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Information Propagation in the Bitcoin Network Christian Decker ETH Zurich – Distributed Computing Group – www.disco.ethz.ch

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Page 1: Information Propagation in the Bitcoin Network · 6 8 10 12 Forks Blockchain forks 1.69%. Blockchain Forks 180000 182000 184000 186000 188000 190000 Blockchain Height 0 2 4 6 8 10

Information Propagationin the Bitcoin Network

Christian Decker

ETH Zurich – Distributed Computing Group – www.disco.ethz.ch

Page 2: Information Propagation in the Bitcoin Network · 6 8 10 12 Forks Blockchain forks 1.69%. Blockchain Forks 180000 182000 184000 186000 188000 190000 Blockchain Height 0 2 4 6 8 10

What is Bitcoin?

+ =

Page 3: Information Propagation in the Bitcoin Network · 6 8 10 12 Forks Blockchain forks 1.69%. Blockchain Forks 180000 182000 184000 186000 188000 190000 Blockchain Height 0 2 4 6 8 10

What is Bitcoin?

+

=

Page 4: Information Propagation in the Bitcoin Network · 6 8 10 12 Forks Blockchain forks 1.69%. Blockchain Forks 180000 182000 184000 186000 188000 190000 Blockchain Height 0 2 4 6 8 10

What is Bitcoin?

+ =

Page 5: Information Propagation in the Bitcoin Network · 6 8 10 12 Forks Blockchain forks 1.69%. Blockchain Forks 180000 182000 184000 186000 188000 190000 Blockchain Height 0 2 4 6 8 10

What’s it worth?

Oct 2010

Feb 2011

Jun 2011

Oct 2011

Feb 2012

Jun 2012

Oct 2012

Feb 2013

Jun 20130

50

100

150

200

250

300Pri

ce [

USD

]

USD / Bitcoin exchange price

150$/BTC

Page 6: Information Propagation in the Bitcoin Network · 6 8 10 12 Forks Blockchain forks 1.69%. Blockchain Forks 180000 182000 184000 186000 188000 190000 Blockchain Height 0 2 4 6 8 10

What’s it worth?

Oct 2010

Feb 2011

Jun 2011

Oct 2011

Feb 2012

Jun 2012

Oct 2012

Feb 2013

Jun 20130

50

100

150

200

250

300Pri

ce [

USD

]

USD / Bitcoin exchange price

150$/BTC

Page 7: Information Propagation in the Bitcoin Network · 6 8 10 12 Forks Blockchain forks 1.69%. Blockchain Forks 180000 182000 184000 186000 188000 190000 Blockchain Height 0 2 4 6 8 10

What’s it worth?

Oct 2010

Feb 2011

Jun 2011

Oct 2011

Feb 2012

Jun 2012

Oct 2012

Feb 2013

Jun 20130

50

100

150

200

250

300Pri

ce [

USD

]

USD / Bitcoin exchange price

150$/BTC

Page 8: Information Propagation in the Bitcoin Network · 6 8 10 12 Forks Blockchain forks 1.69%. Blockchain Forks 180000 182000 184000 186000 188000 190000 Blockchain Height 0 2 4 6 8 10

What’s it worth?

Oct 2010

Feb 2011

Jun 2011

Oct 2011

Feb 2012

Jun 2012

Oct 2012

Feb 2013

Jun 20130

50

100

150

200

250

300Pri

ce [

USD

]

USD / Bitcoin exchange price

150$/BTC

Page 9: Information Propagation in the Bitcoin Network · 6 8 10 12 Forks Blockchain forks 1.69%. Blockchain Forks 180000 182000 184000 186000 188000 190000 Blockchain Height 0 2 4 6 8 10

Why so popular?

• Global

• Fast

• Irreversible

• No intermediary

• Anonymous

Page 10: Information Propagation in the Bitcoin Network · 6 8 10 12 Forks Blockchain forks 1.69%. Blockchain Forks 180000 182000 184000 186000 188000 190000 Blockchain Height 0 2 4 6 8 10

Bitcoin Basics

Page 11: Information Propagation in the Bitcoin Network · 6 8 10 12 Forks Blockchain forks 1.69%. Blockchain Forks 180000 182000 184000 186000 188000 190000 Blockchain Height 0 2 4 6 8 10

Bitcoin basics

TX

TX’

TX”

Page 12: Information Propagation in the Bitcoin Network · 6 8 10 12 Forks Blockchain forks 1.69%. Blockchain Forks 180000 182000 184000 186000 188000 190000 Blockchain Height 0 2 4 6 8 10

Bitcoin basics

TX

TX’

TX”

Page 13: Information Propagation in the Bitcoin Network · 6 8 10 12 Forks Blockchain forks 1.69%. Blockchain Forks 180000 182000 184000 186000 188000 190000 Blockchain Height 0 2 4 6 8 10

Bitcoin basics

TX

TX’

TX”

Page 14: Information Propagation in the Bitcoin Network · 6 8 10 12 Forks Blockchain forks 1.69%. Blockchain Forks 180000 182000 184000 186000 188000 190000 Blockchain Height 0 2 4 6 8 10

Bitcoin basics

TX

TX’

TX”

Page 15: Information Propagation in the Bitcoin Network · 6 8 10 12 Forks Blockchain forks 1.69%. Blockchain Forks 180000 182000 184000 186000 188000 190000 Blockchain Height 0 2 4 6 8 10

Bitcoin basics

TX

TX’

TX”

Page 16: Information Propagation in the Bitcoin Network · 6 8 10 12 Forks Blockchain forks 1.69%. Blockchain Forks 180000 182000 184000 186000 188000 190000 Blockchain Height 0 2 4 6 8 10

Our Results

Page 17: Information Propagation in the Bitcoin Network · 6 8 10 12 Forks Blockchain forks 1.69%. Blockchain Forks 180000 182000 184000 186000 188000 190000 Blockchain Height 0 2 4 6 8 10

Propagation speed

0 10 20 30 40 50 60Time since first observation [s]

0.00

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.10

0.12

PDF

Block propagation

Page 18: Information Propagation in the Bitcoin Network · 6 8 10 12 Forks Blockchain forks 1.69%. Blockchain Forks 180000 182000 184000 186000 188000 190000 Blockchain Height 0 2 4 6 8 10

Propagation speed

0 10 20 30 40 50 60Time since first observation [s]

0.00

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.10

0.12

PDF

Block propagation

50thp

erc.

Page 19: Information Propagation in the Bitcoin Network · 6 8 10 12 Forks Blockchain forks 1.69%. Blockchain Forks 180000 182000 184000 186000 188000 190000 Blockchain Height 0 2 4 6 8 10

Propagation speed

0 10 20 30 40 50 60Time since first observation [s]

0.00

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.10

0.12

PDF

Block propagation

50thp

erc.

95thp

erc.

Page 20: Information Propagation in the Bitcoin Network · 6 8 10 12 Forks Blockchain forks 1.69%. Blockchain Forks 180000 182000 184000 186000 188000 190000 Blockchain Height 0 2 4 6 8 10

Propagation speed

0 10 20 30 40 50 60Time since first observation [s]

0.00

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.10

0.12

PDF

Block propagation

Page 21: Information Propagation in the Bitcoin Network · 6 8 10 12 Forks Blockchain forks 1.69%. Blockchain Forks 180000 182000 184000 186000 188000 190000 Blockchain Height 0 2 4 6 8 10

Information eclipsing

Page 22: Information Propagation in the Bitcoin Network · 6 8 10 12 Forks Blockchain forks 1.69%. Blockchain Forks 180000 182000 184000 186000 188000 190000 Blockchain Height 0 2 4 6 8 10

Information eclipsing

Page 23: Information Propagation in the Bitcoin Network · 6 8 10 12 Forks Blockchain forks 1.69%. Blockchain Forks 180000 182000 184000 186000 188000 190000 Blockchain Height 0 2 4 6 8 10

Information eclipsing

Page 24: Information Propagation in the Bitcoin Network · 6 8 10 12 Forks Blockchain forks 1.69%. Blockchain Forks 180000 182000 184000 186000 188000 190000 Blockchain Height 0 2 4 6 8 10

Information eclipsing

Page 25: Information Propagation in the Bitcoin Network · 6 8 10 12 Forks Blockchain forks 1.69%. Blockchain Forks 180000 182000 184000 186000 188000 190000 Blockchain Height 0 2 4 6 8 10

Blockchain Basics

Page 26: Information Propagation in the Bitcoin Network · 6 8 10 12 Forks Blockchain forks 1.69%. Blockchain Forks 180000 182000 184000 186000 188000 190000 Blockchain Height 0 2 4 6 8 10

The Blockchain

Time

Page 27: Information Propagation in the Bitcoin Network · 6 8 10 12 Forks Blockchain forks 1.69%. Blockchain Forks 180000 182000 184000 186000 188000 190000 Blockchain Height 0 2 4 6 8 10

The Blockchain

Time

Page 28: Information Propagation in the Bitcoin Network · 6 8 10 12 Forks Blockchain forks 1.69%. Blockchain Forks 180000 182000 184000 186000 188000 190000 Blockchain Height 0 2 4 6 8 10

The Blockchain

Time

Page 29: Information Propagation in the Bitcoin Network · 6 8 10 12 Forks Blockchain forks 1.69%. Blockchain Forks 180000 182000 184000 186000 188000 190000 Blockchain Height 0 2 4 6 8 10

The Blockchain

Time

Page 30: Information Propagation in the Bitcoin Network · 6 8 10 12 Forks Blockchain forks 1.69%. Blockchain Forks 180000 182000 184000 186000 188000 190000 Blockchain Height 0 2 4 6 8 10

Our Results

Page 31: Information Propagation in the Bitcoin Network · 6 8 10 12 Forks Blockchain forks 1.69%. Blockchain Forks 180000 182000 184000 186000 188000 190000 Blockchain Height 0 2 4 6 8 10

Blockchain Forks

180000 182000 184000 186000 188000 190000Blockchain Height

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

Fork

sBlockchain forks

1.69%

Page 32: Information Propagation in the Bitcoin Network · 6 8 10 12 Forks Blockchain forks 1.69%. Blockchain Forks 180000 182000 184000 186000 188000 190000 Blockchain Height 0 2 4 6 8 10

Blockchain Forks

180000 182000 184000 186000 188000 190000Blockchain Height

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

Fork

sBlockchain forks

1.69%

Page 33: Information Propagation in the Bitcoin Network · 6 8 10 12 Forks Blockchain forks 1.69%. Blockchain Forks 180000 182000 184000 186000 188000 190000 Blockchain Height 0 2 4 6 8 10

Blockchain Forks: Model

Probability of finding a block:

Pb = Pr [Xb < t + 1|Xb ≥ t] ≈ 1/600

Part of the network that may fork:

f (t) = fraction of network knowing block at time t

Probability of a blockchain fork

Pf = 1− (1− Pb)∫∞

0 (1−f (t))dt

Page 34: Information Propagation in the Bitcoin Network · 6 8 10 12 Forks Blockchain forks 1.69%. Blockchain Forks 180000 182000 184000 186000 188000 190000 Blockchain Height 0 2 4 6 8 10

Blockchain Forks: Model

Probability of finding a block:

Pb = Pr [Xb < t + 1|Xb ≥ t] ≈ 1/600

Part of the network that may fork:

f (t) = fraction of network knowing block at time t

Probability of a blockchain fork

Pf = 1− (1− Pb)∫∞

0 (1−f (t))dt

Page 35: Information Propagation in the Bitcoin Network · 6 8 10 12 Forks Blockchain forks 1.69%. Blockchain Forks 180000 182000 184000 186000 188000 190000 Blockchain Height 0 2 4 6 8 10

Blockchain Forks: Model

Probability of finding a block:

Pb = Pr [Xb < t + 1|Xb ≥ t] ≈ 1/600

Part of the network that may fork:

f (t) = fraction of network knowing block at time t

Probability of a blockchain fork

Pf = 1− (1− Pb)∫∞

0 (1−f (t))dt

Page 36: Information Propagation in the Bitcoin Network · 6 8 10 12 Forks Blockchain forks 1.69%. Blockchain Forks 180000 182000 184000 186000 188000 190000 Blockchain Height 0 2 4 6 8 10

Blockchain Forks: Validating our Model

Pb = 1/633.68

F̄ =

∫ ∞0

(1− f (t))dt = 11.37

Pf = 1− (1− Pb)F̄ = 1.78%

Page 37: Information Propagation in the Bitcoin Network · 6 8 10 12 Forks Blockchain forks 1.69%. Blockchain Forks 180000 182000 184000 186000 188000 190000 Blockchain Height 0 2 4 6 8 10

Pushing the protocol to its limits

Page 38: Information Propagation in the Bitcoin Network · 6 8 10 12 Forks Blockchain forks 1.69%. Blockchain Forks 180000 182000 184000 186000 188000 190000 Blockchain Height 0 2 4 6 8 10

Pushing the protocol to its limits

Node A

Node B

block

verification

inv

getd

ata block

diff verification

inv

getd

ata block

diff verification

inv

getd

ata

inv

getd

ata block

Page 39: Information Propagation in the Bitcoin Network · 6 8 10 12 Forks Blockchain forks 1.69%. Blockchain Forks 180000 182000 184000 186000 188000 190000 Blockchain Height 0 2 4 6 8 10

Pushing the protocol to its limits

Node A

Node B

block

verification

inv

getd

ata block

diff verification

inv

getd

ata block

diff verification

inv

getd

ata

inv

getd

ata block

Page 40: Information Propagation in the Bitcoin Network · 6 8 10 12 Forks Blockchain forks 1.69%. Blockchain Forks 180000 182000 184000 186000 188000 190000 Blockchain Height 0 2 4 6 8 10

Pushing the protocol to its limits

Node A

Node B

block

verification

inv

getd

ata block

diff verification

inv

getd

ata block

diff verification

inv

getd

ata

inv

getd

ata block

Page 41: Information Propagation in the Bitcoin Network · 6 8 10 12 Forks Blockchain forks 1.69%. Blockchain Forks 180000 182000 184000 186000 188000 190000 Blockchain Height 0 2 4 6 8 10

Did it work?

180000 182000 184000 186000 188000 190000Blockchain Height

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

Fork

sBlockchain forks

1.69%

Page 42: Information Propagation in the Bitcoin Network · 6 8 10 12 Forks Blockchain forks 1.69%. Blockchain Forks 180000 182000 184000 186000 188000 190000 Blockchain Height 0 2 4 6 8 10

Did it work?

200000 202000 204000 206000 208000 210000Blockchain Height

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

Fork

sBlockchain forks (influenced)

1.69%

0.78%

Page 43: Information Propagation in the Bitcoin Network · 6 8 10 12 Forks Blockchain forks 1.69%. Blockchain Forks 180000 182000 184000 186000 188000 190000 Blockchain Height 0 2 4 6 8 10

What does this mean?

Page 44: Information Propagation in the Bitcoin Network · 6 8 10 12 Forks Blockchain forks 1.69%. Blockchain Forks 180000 182000 184000 186000 188000 190000 Blockchain Height 0 2 4 6 8 10

What does this mean?

Page 45: Information Propagation in the Bitcoin Network · 6 8 10 12 Forks Blockchain forks 1.69%. Blockchain Forks 180000 182000 184000 186000 188000 190000 Blockchain Height 0 2 4 6 8 10

Conclusion

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PDF

Block propagation

Page 46: Information Propagation in the Bitcoin Network · 6 8 10 12 Forks Blockchain forks 1.69%. Blockchain Forks 180000 182000 184000 186000 188000 190000 Blockchain Height 0 2 4 6 8 10

Conclusion

0 10 20 30 40 50 60Time since first observation [s]

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PDF

Block propagation

Page 47: Information Propagation in the Bitcoin Network · 6 8 10 12 Forks Blockchain forks 1.69%. Blockchain Forks 180000 182000 184000 186000 188000 190000 Blockchain Height 0 2 4 6 8 10

Conclusion

0 10 20 30 40 50 60Time since first observation [s]

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PDF

Block propagation

Page 48: Information Propagation in the Bitcoin Network · 6 8 10 12 Forks Blockchain forks 1.69%. Blockchain Forks 180000 182000 184000 186000 188000 190000 Blockchain Height 0 2 4 6 8 10

Thank you, questions?

Authors:Christian DeckerRoger Wattenhofer

ETH Zurich – Distributed Computing Group – www.disco.ethz.ch