding and urbanizing global population means there will be continued and growing demand for agricultural products and services. To support an additional two billion people in the next 20–30 years will require raising the productivity of existing land and also bringing more marginal or distant lands into the mainstream agricultural system. This will create significant new opportunities for what are now poor rural communities, but how and when such communities connect into mainstream markets on a regular basis will depend on many factors. However, communications will be an important catalytic factor.

In terms of growth opportunities for agriculture with support from ICT solutions, a recent report from Accenture identified 12 ways in which mobile technologies could increase agricultural income by an estimated US$138 billion across 26 target countries, including developing countries, by 2020 (Vodaphone and Accenture 2011).

Given such incentives, it is not surprising that use of ICT in agriculture is proliferating to capture new market opportunities. Many applications that were built for other areas, such as health or land research, are now being adapted to support other sectors such as agriculture. The result is that thousands of service providers and technology teams are racing to find new applications and new solutions for the farming community. In addition to the technology, these companies also need to figure out successful business models that meet the needs of this emerging customer base and provide profits to the service providers. A critical feature of the ICT marketplace is the pace of

change, its ability to scale up and the prospect of considerable dividends for investors who support the most successful products.

In the agricultural sector, ICT applications range from the highly-sophisticated, fully-integrated chain-wide agri-business service packages used by most commercial farmers, down to basic voice and text messaging that is being used very effectively by less resourced smallholder farmers and traders. To take advantage of this marketplace, the private sector, NGOs and governments are investing in a range of new tools to link farmers with assets, services and markets. Figure 4 shows how different types of information products are being used within various market chains, from the pre-production phase through harvesting, processing, logistics to sales and marketing.

ICT applications being used within agriculture include the following, and the sections which follow give specific examples of some of these uses:

• Voice and text communication

• Research using GPS for locating, targeting, mapping, and tracing of people, assets, products and resources

• Distance learning

• Analytical tools and calculators

• Monitoring and impact analysis

• Financial support via mobile transfers, mobile savings, mobile-investing

• Agricultural market platforms for trading, transfer and barter

2How is ICT being used in agricultural development?

8

8 Information and communication technologies for development

• Chain-wide production, trade and financially-integrated systems

• Appendix A lists many more ICT applications that are being used and adapted by both vendors and users in developing countries to support agricultural production and marketing.

Text communication networks

In 2005, Ken Banks set up a system in South Africa for the authorities to communicate with the public about wildlife conservation issues without relying on the Internet. This system could send, receive, and organize text messages through a

mobile device using only a phone and a laptop. This system transformed into Frontline SMS, which was released as a public open source application in 2008. Since that time, Frontline has been downloaded more than 20,000 times and is being used in 70 countries to help groups of people to organize around a specific theme and share small amounts of information on a regular basis. Frontline SMS is now being used for positive social change in all major sectors with specialized teams supporting the use of Frontline SMS in disaster response, human rights monitoring, community radio, health, education, agriculture and credit.

Figure 4. How ICT applications can be used throughout the food system

Source: World Bank 2011

MODULE 9 — STRENGTHENING AGRICULTURAL MARKETING WITH ICT214

ICT IN AGRICULTURE

Broader and deeper networks. Farmers commu-nicate by phone with traders and farmers outside of their immediate geography as opposed to making a physical trip. The ability to communicate more easily and to triangulate information creates deeper trust in key trading relationships.

Innovative partnerships. For example, partnerships are facilitated and built among groups of producers, or by virtue of direct communication with corporations and traders, or through the ability to supply product based on just-in-time and/or quality needs.

Informed use of inputs. Farmers improve their capacity to raise yields through better use of inputs and/or use of better inputs. They can identify sources of inputs, obtain them more cheaply, and are better able to buy and apply them at the optimal times.

Improved farm business management. Farmers can become better managers through better informa-tion about which inputs to use, new knowledge about grades and standards for produce, and increased interaction with corporations, traders, and other farmers.

Production

Harvesting, primary

processing, andstorage

Transport andlogistics

Sales andmarketing

Pre-productiondecisions based on

accumulatedmarket

knowledge andintelligence Access to inputs

Harvesting datesaffected by

market prices, grades adjusted

on basis of marketinformation

Storage decisions basedon market knowledge and

access and costs ofstorage

Arranging the aggregation of

product &consolidation of

loads

Seeking lower-costtransport and improved

arrangements

Real-time marketresearch and

negotiation

Establish supply,demand, and

prices

Motivated bymarket visits,

phone conversations,

sometimessupported byweb-based

marketintelligence

Mainly phonecontact,

increasing SMS-based inputadvice and

promotion, pluse-vouchers for

subsidies

Mainly real-time

market research on cell phones

Real-timemarket

research oncell phoneswith some

supportthrough

web-basedmarket

intelligence

Mainlyfacilitated bycell phones,some cell

phone appsbeing

developed tosupport theprocesses

Organizedby cell

phone, withsome

assistancefrom web-

based market

intelligence

Real-timemarket

researchby phone,supported

by SMS andweb-based

marketprice

services

Mainlycell-phone

basedconver-sations

FIGURE 9.5: ICT Inputs to Marketing Along the Agricultural Value Chain

Source: Authors.

8285-Module9.indd 214 11/10/11 2:04 PM

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How is ICT being used in agricultural development?  9

Mapping products and resources

Although GPS has been around for more than 20 years, the release of Google Earth in 2004 brought the ideas of global positioning systems (GPS) into everyday life. The world suddenly had a relatively simple map that could be used by millions to link data about people, project activities and assets to a dynamic visual presentation. Many companies are engaged in developing a package of GPS-mapping, mobile phone survey instruments that are linked to cloud computing analytics. This is a powerful combination of technologies, which enables data aggregators to administer surveys or gather information in remote areas, use the cellphone system to record the location of the data source and then synchronize this information into an online database.

A more sophisticated use of spatial data use and analysis is provided by the HarvestChoice team from the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). This team has built a series of spatial datasets that study agricultural production for staple food crops and linked this with poverty mapping and food security. The datasets and

associated analytical tools are used to generate strategic, policy-oriented information about the potential payoffs from interventions designed to enhance the productivity of smallholder farming systems. In one study they evaluated production levels of poor smallholder farmers in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). The simulation shown in Figure 5 maps the area of land allocated to maize, the production levels in low input conditions and the crop response under intensified conditions (where fertilizer and hybrid seed are used).

Results for maize farmers in SSA, shown below, indicate that, without further intensification, only 15 per cent of current maize growing areas have the potential to reliably produce more than 3 tonnes per hectare (t/ha), a yield level required to sustain the cereal needs of a typical smallholder household (Figure 5, Map 1). However, with well-managed intensification, up to 82 per cent of the current maize area shows the potential to reliably support the 3 t/ha household needs. This type of analysis is being used by researchers, donors and increasingly by governments and NGOs to make investment and project design decisions in agriculture and set monitoring targets

Figure 5. Mapping maize yield potentials

Map 1. Maize area with > 3 t/ha in majority of Map 2. Maize area with > 3 t/ha in majority ofyears under low-input (green areas) years under high-input (green areas)

Source: Harvest Choice Labs. Available at http://labs.harvestchoice.org/2011/08/yield-reliability-room-for-improvement/

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10 Information and communication technologies for development

for the likely gains that could be achieved through implementation of such policies and investments. At present these meta level of analyses provide more strategic and policy level information, but in the near future, this type of information will be integrated with local ICT based technologies, so that more customized recommendations will be available to farmers.

Distance learning

A critical barrier to change in any system is having access to information that allows people to learn about new technologies, and also learn new skills so that they can use these technologies. The education gap is a major challenge for many poor countries that are seeking growth opportunities. In the past 20 years there has been a massive global push to support the rights to education. However, the scale of the education gap is

daunting and with continually growing populations there is a persistent resource battle to reach this unlettered, innumerate population. In the countries of Mali, Burkina Faso and Niger, less than 30 per cent of the population is literate.

One of the options for reaching millions of students at affordable rates is to use ICT. There are many options from basic literacy methods available on a cellphone (Aker 2011) to sophisticated “learning management systems” (LMS) which support a teacher to set up a virtual classroom, load course materials and enroll students. The students read or “interact” with the course materials, many of which now use multi-media formats. The students take quizzes to test their levels of comprehension of the lessons and take exercises to test their ability to use the knowledge.

Figure 6 shows a screen from a Catholic Relief Service (CRS) course on agricultural marketing

Figure 6. Screen from a CRS distance learning marketing course

Source: Screensaver from Catholic Relief Services.

11

How is ICT being used in agricultural development?  11

basics used as part of the training materials to support field agents in learning about buying and selling agricultural goods.

Teachers can talk with students using phone or email on a regular basis in one-on-one sessions to support the virtual classes.

Virtual learning tools are now widely used in higher education classes and there are an increasing number of courses offered through Virtual schools and universities. The virtual learning environment is attractive, in that courses can be standardized to meet specific learning goals, the courses can be initiated by students at any time, which reduces costs and enables students to work to their own timetable.

Within the development realm, there is a considerable effort to provide distance learning tools for basic education, but also to provide training to project and partner staff. Companies such as Agilix (www.agilix.com) are working with NGOs to build distance learning capability, which will allow course participants in projects overseas to work on courses. This can be done in remote offline situations, with students only having to go online to exchange questions and test scores with supervisors. Similarly, Google has created the Moodle online open source LMS, and the occasionally connected Poodle LMS to support distance learning in remote locations.

Analytical tools and calculators

To support the needs of individual farmers and farmer groups, there is also an emerging trend in “applications” that can be used to analyze specific farm options. The International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) is building an application to provide farmers with fertilizer recommendations. This application will be deployed on a tablet or phone and used by an extension agent or loan agent to provide specific farm fertilizer recommendations for rice. The system works through a short questionnaire, and a powerful online, cloud-based analytical system uses the farm data to generate a custom recommendation.

IRRI plans to extend the service by building a Rice Doctor application that assists extension agents to diagnose problems with farmers in their fields and provide customized recommendations. This approach is being adopted by a number of the international agricultural research centers (www.cgiar.org) as a means of disseminating agricultural knowledge more widely to the farming community.

CRS is field testing a basic business planning tool and profitability calculator: Farmbook. This enables field agents to register farmers, and build business plans and evaluate the profitability of specific products in their business plans. This tool also provides customized business information to an individual farmer or a farmer group, and helps farmers to make more informed decisions on which crops to grow and where to sell their products. There is likely to be a major proliferation of such farmer-focused calculators in the future, especially when farmers start to buy more sophisticated phones with dataplans and are prepared to pay small amounts of money for specific, localized responses. These applications will enable farmers seeking certain types of information to download a related application and fill in a data form. This will set in motion a process of online data analysis online, which will then send a tailor-made recommendation to the farmer.

Agricultural market platforms for trading, transfer and barter

To support farmer decision making, many countries have developed market information services. However, the success of these systems has been mixed and in many cases, services that were government funded have ceased to operate due to poor performance. To fill this vacuum, private sector companies are developing online and mobile based market information services.

Esoko is one of the pioneer mobile based market information services (MIS), and this company is developing a suite of marketing tools that enable farmers to access commodity market prices in all the major markets in a country, make offers and bids and also ask questions to a helpline. Esoko is developing services to support farmers through

12

12 Information and communication technologies for development

weather alerts and transport links, and by enabling farmers to set up personalized alerts.

Studies of the Esoko market information platform found that traders of agricultural goods in countries such as Ghana now spend up to 30 per cent of their disposable income on phone calls seeking new trade information and new linkages with partners, suppliers and buyers (Asihene and Jouanard 2009). Market surveys and econometric studies have shown that improved access to commodity price information is improving market integration within countries, and reducing price volatility as better price discovery is making buying and selling more efficient.

Does market information lead to increased income? There are many qualitative studies which have found that farmers who use mobile phones to access market prices are able to negotiate with traders more effectively for better prices. These farmers make more informed marketing decisions about what to grow and in which market to sell, and focus group studies reveal that farmers are using their newly found access to market information on their phones, to record trends in market prices and make speculative decisions on storage and sales.

Despite the massive uptake of mobile phones by agricultural producers, there are few quantitative studies that provide hard evidence of a link between technology and poverty reduction. One study (Jensen 2007) describes how fishermen in Kerala, India, were using mobile phones to increase their incomes. Prior to mobile phones, these fishermen caught and sold their fish in home markets, on a first-come-first-sell basis. This system suffered from high price volatility and considerable waste, as fuel costs meant that fishermen who could not sell their fish at the first market were forced to dump their goods. Phones enabled fishermen to call into the markets whilst at sea and arrange sales before committing to a market. Jensen found that after the introduction of mobile phones, 35 per cent of fishermen sold in new markets, which dramatically reduced price volatility and minimized waste (Figure 7).

As a result of more efficient markets, fishermen’s profits rose by 8 per cent on average and consumer prices fell by 4 per cent on average. These higher profits paid for the phones within two months, while the benefits are long-lasting, rather than one-off. As Jensen concluded, “Information makes markets work, and markets improve welfare,” and clearly technology played a key role enabling the right types of communication.

Figure 7. Changes in fish price volatility with the use of mobile phones in Kerala.

Source: Jensen 2007

MODULE 3 — ANYTIME, ANYWHERE: MOBILE DEVICES AND SERVICES AND THEIR IMPACT ON AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT54

ICT IN AGRICULTURE

Lowering the Costs of Information

The most obvious and cross-cutting way that mobile phones can improve agriculture is by improving access to informa-tion and making it less costly to obtain. In many rural areas, the arrival of mobile coverage is a radical change in the nature of the information ecosystem. Although simply hav-ing more information is not sufficient to make advantageous decisions (other resources may be needed to implement them), it is a necessary step toward access to knowledge.

Transaction costs are present throughout agricultural value chains, from initial decisions about whether and what to plant, to all of the operations during the growing cycle, harvesting, postharvest and processing operations, and sell-ing (to intermediaries, consumers, processors, exporters).

These costs can account for a large share of the cost of a farm enterprise.

In a study that compared transaction costs throughout an extended period, 15.2 percent of the total cost of farming was transactional, and of that, 70 percent was informational (as opposed to, say, the cost of transporting crops to market). Undertaken in Sri Lanka, where an inconsistent subsidy on fer-tilizer introduces considerable uncertainty, the study found that 53 percent of the informational transaction costs were incurred during the growing season, when farmers were attempting to ascertain fertilizer costs. As shown in figure 3.2, another 24 percent were incurred during the initial decision to plant or not, while only 9 percent of the costs related to information were incurred during the selling stage, where studies typically

Cell Phone Impact on Fish Marketing (SW India)

0.2

.4.6

.81

2 pc

t_ph

one

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250

Survey Week

Survey week

Survey Week

% w

ith p

hone

02

46

810

12

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250

Pric

e (R

s./k

g)

0.0

5.1

.15

.2.2

5

2 pc

t_ha

s_w

aste

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250

% fi

sher

men

with

was

te

Cell phones purchased

Reduced volatility and increased average price

Fish wastage 5–8%

Fish wastage reduced to zero

REGION IIPhones Added

REGION IIPhones Added

Source: Jensen 2007.

BOX 3.2: continued

8285-Module3.indd 54 11/10/11 2:01 PM

13

How is ICT being used in agricultural development?  13

Another study from India (Goyal 2010) compared prices that farmers in Madhya Pradesh obtained when selling soybeans through regulated traditional markets with a network of 1,600 Internet kiosks (e-Choupals) set up by the International Trading Company (ITC).

Goyal showed that farmers’ prices increased from 1–5 per cent when they had access to a wider range of market information at the e-choupal locations. The additional farm income from soybeans in Madhya Pradesh was estimated at about US$ 10–20 million per year. This income gain was a transfer from traders to producers as a result of producers’ greater market knowledge and improved strength in negotiation.

More detailed studies also found that farmer access to market information through radio, mobile phones and Internet resulted in higher farm-gate prices, a result that supports the hypothesis that market information improves farmers’ relative bargaining position with local traders (Svensson and Yanagizawa 2009). The result was consistent with qualitative evidence based on interviews with farmers in who received market information, which found that farmers who regularly used market information were able to gain a 12–15 per cent increase in sales prices compared with farmers who were not using this information technology. Their findings were also confirmed in another study (Subervie 2011) which found that farmers using an Esoko mobile market information system increased their income by 10 per cent when using data received from Esoko to support their business process and sales negotiation.

Integrated chain-wide systems

Within every developing country there are a number of developed country commercial agricultural operators who sell their goods into local, regional and international markets. Although the number of these fully commercial farmers is currently low, in places like sub-Saharan Africa they are using highly sophisticated ICT packages to support their planning, production, logistics and financial dealings. To support their needs a handful of companies has built data management systems that help these firms to optimize their operations along the value chain.

Muddy Boots has developed a number of products, including “QuickFire” and “Greenlight” (see Appendix A), that are used by these large commercial farming operators and exporters, such as Unilever, to manage produce sourcing from thousands of smallholder farmers. These sophisticated products allow users to track information on finance, logistics and food safety compliance along the entire value chain. This helps businesses address fundamental business, food safety and sustainability issues.

Another example that is focused on supporting smallholder integration within value chains is Cropster (see Appendix A), which is mainly working in the specialty coffee sector. Cropster seeks to support stakeholders in the whole supply chain by providing specialized information resources for coffee producers, roasters and distributors. The company provides high level analytics for each of the players in the chain, enabling them to upgrade their existing practices, but also to share their knowledge with their value chain partners in ways that helps optimize the entire chain-wide business model.

14

Five years ago, most ICT services for agriculture were confined to the top segment of farmers (Figure 8). These highly sophisticated farmers are found in virtually all “developing countries” and they have access to the same ICT tools as their counterparts in industrialized countries. These farmers benefit from chain-wide ICT systems that integrate production forecasting, financing, logistics and food safety / traceability systems.

NGOs use ICT technologies to support their internal financial and management systems, but up until recently had few field-based systems to support their local partners and the community-based clients. Similarly, governments have invested in a number of in pilot projects with ICT, but at this point in time few have scaled up practical applications in agriculture.

However, based on the previous information, it can be seen that the rapid rise in ICT technologies is now spreading into the smallholder agriculture sector and is being used by a growing number of agricultural companies, development organizations, NGOs and farmers. Within the last two to three years agricultural service providers, facilitators and investors have entered a period of multiple technology development and testing programs. Few agencies doubt the value of ICTs — the challenge is finding what works, where, what is reliable and how services can be integrated within sustainable business models.

During this testing and roll-out period, many are asking how relevant the ICT technologies are to the poorer farmers shown in Figure 8.

3How affordable and appropriate are ICT services in the development of agriculture?

Figure 8. Maize farmer segmentation in East and Southern Africa

Source: Sitko et al 2011

Top 1–2% of commercial farmers who produced up to 50% of the traded grain

20–30% of farmers who are market neutral (weather dependent)

30–50% of farmers who are net buyers

Vulnerable but viable

Commercial smallholders

15–18% of smallholders who sell the bulk of the other 50% of traded grain

Vulnerable farmers

Highly vulnerable poor (ultra poor)

15

How affordable and appropriate are ICT services in the development of agriculture?  15

The few surveys that have evaluated ICT use show that second tier farmers, i.e. smallholders who regularly sell a part of their produce into the market, now commonly use mobile phones to link with service providers and build relationships with their buyers. This farmer segment includes the better endowed smallholder farmers who are likely to lead in the use of new ICT applications and pay for such services.

The third and fourth-order farmers, who make up the bulk of smallholder farmers in developing countries, have increasing access to mobile phone technology, but many are yet to use the technology for their commercial activities. These

farming families, however, make up the bulk of the unbanked rural community and they are increasingly using mobile money to receive funds from family members (Box 1). The literate farmers will be starting to use text messages for things like market information and as their phones become more sophisticated, they will start to receive more service offers, to support their farming needs.

The very poorest farmers will also benefit from linking into the ICT world; mobile money and e-voucher offers are available from government or development agencies to help them intensify their production or gain access food resources in difficult times (Box 1).

Box 1. Mobile money: a high-tech solution for cash-strapped communities

The M-Pesa (M for mobile, pesa is Swahili for money) financial service was first introduced in Kenya in 2007, where the service has become the main way of sending millions of small cash transfers from urban centers to rural communities. The service allows users to deposit money into an account stored on their cell phones and send balances using SMS technology to other users, who could redeem these deposits for regular money. In its first two years of operation M-Pesa reached nearly 40 percent of the adult Kenyan population. The M-Pesa service now operates in several countries, has more than 15,000 agents and supports over 9 million users. By facilitating the safe storage and transfer of money, it supports mass remittance flows and helps local trade, by making it easier to pay people with security, and to receive secure and rapid payment for goods and services.

For many millions of Kenyans, the ability to safely and almost instantly transfer funds to family members, friends and business partners, is a massive social change. This method is not only being used to support the financial and food security of social networks, it is also being used as a public network method to support people’s food security needs, by transferring funds to buy food.

A similar system is being used in Zambia to disseminate “e-vouchers” to farmers (Sibanda 2010). Farmers who register receive prepaid mobile phone vouchers worth about US$ 50 to purchase inputs from agro-dealers. Farmer organizations may be able to develop similar arrangements with input suppliers. The World Food Programme has also used a similar system with scratch cards that enable food aid recipients to access their food rations from warehouses or local vendors in the scheme.

Source: World Bank 2011

16

16 Information and communication technologies for development

Standardizing ICT products

At this point, there are few standardized off-the-shelf ICT products to support poor, smallholder farmers. However, there are many development groups and companies creating new applications to offer the development community. It is difficult to identify winners or standard applications at this time as the dust from creating and using new products is yet to settle. The development community is currently navigating through a somewhat chaotic period of ICT proliferation as would-be providers attempt to build and configure the right technology mix, at the right price, to meet the diverse needs of the agricultural sector. However, as services start to mature, NGOs and governments will invest in successful applications and rural communities in emerging economies will benefit from access to a more consolidated list of technology options; and those with a proven track record. It will be these technologies that will be scaled up to provide widespread improvements in natural resource use and market efficiency.

The result of this process will be to give farmers a better understanding of their production and market opportunities, and there will be a growth of community networks which will use information technology to link themselves into more robust and lucrative business relationships. NGO agencies will support this process by facilitating the development of effective rural social networks. In the future this will materialize into providing millions of clients with distance learning materials and services to build the capacity of local service providers and clients. Improved information tools will also provide service providers and investors with the ability to survey, analyze, characterize and map project areas and client options more quickly and effectively.

Democratizing development?

An important outcome from this new ICT-enabled ability to communicate, share and analyze information will be a general democratization of the development process in agriculture and other sectors, as client communities use the technologies to gain more voice in the development process. The ability to locate and interact with people in need may have profound effects on the way we invest in the relief and development domain. It is also likely that new types of investors will emerge as a result of being able to access remote rural communities more readily.

For the non-profit and for-profit investors who are seeking more direct channeling of funds, the right set of ICT systems will allow investors to:

• communicate directly with beneficiaries, clients and their local support service providers;

• invest in one-to-one, one-to-many, or joint investment opportunities to support a specific relief need or development goal;

• share information quickly with clients and service providers,

• transmit vouchers and or cash to people, communities and potential business partners with very low transaction costs;

• monitor progress of their investments in near real time; and

• earn interest against development loans.

Donors are already testing new ways of providing food and input support to community members via phone based e-vouchers and mobile money. In emergencies people can send funds via their mobile phones to local charities. There is a growing number of internet portals, such as Kiva and MyC4, who offer micro-investors the ability to invest in small business ventures.

17

How affordable and appropriate are ICT services in the development of agriculture?  17

Kiva and MyC4 allow charitable investors and philanthropic micro-venture capitalists to give or lend small amounts of capital, for example from US $20 to $500, to support entrepreneurs. The donations or loans are based on a portfolio of online business plans. The Kiva model works on the principle of providing loan options through micro-finance institutes (MFIs). An MFI will bundle a number of local business plans and then access Kiva funds to support the loans – there is no interest given to the investor. MyC4 has taken this one step further by providing a return on the investment and provides a clearer one-to-one relationship between investors and entrepreneurs. The rapid increase in mobile money transactions will lead to an expansion of these types of models.

Through this process, local civil society groups will receive more funding, and as their capacity matures they will take on more facilitation work, with less intervention from external agencies. We can also expect an increase in direct funding to communities and individuals who can express their needs. This will accelerate funding options, but it will also bring greater responsibilities to the recipients and will require that they learn how to manage these resources effectively and show investment progress.

Supporting the development sector

The ICT revolution is also changing how the existing relief and development sector works. To support the development sector, a new initiative has been formed called Nethope (www.nethope.org/). Nethope is a consortium of NGOs working with the ICT industry to promote web-based and mobile applications that support both relief and development programs. A recent Nethope initiative is the humanitarian marketplace, which is a portal designed to help NGOs access a range of new applications for testing. The site will allow for ratings and expert analysis on the usefulness of a select number of services. Nethope is also seeking to help the NGO community aggregate demand for certain applications and products to support bulk purchase and reduced costs for NetHope members.

Other initiatives that are helping to raise the profile of new ICT applications include the microLINKS portal (www.microlinks.org/ev_en.php) and Global Broadband portal (agriculture.gbiportal.net). Both of these initiatives are supported by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), with the aim of providing development agencies with a constant flow of information about new ICT opportunities and about how projects are adapting technologies and processes to accelerate development impact.

18

The agricultural development sector is on the edge of an exciting but disruptive period that is being brought about through the application of new ICT processes and applications. From our early vantage point we have already seen a dazzling rate of change. There are a number of reports being released which show the potential of mobile and other digital products, and there is increasing evidence outlined in reports such as the World Bank annual InfoDev Report on ICT4AG.

To make good on the promise of ICT transformation, however, many organizations from both the public and private sectors will need to create new types of partnerships and business networks with the millions of smallholder farmers in the developing world. The following section lists some recommendations that may help to support greater use if ICT by development agencies and poor farming communities.

Given the rapid changing context and organic growth in the ITC4D sector, policy recommendations often have short-term relevance, but we list some policy recommendations to support better and more equitable access and rural development as follows:

• Promote investment policies that give communications companies incentives to cross-subsidize investments from higher profit areas to expand infrastructure into less commercial rural areas. Telecommunication companies have experienced extraordinary levels of profits with the deployment of wireless technologies in developing countries. As part of the contractual agreements, regulators should work with

telecom providers to establish measures and incentives whereby, profits from the more lucrative urban areas are re-invested to provide basic coverage in the more remote rural areas; such that business success is combined with social equity, to provide the less endowed with access to modern services.

• In more remote areas combine wireless technologies with electrical power sources that can be used by communities to support other vital sectors, such as health and education. Many remote wireless stations and masts are located off the national electrical grid and are powered by generators. However, a large part of the energy generated is not used by the communications systems and could be used to support local power needs for vital services such as maintaining vaccine viability for people and animals, battery charging for local communications devices etc. Companies should work with local communities to manage such resources in ways that engage and support local community needs.

• Support income levies within the commercial communications markets so that a percentage of profit is made available for public goods services. To support greater access of ICT and targeting of services to the poorer communities, governments should identify telecommunications levies of 1 per cent of annual profit which should be set aside to finance public goods services, such as health messaging, market information and emergency alerts for marginal communities.

Conclusion

19

Conclusion  19

• Promote and support the development of content in local languages to improve the accessibility and inclusiveness of ICT applications. Cultural diversity of language is highest in more remote areas and greater efforts should be made to support communities in their local languages and dialects.

• Support adult literacy and numeracy programs in rural areas to expand access and usage of ICT based services to low-income, more marginal areas. Local language content will improve the accessibility and inclusiveness of ICT applications. It can also serve as an opportunity to capture and record local practices and knowledge.

• Promote and facilitate the establishment of broad public-private partnerships (PPP) in the implementation of projects that support both public services and less commercial areas. Both public and private actors are integrating a range of ICTs in agricultural value chains and collaboration between these partners can reduce costs and help extend the benefits to a greater number of individuals. The value of public-private partnerships for development-based ICT cannot be overemphasized. Developing new technologies is expensive and any service needs to be continually upgraded to stay relevant to the customer and functionally viable within the network options.

Working in this highly dynamic area offers new opportunity for greater public-private collaboration and, for many, services, scale and affordable systems will only be possible through such joint efforts. This process of PPP not only applies to government and private sector initiatives, but also to NGO and private sector initiatives. Blue skies research is required, and it is encouraging that some of the major technology companies such as Intel, Google and Microsoft are investing in pilot projects and technology teams, such as Open Data Kit, to provide the ground work needed to build more sustainable and innovative development based applications and services.

• Promote use of, and investment in, open source technology, which offers development communities and users the ability to work with and use applications that are not as constrained by licensing issues as the products released through more formal commercial channels.

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ctor

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ease

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les

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obi

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i.net

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arke

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sign

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MS

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rmat

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ned

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am o

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ket r

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put s

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rices

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23

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vice

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ket

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G

hana

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ovid

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tern

et

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ate

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pani

es,

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ernm

ents

, N

GO

’s, i

n B

urki

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aso,

Iv

ory

Coa

st,

Gha

na,

Mad

agas

car,

Mal

awi,

Mal

i, N

iger

ia a

nd

Sud

an.

Ena

bles

org

aniz

atio

ns to

pro

vide

m

arke

t inf

orm

atio

n se

rvic

es, s

uch

as s

pot p

rices

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ut p

rices

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s an

d of

fers

, wea

ther

and

pr

oduc

tion

info

rmat

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to

prod

ucer

net

wor

ks v

ia th

eir

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ile p

hone

. Pro

duce

rs th

at a

re

asso

ciat

ed in

to n

etw

orks

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ch

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onal

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rmat

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tes

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t opt

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ices

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ther

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ates

, pe

st a

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isea

se fo

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sts,

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oduc

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tes.

Ser

vice

can

targ

et

info

rmat

ion

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elec

ted

user

s, (f

arm

ers

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trad

ers)

and

bui

ld a

bu

sine

ss m

odel

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und

a 2

way

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mun

icat

ion

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em.

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ers

rece

ivin

g re

gula

r m

arke

t inf

orm

atio

n im

prov

e th

eir n

etw

orki

ng a

nd p

rice

nego

tiatin

g sk

ills.

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is in

crea

ses

thei

r sal

es

pric

es, i

mpr

oved

dec

isio

n m

akin

g, s

uch

as w

hat t

o gr

ow,

whe

re to

sel

l, ho

w to

tran

spor

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w m

uch

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ggre

gate

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ctor

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duce

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ansa

ctio

n co

sts

and

incr

ease

sa

les

reve

nues

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obi

ww

w.m

anob

i.net

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anob

i, is

ph

one

base

d m

arke

t in

form

atio

n se

rvic

e de

sign

to

sup

port

+$

2 a

day

farm

ers,

in

natio

nal e

xpor

t m

arke

ts.

Are

as o

f op

erat

ion

Sen

egal

, Mal

i, Iv

ory

Coa

st,

Nig

er.

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obi h

as d

evel

oped

a ra

nge

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mob

ile a

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eb-b

ased

ap

plic

atio

ns fo

cuse

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prov

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valu

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ains

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rmer

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ck m

arke

t pr

ices

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r mob

ile p

hone

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MS

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MS

, or m

obile

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tern

et.

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rmat

ion

is d

esig

ned

for

low

lite

racy

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in

form

atio

n is

upd

ated

by

a te

am o

f mar

ket r

esea

rche

rs

who

map

and

ent

er it

into

th

eir m

obile

pho

nes.

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obi c

laim

s th

at th

e in

com

e of

gum

gro

wer

s us

ing

the

_GIS

+

T2M

pla

tform

hav

e in

crea

sed

by 4

0-5

0%

and

that

farm

ers

usin

g T2

M h

ave

doub

led

thei

r in

com

e.

AM

ISTS

AR

egio

nal

Agr

icul

tura

l inp

ut

mar

ket i

nfor

mat

ion

syst

emw

ww

.am

itsa.

org

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pute

r with

in

tern

et to

load

in

form

atio

n on

in

put s

uppl

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form

atio

n pl

atfo

rm, l

inke

d w

ith c

lient

s vi

a ba

sic

mob

ile

phon

es a

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r co

mpu

ter.

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duce

rs w

ho

wan

t to

acce

ss /

buy

agric

ultu

ral

inpu

ts.

Sys

tem

atiz

ed in

form

atio

n re

sour

ce th

at p

rovi

des

farm

ers

with

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rmat

ion

rega

rdin

g in

put

type

s, p

rices

, and

nea

rest

sou

rce

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vaila

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ervi

ce p

rovi

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farm

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with

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rmat

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low

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tify

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ure

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ks, t

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gh p

rovi

sion

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24

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ICT

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e U

SA

that

cre

ates

web

and

mob

ile

soft

war

e to

ben

efit N

GO

s,

gove

rnm

ents

, res

earc

hers

, and

bu

sine

sses

wor

ldw

ide.

Epi

Sur

veyo

r let

s an

yone

cr

eate

an

acco

unt,

desi

gn

form

s, d

ownl

oad

them

to

phon

es, a

nd s

tart

co

llect

ing

data

in m

inut

es,

for f

ree.

Bei

ng u

sed

by U

SA

ID, C

DC

, W

HO

, Wor

ld B

ank,

Red

C

ross

, Uni

cef,

John

Sno

w,

Inte

rnat

iona

l Res

cue,

U

NE

SC

O. A

war

d w

inne

r 20

12

Com

pute

r Wor

ld H

onor

s La

urea

te.

CO

SA

Com

mitt

ee

on s

usta

inab

ility

as

sess

men

tht

tp:/

/sus

tain

able

co

mm

oditi

es.o

rg/

cosa

Onl

ine

M&

E /

impa

ct d

ata

man

agem

ent

and

anal

ytic

s se

rvic

e, th

at

user

s ca

n ac

cess

thro

ugh

an o

nlin

e ac

coun

t.

Pro

duce

rs a

nd

com

pani

es

seek

ing

capa

city

fo

r lar

ge s

cale

m

onito

ring

and

eval

uatio

n sy

stem

s. T

his

met

hod

was

in

itial

ly d

esig

ned

to p

rovi

de M

&E

su

ppor

t for

ce

rtifi

catio

n sc

hem

es, w

ith

faci

litat

ors

and

farm

er g

roup

s.

CO

SA

is a

non

-pro

fit c

onso

rtiu

m

of in

stitu

tions

dev

elop

ing

inde

pend

ent m

easu

rem

ent t

ools

to

ana

lyze

soc

ial,

envi

ronm

enta

l an

d ec

onom

ic im

pact

s of

ag

ricul

tura

l pra

ctic

es, p

artic

ular

ly

thos

e w

ith s

usta

inab

ility

pr

ogra

ms.

CO

SA

has

4

com

pone

nts:

1. S

urve

y B

uild

er c

apac

ity2.

Dat

a ga

ther

ing

proc

esse

s us

ing

on/o

ff-lin

e ga

ther

ing

soft

war

e)3.

Dat

abas

e w

ith o

ptio

ns fo

r br

oad

acce

ss fo

r sta

tistic

al

prog

ram

s4.

Por

tal f

or d

isse

min

atio

n of

dat

a w

ith th

e In

tern

atio

nal T

rade

C

ente

r.

CO

SA

offe

rs a

n im

pact

an

alys

is to

ol k

it, w

ith

cust

omiz

ed s

uppo

rt

serv

ices

to b

uild

and

refin

e su

rvey

inst

rum

ents

, ass

ist

with

indi

cato

r sel

ectio

n an

d as

sist

with

the

desi

gn o

f ba

sic

data

base

de

velo

pmen

t. Th

e C

OS

A

team

is a

imin

g to

offe

r loc

al

com

pany

sup

port

in

deve

lopi

ng c

ount

ries

and

cons

ulta

ncy

supp

ort f

or

data

ana

lysi

s an

d st

orag

e.

The

tool

s de

velo

ped

by th

e C

OS

A p

roje

ct a

re a

pplic

able

to

a d

iver

se ra

nge

of

com

mod

ity s

uppl

y ch

ains

and

re

gion

s gl

obal

ly.

• Cof

fee

wor

k co

nduc

ted

in:

Col

ombi

a, G

uate

mal

a,

Tanz

ania

, Hon

dura

s, K

enya

, P

eru,

Cos

ta R

ica,

and

Vie

tnam

.• C

ocoa

: Gha

na a

nd C

ôte

d’Iv

oire

.• T

ea, C

otto

n, P

alm

Oil,

and

S

oy a

re fo

rthc

omin

g.

25

25Dat

a co

llect

ion,

ana

lytic

al s

ervi

ces,

impa

ct e

valu

atio

n

ICT

solu

tion

Tech

nolo

gy

requ

irem

ents

Targ

et u

ser

Wha

t it d

oes

Adv

anta

geIm

pact

Epi

sur

veyo

r w

ww

.epi

surv

eyor

.or

g/u

ser/

ww

w.d

atad

yne.

org

Mob

ile p

hone

for

surv

ey in

puts

an

d co

mpu

ters

fo

r dat

a do

wnl

oads

and

an

alys

is.

Focu

s on

hea

lth

serv

ices

, sin

ce

2003

, G

over

nmen

ts,

NG

Os,

re

sear

cher

s,

busi

ness

es, a

nd

othe

rs h

ave

used

D

ataD

yne

for

mob

ile d

ata

colle

ctio

n,

anal

ysis

, re

port

ing,

and

co

mm

unic

atio

ns.

Dat

aDyn

e is

a s

ocia

l bus

ines

s ba

sed

in K

enya

, Chi

le, a

nd th

e U

SA

that

cre

ates

web

and

mob

ile

soft

war

e to

ben

efit N

GO

s,

gove

rnm

ents

, res

earc

hers

, and

bu

sine

sses

wor

ldw

ide.

Epi

Sur

veyo

r let

s an

yone

cr

eate

an

acco

unt,

desi

gn

form

s, d

ownl

oad

them

to

phon

es, a

nd s

tart

co

llect

ing

data

in m

inut

es,

for f

ree.

Bei

ng u

sed

by U

SA

ID, C

DC

, W

HO

, Wor

ld B

ank,

Red

C

ross

, Uni

cef,

John

Sno

w,

Inte

rnat

iona

l Res

cue,

U

NE

SC

O. A

war

d w

inne

r 20

12

Com

pute

r Wor

ld H

onor

s La

urea

te.

CO

SA

Com

mitt

ee

on s

usta

inab

ility

as

sess

men

tht

tp:/

/sus

tain

able

co

mm

oditi

es.o

rg/

cosa

Onl

ine

M&

E /

impa

ct d

ata

man

agem

ent

and

anal

ytic

s se

rvic

e, th

at

user

s ca

n ac

cess

thro

ugh

an o

nlin

e ac

coun

t.

Pro

duce

rs a

nd

com

pani

es

seek

ing

capa

city

fo

r lar

ge s

cale

m

onito

ring

and

eval

uatio

n sy

stem

s. T

his

met

hod

was

in

itial

ly d

esig

ned

to p

rovi

de M

&E

su

ppor

t for

ce

rtifi

catio

n sc

hem

es, w

ith

faci

litat

ors

and

farm

er g

roup

s.

CO

SA

is a

non

-pro

fit c

onso

rtiu

m

of in

stitu

tions

dev

elop

ing

inde

pend

ent m

easu

rem

ent t

ools

to

ana

lyze

soc

ial,

envi

ronm

enta

l an

d ec

onom

ic im

pact

s of

ag

ricul

tura

l pra

ctic

es, p

artic

ular

ly

thos

e w

ith s

usta

inab

ility

pr

ogra

ms.

CO

SA

has

4

com

pone

nts:

1. S

urve

y B

uild

er c

apac

ity2.

Dat

a ga

ther

ing

proc

esse

s us

ing

on/o

ff-lin

e ga

ther

ing

soft

war

e)3.

Dat

abas

e w

ith o

ptio

ns fo

r br

oad

acce

ss fo

r sta

tistic

al

prog

ram

s4.

Por

tal f

or d

isse

min

atio

n of

dat

a w

ith th

e In

tern

atio

nal T

rade

C

ente

r.

CO

SA

offe

rs a

n im

pact

an

alys

is to

ol k

it, w

ith

cust

omiz

ed s

uppo

rt

serv

ices

to b

uild

and

refin

e su

rvey

inst

rum

ents

, ass

ist

with

indi

cato

r sel

ectio

n an

d as

sist

with

the

desi

gn o

f ba

sic

data

base

de

velo

pmen

t. Th

e C

OS

A

team

is a

imin

g to

offe

r loc

al

com

pany

sup

port

in

deve

lopi

ng c

ount

ries

and

cons

ulta

ncy

supp

ort f

or

data

ana

lysi

s an

d st

orag

e.

The

tool

s de

velo

ped

by th

e C

OS

A p

roje

ct a

re a

pplic

able

to

a d

iver

se ra

nge

of

com

mod

ity s

uppl

y ch

ains

and

re

gion

s gl

obal

ly.

• Cof

fee

wor

k co

nduc

ted

in:

Col

ombi

a, G

uate

mal

a,

Tanz

ania

, Hon

dura

s, K

enya

, P

eru,

Cos

ta R

ica,

and

Vie

tnam

.• C

ocoa

: Gha

na a

nd C

ôte

d’Iv

oire

.• T

ea, C

otto

n, P

alm

Oil,

and

S

oy a

re fo

rthc

omin

g.

26

26Dat

a co

llect

ion,

ana

lytic

al s

ervi

ces,

impa

ct e

valu

atio

n

ICT

solu

tion

Tech

nolo

gy

requ

irem

ents

Targ

et u

ser

Wha

t it d

oes

Adv

anta

geIm

pact

Kim

etric

aO

nlin

e M

onito

ring

and

eval

uatio

n sy

stem

.

Bro

ad ra

nge

of

NG

O’s

and

de

velo

pmen

t ag

enci

es.

The

soft

war

e in

clud

es e

asy-

to-

use

tool

s fo

r all

the

key

aspe

cts

of

non-

profi

t pro

ject

des

ign,

in

clud

ing

log-

fram

e de

velo

pmen

t, bu

dget

ing,

wor

k-pl

anni

ng, a

nd it

he

lps

to p

rodu

ce p

roje

ct

prop

osal

s an

d ot

her s

tand

ard

proj

ect d

ocum

ents

. You

can

pu

blis

h al

l pro

ject

s on

the

web

.

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ers

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lver

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osts

and

leve

ls o

f se

rvic

e so

phis

ticat

ion.

Kim

etric

a al

so o

ffer t

rain

ing

and

cons

ulta

ncy

serv

ices

to

use

the

tech

nolo

gy

effe

ctiv

ely.

Kim

etric

a is

bei

ng u

sed

by a

ra

nge

of N

GO

’s a

nd

deve

lopm

ent p

rogr

ams.

For

a

full

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f par

tner

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e:ht

tp:/

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w.k

imet

rica.

com

/cl

ient

s-pa

rtne

rs.p

hp

On-

boar

d ca

lcul

ator

s C

ompu

ters

/ m

obile

dev

ices

w

ith c

alcu

lato

r ap

plic

atio

ns th

at

supp

ort s

peci

fic

farm

er a

naly

tical

ne

eds.

Fiel

d ag

ent

wor

king

with

fa

rmer

gro

ups.

Info

rmat

ion

tool

s th

at a

llow

s fie

ld

agen

ts to

targ

et c

lient

to p

rovi

de

info

rmat

ion

that

can

be

used

to

gene

rate

mor

e co

mpl

ex

info

rmat

ion,

suc

h as

med

ical

di

agno

ses,

agr

o-ch

emic

al

appl

icat

ion

rate

s, w

ater

flow

, pr

ofita

bilit

y.

The

use

of o

n-bo

ard

calc

ulat

ors

mea

ns th

at d

ata

anal

ysis

can

be

done

in th

e fie

ld p

rovi

ding

dire

ct v

alue

to

clie

nts

at th

e si

te o

f the

ir en

terp

rise

oper

atio

ns.

Farm

book

(CR

S)

Net

book

co

mpu

ter w

ith

loca

l app

licat

ion,

w

hich

sy

nchr

oniz

es

with

clo

ud

base

d da

taba

se

and

repo

rtin

g fa

cilit

ies.

Fiel

d ag

ents

w

orki

ng fo

r NG

O

or G

over

nmen

ts

linke

d to

pro

ject

m

anag

ers.

Pro

vide

s fie

ld a

gent

s w

ith a

st

anda

rdiz

ed c

ompu

ter p

rogr

am

that

ena

bles

fiel

d ag

ents

to

colle

ct a

nd a

naly

ze in

form

atio

n of

fline

and

load

dat

a in

to a

n on

line

data

base

. App

licat

ion

prov

ides

(i) f

arm

er re

gist

ratio

n,

(ii) B

usin

ess

plan

ner,

profi

tabi

lity

calc

ulat

or, c

rop

fore

cast

er, f

arm

vi

sit l

og a

nd im

pact

ana

lysi

s.

Allo

ws

field

age

nts

to

unde

rtak

e da

ta c

olle

ctio

n,

anal

ysis

and

resu

lts to

fa

rmer

s in

the

field

. The

da

ta c

olle

cted

incl

udes

ba

sic

mon

itorin

g an

d ev

alua

tion

data

, thu

s im

prov

ing

effic

ienc

y of

pe

rfor

man

ce m

onito

ring.

Bet

a ve

rsio

ns b

eing

test

ed in

th

e fie

ld w

ith p

artn

ers.

SS

CM

(IR

RI)

Dat

a en

try

devi

ce,

com

pute

r or

smar

t pho

ne

linke

d to

onl

ine

serv

ice

and

data

base

.

Fiel

d ag

ent

wor

king

with

fa

rmer

gro

ups.

Lo

an a

gent

s su

ppor

ting

farm

er c

lient

s.

App

licat

ion

has

been

cal

ibra

ted

in s

peci

fic a

reas

to p

rovi

de

fert

ilize

r rec

omm

enda

tions

to ri

ce

farm

ers,

bas

ed o

n a

limite

d se

t of

ques

tions

and

bas

ic fi

eld

anal

ysis

.

Pro

vide

s fa

rmer

s w

ith ra

pid

prod

uctio

n re

com

men

datio

ns, w

ith

limite

d nu

mbe

r of o

nsite

te

sts.

Bet

a ve

rsio

ns b

eing

test

ed in

th

e fie

ld w

ith p

artn

ers.

27GP

S (g

loba

l pos

ition

ing

syst

em) u

sing

sat

ellit

e po

sitio

ning

ser

vice

s

ICT

solu

tion

Tech

nolo

gy

requ

irem

ents

Targ

et u

ser

Pur

pose

Adv

anta

ge

GIS

Map

ping

Lo

catio

ns a

re

reco

rded

usi

ng

stan

d al

one

GP

S

met

ers,

or

thro

ugh

mob

ile

phon

e tr

iang

ulat

ion.

P

oint

dat

a is

m

appe

d on

to a

co

mpu

ter o

r m

obile

dev

ice.

Fiel

d ag

ents

and

pr

ojec

t sta

ff,

seek

ing

to lo

cate

ac

tiviti

es a

nd

spat

ially

trac

k th

is o

n di

gita

l.

Map

ping

now

of

ten

can

be

done

in re

al ti

me.

GIS

sys

tem

s al

low

pos

ition

s of

ope

ratio

n, a

nd

land

scap

e in

form

atio

n to

be

reco

rded

on

a di

gita

l map

with

ass

ocia

ted

data

, thi

s in

form

atio

n ca

n be

laye

red

to p

rovi

de lo

catio

n sp

ecifi

c an

alys

is o

ver t

ime

and

prov

ide

the

basi

s fo

r ana

lysi

s an

d sc

enar

io b

uild

ing

of

laye

red

data

.

Ena

bles

inte

rven

tion

team

s to

reco

rd, d

ispl

ay a

nd

anal

yze

spat

ial i

nfor

mat

ion

rela

ted

to

inte

rven

tions

, suc

h as

poi

nts,

trac

ks a

nd a

rea

base

d in

form

atio

n.

GP

S h

and

held

un

itsS

tand

ard

com

mer

cial

pr

oduc

ts s

uch

as

Gar

min

or

Mag

ella

n ar

e us

ed to

cap

ture

G

PS

loca

tions

.

Fiel

d ag

ent,

inve

stor

, spa

tial

anal

yst.

GP

S u

nit e

nabl

es fi

eld

agen

ts to

acc

urat

ely

loca

te a

pos

ition

whi

ch c

an th

en b

e tr

ansf

erre

d in

to d

igita

l map

ping

sof

twar

e.

Acc

urat

e di

gita

l pos

ition

can

be

used

to id

entif

y a

loca

tion,

are

a, ta

g ac

tiviti

es, a

sset

s an

d in

vest

men

ts to

a s

peci

fic lo

catio

n.

Sm

art p

hone

s as

lo

catin

g de

vice

sS

mar

t pho

ne

with

glo

bal

posi

tioni

ng

capa

bilit

y.

Any

pho

ne u

ser

with

net

wor

k ac

cess

.

Sm

art p

hone

s pr

ovid

e si

mila

r loc

atio

n co

ordi

nate

s, b

ut a

re le

ss a

ccur

ate

than

GP

S

as th

ey w

ork

on tr

iang

ulat

ion

of m

obile

cel

l to

wer

s ra

ther

than

sat

ellit

e po

sitio

ning

.

Che

aper

mea

ns o

f loc

atin

g po

ints

usi

ng m

ore

read

ily a

cces

sibl

e te

chno

logy

.

Tagg

ing

and

trac

ing

with

bar

code

s G

PS

or s

mar

t ph

one

and

barc

ode

gene

rato

r, pr

inte

r an

d ba

rcod

e re

ader

.

Fiel

d ag

ent a

nd

spat

ial a

naly

st.

The

com

bina

tion

of G

PS

tagg

ing

and

a ba

rcod

e re

ader

, pro

vide

s ab

ility

to p

lace

a

uniq

ue d

igita

l ide

ntifi

catio

n nu

mbe

r or b

ar

code

with

peo

ple

or p

rodu

cts

and

then

use

th

is id

entifi

catio

n to

reco

rd s

ervi

ce d

eliv

ery

to

an ID

or t

race

the

flow

of g

oods

thro

ugh

a su

pply

cha

in o

r net

wor

k. T

his

syst

em is

use

d to

trac

e pr

oduc

e to

reco

rd q

ualit

y an

d fo

od

safe

ty is

sues

.

Ser

vice

del

iver

y to

tagg

ed c

lient

s pr

ovid

es

grea

ter o

ppor

tuni

ty fo

r acc

ount

abili

ty a

nd

effic

ienc

y in

ser

vice

pro

visi

on, p

rodu

ct ta

ggin

g su

ppor

ts fo

od s

afet

y tr

acin

g in

sup

ply

chai

n.

27

27GP

S (g

loba

l pos

ition

ing

syst

em) u

sing

sat

ellit

e po

sitio

ning

ser

vice

s

ICT

solu

tion

Tech

nolo

gy

requ

irem

ents

Targ

et u

ser

Pur

pose

Adv

anta

ge

GIS

Map

ping

Lo

catio

ns a

re

reco

rded

usi

ng

stan

d al

one

GP

S

met

ers,

or

thro

ugh

mob

ile

phon

e tr

iang

ulat

ion.

P

oint

dat

a is

m

appe

d on

to a

co

mpu

ter o

r m

obile

dev

ice.

Fiel

d ag

ents

and

pr

ojec

t sta

ff,

seek

ing

to lo

cate

ac

tiviti

es a

nd

spat

ially

trac

k th

is o

n di

gita

l.

Map

ping

now

of

ten

can

be

done

in re

al ti

me.

GIS

sys

tem

s al

low

pos

ition

s of

ope

ratio

n, a

nd

land

scap

e in

form

atio

n to

be

reco

rded

on

a di

gita

l map

with

ass

ocia

ted

data

, thi

s in

form

atio

n ca

n be

laye

red

to p

rovi

de lo

catio

n sp

ecifi

c an

alys

is o

ver t

ime

and

prov

ide

the

basi

s fo

r ana

lysi

s an

d sc

enar

io b

uild

ing

of

laye

red

data

.

Ena

bles

inte

rven

tion

team

s to

reco

rd, d

ispl

ay a

nd

anal

yze

spat

ial i

nfor

mat

ion

rela

ted

to

inte

rven

tions

, suc

h as

poi

nts,

trac

ks a

nd a

rea

base

d in

form

atio

n.

GP

S h

and

held

un

itsS

tand

ard

com

mer

cial

pr

oduc

ts s

uch

as

Gar

min

or

Mag

ella

n ar

e us

ed to

cap

ture

G

PS

loca

tions

.

Fiel

d ag

ent,

inve

stor

, spa

tial

anal

yst.

GP

S u

nit e

nabl

es fi

eld

agen

ts to

acc

urat

ely

loca

te a

pos

ition

whi

ch c

an th

en b

e tr

ansf

erre

d in

to d

igita

l map

ping

sof

twar

e.

Acc

urat

e di

gita

l pos

ition

can

be

used

to id

entif

y a

loca

tion,

are

a, ta

g ac

tiviti

es, a

sset

s an

d in

vest

men

ts to

a s

peci

fic lo

catio

n.

Sm

art p

hone

s as

lo

catin

g de

vice

sS

mar

t pho

ne

with

glo

bal

posi

tioni

ng

capa

bilit

y.

Any

pho

ne u

ser

with

net

wor

k ac

cess

.

Sm

art p

hone

s pr

ovid

e si

mila

r loc

atio

n co

ordi

nate

s, b

ut a

re le

ss a

ccur

ate

than

GP

S

as th

ey w

ork

on tr

iang

ulat

ion

of m

obile

cel

l to

wer

s ra

ther

than

sat

ellit

e po

sitio

ning

.

Che

aper

mea

ns o

f loc

atin

g po

ints

usi

ng m

ore

read

ily a

cces

sibl

e te

chno

logy

.

Tagg

ing

and

trac

ing

with

bar

code

s G

PS

or s

mar

t ph

one

and

barc

ode

gene

rato

r, pr

inte

r an

d ba

rcod

e re

ader

.

Fiel

d ag

ent a

nd

spat

ial a

naly

st.

The

com

bina

tion

of G

PS

tagg

ing

and

a ba

rcod

e re

ader

, pro

vide

s ab

ility

to p

lace

a

uniq

ue d

igita

l ide

ntifi

catio

n nu

mbe

r or b

ar

code

with

peo

ple

or p

rodu

cts

and

then

use

th

is id

entifi

catio

n to

reco

rd s

ervi

ce d

eliv

ery

to

an ID

or t

race

the

flow

of g

oods

thro

ugh

a su

pply

cha

in o

r net

wor

k. T

his

syst

em is

use

d to

trac

e pr

oduc

e to

reco

rd q

ualit

y an

d fo

od

safe

ty is

sues

.

Ser

vice

del

iver

y to

tagg

ed c

lient

s pr

ovid

es

grea

ter o

ppor

tuni

ty fo

r acc

ount

abili

ty a

nd

effic

ienc

y in

ser

vice

pro

visi

on, p

rodu

ct ta

ggin

g su

ppor

ts fo

od s

afet

y tr

acin

g in

sup

ply

chai

n.

28

28GP

S (g

loba

l pos

ition

ing

syst

em) u

sing

sat

ellit

e po

sitio

ning

ser

vice

s

ICT

solu

tion

Tech

nolo

gy

requ

irem

ents

Targ

et u

ser

Pur

pose

Adv

anta

ge

Rem

ote

sens

ing

Met

hodo

logy

th

at a

llow

s an

alys

t to

colla

te

and

anal

yze

info

rmat

ion

thro

ugh

sate

llite

tr

acki

ng.

Fiel

d ag

ent w

ho

links

spe

cific

se

rvic

e to

spa

tial

loca

tion.

Sat

ellit

e sy

stem

s pr

ovid

e op

port

uniti

es to

ga

ther

and

map

info

rmat

ion

at a

glo

bal l

evel

. P

reci

sion

of s

atel

lite

imag

ery,

is a

lso

supp

orte

d by

spe

ctra

l ana

lysi

s th

at p

rovi

des

for d

etai

led

anal

ysis

of w

eath

er s

yste

ms,

la

ndsc

ape

cove

r and

cro

p pe

rfor

man

ce.

Pro

vide

s an

alys

ts w

ith a

bilit

y to

sur

vey

and

map

la

rge

area

s, w

ith li

mite

d ne

ed fo

r gro

und

trut

hing

of

info

rmat

ion.

Exa

mpl

es o

f GP

S (g

loba

l pos

ition

ing

syst

em) u

sing

sat

ellit

e po

sitio

ning

ser

vice

s

Goo

gle

Ear

thw

ww

.goo

gle.

com

/ea

rth

/

Com

pute

r, or

m

obile

dev

ice

with

link

to th

e in

tern

et.

Bas

ic a

nd

adva

nced

GIS

m

appi

ng u

sers

.

Goo

gle

Ear

th, p

rovi

des

an e

asy

to u

se

map

ping

sol

utio

n th

at a

llow

s us

ers

to e

xplo

re,

crea

te, a

nd c

onne

ct o

n th

e G

oogl

e E

arth

O

utre

ach

web

site

. Use

rs c

an u

se th

e G

oogl

e ga

llery

of p

ublic

-ben

efit m

aps,

cre

ate

map

s w

ith th

e he

lp o

f onl

ine

tuto

rials

and

tool

s.

Con

nect

with

oth

ers

in th

e co

mm

unity

and

ap

ply

for s

oftw

are

gran

ts in

the

Goo

gle

Ear

th

for N

on-p

rofit

s G

rant

Pro

gram

.

Goo

gle

Ear

th s

ava

ilabl

e fo

r the

des

ktop

in th

ree

diffe

rent

ver

sion

s: G

oogl

e E

arth

, Goo

gle

Ear

th

Pro

, and

Goo

gle

Ear

th E

nter

pris

e. T

he s

oftw

are

prov

ides

use

rs w

ith b

asic

map

s, s

atel

lite

imag

ery,

3D

bui

ldin

gs, 3

D tr

ees,

terr

ain,

str

eet V

iew

, pl

anet

s an

d m

uch

mor

e.

ES

RI

(Env

ironm

enta

l S

ervi

ces

Res

earc

h In

stitu

te)

ww

w.e

sri.c

om/

Com

pute

r or

mob

ile d

evic

e to

lin

k to

ES

RI,

soft

war

e or

cl

oud

base

d so

lutio

ns, a

nd

GP

S d

evic

e to

re

cord

loca

tions

.

Pro

ject

m

anag

ers

and

anal

ysts

, who

de

velo

p sp

atia

l m

aps

with

GIS

ta

gged

act

iviti

es.

ES

RI A

rcV

iew

Sof

twar

e pr

ovid

es s

patia

l an

alys

ts w

ith a

sop

hist

icat

ed p

rogr

am to

bui

ld

digi

tal m

aps

with

mul

tiple

dat

a la

yers

that

can

be

use

d to

ana

lyze

and

mod

el th

e ef

fect

s of

in

terv

entio

ns o

n fu

ture

out

com

es.

Pro

vide

s a

digi

tal c

anva

ss to

plo

t loc

atio

ns o

f ac

tiviti

es, a

naly

ze s

patia

l tre

nds

and

shar

e sp

atia

l in

form

atio

n w

ith p

artn

ers

and

inve

stor

s.

Sop

hist

icat

ed a

naly

tical

pro

pert

ies

that

ena

ble

user

s to

inte

grat

e sp

atia

l dat

a an

d an

alyt

ical

pr

ogra

ms

to m

odel

tren

d an

d fo

reca

stin

g sy

stem

s.

CIA

T C

limat

e ch

ange

map

ping

Sof

twar

e ap

plic

atio

n th

at

enab

les

user

s to

an

alyz

e ef

fect

s of

cl

imat

e ch

ange

fo

r spe

cific

cro

ps

in d

esig

nate

d lo

catio

ns.

Age

ncie

s in

volv

ed in

long

te

rm p

rodu

ctio

n an

d cl

imat

e ch

ange

exp

erts

.

To d

evel

op s

cena

rios

show

ing

the

chan

ges

in

suita

bilit

y of

spe

cific

cro

ps in

targ

et a

reas

ov

er d

esig

nate

d tim

efra

mes

. Thi

s ap

plic

atio

n is

bei

ng u

sed

to d

eter

min

e th

e su

itabi

lity

of

cert

ain

coun

trie

s to

cof

fee

prod

uctio

n in

20

-30

and

50 y

ear t

ime

horiz

ons.

Pro

vide

s pr

oduc

ers

and

polic

y m

aker

s w

ith

info

rmat

ion

on p

oten

tial p

rodu

ctio

n su

itabi

lity

scen

ario

s as

a re

sult

of c

limat

e ch

ange

.

29

29Dis

tanc

e le

arni

ng p

rodu

cts

and

plat

form

s

Exa

mpl

e IC

T in

terv

entio

nsTe

chno

logy

re

quire

men

tsTa

rget

use

rP

urpo

seA

dvan

tage

Impa

ct

Dis

tanc

e le

arni

ng

Com

pute

r tha

t lin

ks to

ope

rate

s di

stan

ce le

arni

ng

soft

war

e or

link

s to

onl

ine

dist

ance

lear

ning

sy

stem

.

Stu

dent

s of

all

type

s, in

clud

ing

agen

cy p

rogr

am

man

ager

s an

d fie

ld w

orke

rs,

seek

ing

skill

s up

grad

ing.

Dis

tanc

e le

arni

ng p

latfo

rms

allo

w

user

s to

take

a tr

aini

ng c

ours

e on

th

eir c

ompu

ter a

t any

tim

e. T

his

type

cou

rse

faci

litat

or.

Red

uces

trai

ning

cos

ts,

enab

les

stud

ents

hav

e fle

xibi

lity

wor

k tim

es a

nd

prog

ress

is m

onito

red

thro

ugh

supe

rvis

ors

rem

otel

y.

Mill

ions

of s

tude

nts

are

now

ta

king

onl

ine

and

offli

ne

e-co

urse

s.

Agi

lixw

ww

.agi

lix.c

om/

Bra

inho

ney

ToG

o

Com

pute

r, w

ith

capa

city

to li

nk

with

inte

rnet

.

The

plat

form

is

used

by

trai

ning

ag

enci

es to

su

ppor

t rem

ote

stud

ents

and

st

aff.

Con

tent

ne

eds

to b

e ge

nera

ted

to

supp

ort p

roce

ss.

Agi

lix is

an

inno

vativ

e, e

ffect

ive,

an

d sc

alab

le s

et o

f edu

catio

nal

prod

ucts

and

sol

utio

ns. A

gilix

pr

ovid

es a

flex

ible

cou

rse

cont

ent

man

ager

that

can

be

used

by

stud

ents

and

sta

ff se

ekin

g sk

ills

upgr

adin

g.

Sim

ple

to u

se c

onte

nt

man

ager

that

allo

ws

non

tech

nica

l use

r to

build

ba

sic

cour

ses,

that

has

on

/offl

ine

capa

bilit

ies.

A

gilix

is (i

) Stu

dent

-C

ente

red

(ii) S

tand

ards

A

ligne

d Fo

rmat

ive

Ass

essm

ent (

iii) E

ffici

ent,

Effe

ctiv

e V

irtua

l Pro

gram

s (iv

) Bui

ld Y

our O

wn

Lear

ning

Sys

tem

(v)

Onl

ine/

Offl

ine

Lear

ning

.

Agi

lix h

as a

n ex

pand

ing

rang

e of

trai

ning

pro

duct

s, w

hich

are

pr

ovid

ing

tens

of t

hous

ands

of

cour

ses

to m

illio

ns o

f stu

dent

s.

LIN

GO

Sht

tp:/

/lin

gos.

org

/C

ompu

ter,

with

ca

paci

ty to

link

w

ith in

tern

et.

The

plat

form

is

used

by

trai

ning

ag

enci

es to

su

ppor

t rem

ote

stud

ents

and

st

aff.

As

with

all

such

pla

tform

s, it

re

quire

s co

nten

t.

Com

mun

ity o

f NG

O m

embe

r ag

enci

es, e

-Lea

rnin

g co

urse

s fro

m L

ING

Os

mem

bers

, LIN

GO

s an

d its

con

tent

par

tner

s P

erso

naliz

ed L

earn

ing

Man

agem

ent S

yste

m (L

MS

) and

ot

her l

earn

ing

tech

nolo

gy to

ols.

LIN

GO

S, i

s a

cons

ortiu

m

of o

ver 6

5 in

tern

atio

nal

hum

anita

rian

relie

f, de

velo

pmen

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nser

vatio

n an

d he

alth

org

aniz

atio

ns.

LIN

GO

s pr

ovid

es th

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test

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ning

te

chno

logi

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tner

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thes

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n pr

ofits

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incr

ease

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e sk

ill le

vels

of t

heir

empl

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s, a

nd th

eref

ore

incr

ease

the

impa

ct o

f the

ir pr

ogra

ms.

Wid

ely

used

by

the

NG

O

com

mun

ity.

30

30Dis

tanc

e le

arni

ng p

rodu

cts

and

plat

form

s

Exa

mpl

e IC

T in

terv

entio

nsTe

chno

logy

re

quire

men

tsTa

rget

use

rP

urpo

seA

dvan

tage

Impa

ct

Moo

dle

and

Poo

dle

Moo

dle

need

s to

be

inst

alle

d on

a

web

ser

ver

som

ewhe

re,

eith

er o

n on

e of

yo

ur o

wn

com

pute

rs o

r on

e at

a w

eb

host

ing

com

pany

.

Trai

ners

and

st

uden

ts.

Moo

dle

is a

n O

pen

Sou

rce

Cou

rse

Man

agem

ent S

yste

m

(CM

S),

also

kno

wn

as a

Lea

rnin

g M

anag

emen

t Sys

tem

(LM

S) o

r a

Virt

ual L

earn

ing

Env

ironm

ent

(VLE

). It

has

beco

me

very

pop

ular

am

ong

educ

ator

s ar

ound

the

wor

ld a

s a

tool

for c

reat

ing

onlin

e dy

nam

ic w

eb s

ites

for t

heir

stud

ents

.

Ope

n so

urce

, sup

port

ed

by G

oogl

e. E

asy

to u

se,

stro

ng s

uppo

rt te

am.

Reg

iste

red

site

s, 6

5,99

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ount

ries,

218

Cou

rses

, 5,8

61,6

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sers

, 56,

923,

364

Teac

hers

, 1,2

84,6

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nrol

men

ts, 2

7,52

1,75

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uiz

ques

tions

, 112

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,513

FAO

lear

ning

pl

atfo

rmC

ompu

ter w

ith

capa

city

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nk to

in

tern

et.

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ensi

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taff

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man

ager

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O h

as d

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aini

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cusi

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od

secu

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basi

c pr

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syst

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Bas

ic c

ours

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sup

port

fo

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rodu

ctio

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post

harv

est s

tora

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food

sec

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issu

es.

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ile e

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cts

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ices

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ile

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oney

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d ac

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ts.

Rur

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that

wan

t to

tran

sfer

mon

ey

to d

ista

nt

reci

pien

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t low

co

st.

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ncia

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ws

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sfer

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igita

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ncia

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dits

be

twee

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via

pho

nes

acco

unts

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dits

can

be

rede

emed

at s

peci

fic k

iosk

s or

ba

nks

into

cas

h by

reci

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ts.

Rap

id, s

afe

tran

sfer

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fund

s in

to a

reas

with

eith

er

no o

r lim

ited

bank

ing

faci

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s.

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e, o

ne o

f the

fast

est

grow

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indu

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s in

de

velo

ping

cou

ntrie

s,

espe

cial

ly A

frica

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r a

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sfer

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enya

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ile a

ccou

nt

to lo

ad a

nd

tran

sfer

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s to

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et c

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e ru

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m b

usin

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part

ners

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fam

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tran

sfer

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busi

ness

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me

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ly a

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Mob

ile m

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fers

a w

ay o

f sen

ding

fund

s to

sp

ecifi

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s, q

uick

ly a

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secu

rely

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rovi

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ade

finan

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to p

enet

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to

area

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trad

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al

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th

e K

enya

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NO

Saf

aric

om, i

n M

arch

200

7. M

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a ha

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own

asto

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ngly

qui

ckly

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ptur

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mill

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subs

crib

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ay 2

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with

2

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ion

daily

tran

sact

ions

in

Ken

ya a

lone

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s so

lutio

n is

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eing

use

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Tan

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frica

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ptio

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Wor

ld F

ood

Pro

gram

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Mon

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ansf

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ppor

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lect

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roug

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endo

rs.

Abi

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link

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inpu

t sup

plie

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ithou

t ne

ed fo

r dire

ct c

ash

deliv

ery.

Im

prov

ed tr

acki

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f be

nefic

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s, lo

wer

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sts

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deliv

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30

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gho

st

bene

ficia

ries,

com

pare

d w

ith p

aper

-bas

ed s

yste

ms.

Sev

eral

thou

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cot

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grow

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are

usin

g th

is s

yste

m

in Z

ambi

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ver 2

00 a

gent

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ev

ery

regi

on in

Zam

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unav

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reig

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RD

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Mot

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Dig

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nves

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Dig

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nves

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rtfo

lios

Onl

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appl

icat

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bus

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nves

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Inve

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Mic

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Onl

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busi

ness

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them

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inve

stor

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Link

s sm

all b

usin

ess

entr

epre

neur

s in

de

velo

ping

cou

ntrie

s w

ith

citiz

en s

uppo

rt fr

om

anyw

here

in th

e w

orld

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Tota

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iva

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ent

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Cur

rent

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Farm

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ld F

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s so

lutio

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ts in

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nanc

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ider

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e sc

ratc

h ca

rd h

as a

lso

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us

ed b

y th

e W

orld

Foo

d P

rogr

amm

e to

ena

ble

user

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ac

cess

food

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ns th

roug

h ap

prov

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endo

rs.

Abi

lity

of fa

rmer

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link

to

inpu

t sup

plie

rs w

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t ne

ed fo

r dire

ct c

ash

deliv

ery.

Im

prov

ed tr

acki

ng o

f be

nefic

iarie

s, lo

wer

tr

ansa

ctio

n co

sts

for

deliv

ery

team

and

30

%

redu

ctio

n in

gho

st

bene

ficia

ries,

com

pare

d w

ith p

aper

-bas

ed s

yste

ms.

Sev

eral

thou

sand

cot

ton

grow

ers

are

usin

g th

is s

yste

m

in Z

ambi

a. O

ver 2

00 a

gent

s in

ev

ery

regi

on in

Zam

bia

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sine

ss c

lient

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clud

e D

unav

ant,

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ld F

ood

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gram

me,

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FU,

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tic F

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RD

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othe

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Mot

hers

.

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ital i

nves

tmen

t por

tfol

ios

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ital i

nves

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rtfo

lios

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ine

appl

icat

ion

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of

fers

bus

ines

s pl

ans

for i

nves

tor

supp

ort.

Inve

stor

s fo

r fu

nds,

loca

l en

trep

rene

urs

and

farm

er

grou

ps fo

r B

usin

ess

plan

s.

Abi

lity

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don

or o

r inv

esto

r to

send

inve

stm

ents

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entifi

ed

and

vette

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sup

port

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ecur

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ines

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ct m

eans

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nves

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mpl

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ness

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all b

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epre

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ping

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ntrie

s w

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citiz

en s

uppo

rt fr

om

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orld

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Com

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and

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latio

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Exa

mpl

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info

rmat

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Mud

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http

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en.m

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boot

s.co

m/

Com

pute

rs

linke

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onl

ine

appl

icat

ion.

Typi

cally

pa

rtne

rs

enga

ged

in h

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valu

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port

va

lue

chai

ns

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lvin

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vera

l fo

rmal

par

tner

s,

incl

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tail.

To c

reat

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sine

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solu

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th

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the

supp

ly c

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Clie

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ome

Gro

wn

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ch

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xplo

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34

34 Information and communication technologies for development

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Sibanda, N. 2010. Zambia Scales Up Agriculture E-Voucher Scheme. SciDevNet, November 30. Available at www.scidev.net/en/news/zambia-scales-up-agriculture-e-voucher-scheme.html

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References

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Chapter title  35

Contact:Shaun FerrisShaun.Ferris@crs.org

Cover image: © CIAT International Center for Tropical Agriculture @ Flickr