Information and communication technology

Abhishek S Arackal

Generations

First generation

• 1940 – 56s• Vacuum tubes• Relied on machine language• Input on punch cards and paper tapes and

output on print out• Eg:- UNIVAC and ENIAC• expensive

Second generation

• 1956 - 63• Transistor• Smaller and cheaper• Moved from binary to assembly language• Eg:- IBM 7094, IBM 1400 series

Third generation

• 1964 - 71• Integrated circuits• Used keyboards and monitors• Eg:- IBM 370, UNIVAC 1108

Fourth generation

• 1971 - 2010• Microprocessor• No air conditioning is required• All types of high level languages can be used• Eg:- Apple Macintosh and IBM PC

Fifth generation

• 2010 – • Artificial intelligence• Understand natural human language• Can respond

Inventions

• Vacuum tubes – John A Fleming

• Transistor – William Shockly, John Bardeen,Walter H Brattain

• ICs – Jack kilby, Robert Noyce

• Microprocessor – Marcian E Ted Hoff, Stanley Mazor

Types of computer

Based on Principles1. Analog2. Digital3. Hybrid

Analog

• Works on a continuous range of value• Deals with physical values like voltage,

pressure, temperature etc• Father – Lord Kelvin (William Thomson)

Digital

• Uses Binary Number system• Only two digits 0 and 1• Each 1 is called a bit

Hybrid

• Combination of both• Best used in hospital• Eg:- measuring heart beat

Based on configuration1. Super2. Main frame3. Mini 4. Micro

Super

• Expensive and fast• Weather forecasting, nuclear science,

aerodynamic modeling, seismology etc• Companies which produced Super computers

are Cray, IBM and Hewlett Packard.• Indian – EKA, PARAM, SAGA 220 Aaditya• First company introduced – Control Data Corp• Saga 220 - ISRO • Deep Blue defeat Garry Kasparove at chess

• First super – Cary 1– 1960• First Indian – PARAM 8000• Fastest - Tianhe II• Fastest Indian – PARAM YUVA II

• Father of super computer – Seymour Cray• Father of Indian Super – Vijay Bhatkar

Main frame

• Process data at a very high speed• 100s of millions instructions per second• Banking, Airlines, Railways etc

Mini

• Lower to mainframe• Less expensive

Micro

• It is single chip CPU• Types are desktop laptop handheld devices

• First Micro – Apple II• First Mini – PDP 8• First Super – Cray 1

Computer Organisation

• CPU• MEMORY • INPUT AND OUTPUT UNITS

CPU

• Interprets and carries out instructions• Brain of computer• 3 components ALU + Control Unit + REGISTER1. ALU – Mathematical and Logical operations2. CU – fetch programs and control flow of

data3. REGISTER – high speed storage areas in CPU

Memory Unit

• Store instructions and data• Internal and External memory

• Internal – RAM, ROM• External – secondary , teritiary

RAM

• Random Access Memory• Short term memory• Volatile – only as long as computer has

power• Static RAM and Dynamic RAM

ROM

• Read Only Memory• Called as Firmware• Non-Volatile• CACHE – memory used for fast processing• PROM, EPROM, EEPROM

Memory Measurement

• 8 bit – 1 byte• 1024 byte – 1 kilobytes• 1024 kilobyte – 1 megabytes• 1024 megabytes – 1 gigabyte• 1024 gigabyte – 1 terabyte• 1024 terabyte – 1 petabyte

External• Permanent storage of large data• Secondary : needs to be used again and again• example: harddisks, usb, flash drives, cds

dvds, memory cards, etc

• Teritiary : store information that is needed occasionally for review purpose or for restoring information after a system failure.

• Example : magnetic tapes, network server, optical disk

Input Output devices

• Input – supply information • Keyboard• Mouse – pointing device only• Joystick – pointing device, in CAD and games• Light pen – pointing device, to draw picture on monitor

• Track ball – used in laptop instead of mouse• Scanner – paper to harddisk• Digitizer – analog information into digital form• Magnetic Ink Character Reader MICR – Used in banks, bank code and

cheques with magnetic material inks• Optical Character Reader OCR – to read a printed text, scans text

optically character by character and converts into a machine readable code

• Bar Code Reader – reading bar coded data converts into alpha numeric values• Optical Mark Reader – recognize the type of mark by pen/pencil checking answer sheets

Output Devices

• Monitors and printers commonly• Speakers and headphones

GPRS

• General Packet Radio Service is a wireless communication

• For sending emails, web browsing

Bluetooth

• Short range wireless • Temporarily link between devices• Invented by telecom vendor Ericsson in 1994• Managed by Bluetooth special interest group ( SIG)

languages

languages

Low level

machine

High level

Language and developers

• Basic – Thomas Kurtz• PASCAL – Nikalaus Wirth• C – Dennis Ritche• C++ - Bjarne Stroustrup• JAVA – James Gosling• COBOL – Grace Murray Hopper• FORTRAN – John Backus

software

software

System

Translator software

translator

compiler

Scans entire programs first, then translate to machine

interpreter

Translating high level to machine

assembler

Assembly into machine

UPS

• Uninterrupted power supply• Power back up using a charging battery

windows

• It’s a GUI • Owned by microsoft• Its easier than DOS

UNIX

• Used in servers, workstations, mobile devices• Developed by AT & T Bells lab• By Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie • C language also by AT&T• UNIX – one of the first OS in high level

language, namely C.

LINUX

• Open source, free software• Linux Torvalds• Mascot – Tux the Penguin• Released in 5th oct 1991• Latest version – Linux Kernal 3.19, feb 2015

DOS

• First widely installed OS• IBM and Microsoft version• Non-graphical command oriented

WiFi and LiFi

• Wireless Fidelity

• Light Fidelity – LED used here

Microprocessor

• First – INTEL 4004• First in PCs – INTEL 8080• Largest manufacturer – INTEL

Storage Capacity

• CD – 700 MB• DVD – 4.7 GB• Floppy Disk – 1.44 MB

Number System

Number System

binary

decimaloctal

Hexa Decimal

Networking

Network

LAN

local

MAN

metropolitan

WAN

wide

PAN

personal

• Router – connector• ARPANET – first operational packet switching network by Massachusetts Institute of technologyWLAN – Wireless LAN

Protocol

protocol

TCP/IP

communication

FTP

Transfer computer files

SMTP

Email transfer

HTTP

Data over WWW

Telnet

Connect remote computer

• TCP/IP – Transmission Control Protocol / Internet

protocol• FTP – File Transfer Protocol• SMTP – Simple Mail Transfer Protocol• HTTP – Hyper Text Transfer Protocol

IP Address

• Numerical label assigned to each devices• IPv4 – 32 bit eg: 172.16.254.1

IPv6 – 128 bit, developed in 1995 eg: 2001:db8:0:1234:0:567:8:1

Motto

• Don’t be Evil – Google• Applying Thought – Wipro• Your potential, Our Passion – Microsoft• Be What’s Next – Microsoft (new)• Power by Intellect, Driven by values - Infosys

Internet

• Host – each internet computer • Internet Explorer – browsing software by MS• Intranet – restricted version in internet• Extranet – closed online connecting organization

WWW

• World Wide Web• Web Portal – gateway website to internet• ISP – internet service provider• HTML – browser can read websites in this language, Hyper Text Markup Language• Home Page – first page of website• Surfing – visiting websites

• Epic – first Indian web browser 2010 July 15 Hidden Reflex, Bangalore• URL – Uniform Resource Locator address that identifies a website

Date and Day

• World Computer Literacy – Dec 2• National Internet Safety – Feb 16• International Internet Safety – Nov 30

Illegal Practices

• Hacking – unauthorized use of computer• Spamming – sending unauthenticated emails• Phishing – email fraud method• Vishing – voice and phishing IP telephonic version of phishing• Email spoofing – forgery of an email head

• Malware – software used to damage computer virus, worm, Trojan horse • VIRUS – Vital Information Resources Under Siege

• First virus – creeper in ARPANET• First personal computer virus – Elk Cloner• First virus infected Microsoft OS – Brain in 1986 by Farooq brothers• First mobile virus - Cabir

• WORM – stand alone malware that replicate• TROJAN – Non self replicating malware

• Anti Virus – K7, McAfee, Kaspersky lab, AVG, Norton

• First computer graphics used in film– TRON (1982)• First internet movie – Heart Beat• First film uses morphing – Willow• First computer magazine – “computer and automation”, by Edmund

Berkely• First real time computer – Whirlwind• First computer animated news reader – ANANOVA (Russia)

fathers

• Computer – Charles Babbage• Computer Science – Alan Turing• Internet – Vinton Cerf• IT – Claud Shawn• Indian IT – Rajeev Gandhi• Super computer – Seymour Cray• Video games – Ralph Baer

• Indian Super computer – Vijay Bhatkar• Free software - Richard Stallman• Linux – Linus Torwalds• Mobile phone – Martin cooper• Wikipedia – Jimmy wales• WWW – Tim Bernes Lee• Portable computer – Adam Osborne• ASCII code – Bob Bemer• Email – Ray Tomilson

Inventors

• Google – Larry page and Sergey Brin• Facebook – Mark Zucker Berg• Yahoo – Jerri Yong, David Filo• Twitter – Jack Dorsey

Devices

• Mouse – Douglas Engelbart• Keyboard – Christopher Sholes• CD – James T Russel• Floppy Disk – Alan Shugart

Miscellaneous

Internet Security

CIA

Confidentiality

Data not accessed

by hackers

Integrity Availability

Data security

Encrypt

Cipher text

Decrypt

Plain text

Cyber Laws

• IT act 2000• Offence is investigated by a police officer not

below the rank of the Inspector

offences

• Email bombing – large number of mails to victim

• Web Jacking – gains access and control over sites

• Pornography • Online gambling• Trafficking• Email spoofing• Forgery

IT act

Section 43

Access, downloading, virus

Section 65

Tampering data

Section 66

Hacking

Section 67

Publishing obscene matters

Section 71

Penalty for misrepresentation

Section 72

Breach of privacy

Section 73

Penalty for false electronic signature certificate

• Section 43 – fine up to 1cr• Section 66 – imprisonment 3 years or 5 lakh• Section 67 – 3 year and 10 lakh• Section 71 – 2 year or fine 1 lakh• Section 72 – 2 year or fine 1 lakh• Section 73 – 2-5 year or 1 lakh

Some crimes under IPC

• Web Jacking – section 373 IPC• Cyber Fraud – section 420 IPC• Email Spoofing – section 465, 419 IPC• Sending defamatory message – section 499

IPC• Threatening message – section 506 IPC

• Act administered by CERT• Appeal lies to Cyber Appellate Tribunal first in New Delhi in 2006• Now its called CRAT (cyber regulation A T)• Headed by a presiding officer – high court

judge• First officer – Justice R C JAIN

• First cyber police station - Bangalore

ooho07

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