information retrieval: the role of controlled · nasa technical memorandum 108764 nasa sti program...

NASA Technical Memorandum 108764

NASA STI PROGRAMCcordinating CouncilTenth Meeting

April 22, 1993

Information Retrieval: The Role of ControlledVocabularies (Summary of Proceedings)

Accesion For

NTIS CRA&M

DTIC TABUnannounced LIJustification . ........... ...

By ....................................

Dist,'ibution I

Availability Codes

Avail and I orDist Special

National Aeronautics and 1!P QAI NSpace Administration DTIO QUA LITY

Scientific and TechnicalInformation Program

1993

This publication was prepared by the NASA Center for AeroSpace Information,800 EMidge Landing Road, Unthicum Heights. MD 21090-2934. (301) 621-0390.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

List of Attendees ................................................... i

Speakers and Panelists ............................................... ii

List of Coordinating Council Meetings ................................... iii

Document Preparation ............................................... iv

Introductions ...................................................... I

Summary of Retrieval: Free Text,Full Text, and ControlledVocabularies by Dr. Raya Fidel ......................................... 1

Summary of Thesaurus Standardsand Practicalities byDr. Bella Hass Weinberg .............................................. 4

Summary of Panel Discussion .......................................... 7

References ........................................................ 7

Viewgraphs

Viewgraphs 1-4 Accompanying Dr. Fidel's Presentation

Viewgraphs 5-45 Accompanying Dr. Weinberg's Presentation

NASA STI PROGRAM

COORDINATING COUNCIL MEETING

INFORMATION RETRIEVAL: THE ROLE OF

CONTROLLED VOCABULARIES

April 22, 199310:00 am - 4:30 pm

Crystal City Gateway 4Conference Room

Attendees

NASA/Code JTr NASA/CASI DOE/OSTIKatie Bajis Carl Eberline Mona RaridonBarbara Bauldock Ron BuchanBonnie Carroll Bob Ferris BatelleBeth Duston Wanda Colquitt Mason SouleJim Erwin Joe GignacJanice Freeman Jim Schroer MITREJennifer Garland June Silvester Elaine LusherLaurie Harrison Roy Stiltner Inderjeet ManiLinda HillGlenn Hoetker NASA/AIAA TIS NLM/MEDLINEKaren Holloway Tom Cheung Peri SchuylerTom Lahr Barbara LawrenceHarry Needleman OTHERS Kri~on Ostergard NASA/GSFC Elliott LinderRoland Ridgeway Paul Baker: LOU Ann Smilan Jane RiddleRon SepicDebbie Stubberfield DoD/DTICPart Sullivan John DickertArdeth Taber JnrciHan

Marcia HamnaKay VoglewedSch Gretchen SchlaJohn Wilson A~ew 5, Annie Wadiington

David Williford

Ii

'S -

WelcomeJim Erwin

NASA STI Program

OverviewDr. Linda Hill

NASA STI Program

Retrieval: Free Text, Full Text, andControlled Vocabularies

Dr. Raya FidelAssociate Professor

Graduate School of Library and Information ScienceUniversity of Washington

Thesaurus Standards and PracticalitiesDr. Bela Hass Weinberg

ProfessorDivision of Library and Information Science

St. John's University

Panel Discussion of Federal ThesauriModerator. John Wilson, NASA STI Program

Ron Buchan, NASA/CASI Mona Raridon, DOE/OSTIGretchen Schlag, DoD/DTIC Peri Schuyler, MEDLINE

ii

NASA STI Program

Coordinating Council

The NASA Scientific and Technical Information (STI) Program Coordinating Council

consists of participants from NASA Headquarters, NASA Centers, and NASA contractors.The Coordinating Council meets periodically to exchange information and pursue topics

of vital interest to the NASA STI Program.

Coordinating Council Meetings

First Meeting NASA RECON Database May 23, 1990

Second Meeting International Acquisition July 23, 1990

Third Meeting STI Strategic Plan November 29, 1990

Fourth Meeting NACA Documents Database Project February 7, 1991

Fifth Meeting Quality July 1, 1991

Sixth Meeting Who Are Our Key Users? October 25, 1991

Seventh Meeting Acquisitions January 23, 1992

Eighth Meeting Using the Internet June 5, 1992

Ninth Meeting Total Quality Management October 28, 1992

Tenth Meeting Information Retrieval: The Role of April 22, 1993Controlled Vocabularies

niii

II * i il b. . . .".

Document Preparation

The following summary was prepared from the audio tape of the session by the staff at theNASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) and reviewed by the speakers. The summaryis intended to give the substance of the presentations and does not attempt to report on either thepanel discussion or the comments from the audience.

iv

NASA STI Program Coordinating Council Meeting, April 22, 1993

Information Retrieval: The Role of Controlled Vocabularies

Introductions Jim Erwin established one of the goals oftoday's conference as determining the ongoing role ofcontrolled vocabulary in information retrieval. Heanticipated that the meeting would help to clearlydelineate where we were in the area of informationretrieval and allow us to determine how we measureup against the state of the art.

Dr. Hill noted that one of the purposes of theconference was to establish a dialog among theparticipants on the complex topic of controlledvocabularies and their place as retrieval tools in a freetext environment.

Retrieval; Free Text, To illustrate the difficulties that can result fromFull Text, and a lack of a controlled vocabulary, Dr. Fidel discussed aControlled Vocabularies. search for the subject of exposures to substances orDr. Rays Fidel conditions that are a risk to health by using the phrase

"exposure assessment methodology" (see viewgraphs 1and 2). The aim of the search was to find informationabout measurement techniques. The difficulty is thateach word in the phrase is so common that, if you rana search using the words only, you would get a greatmany citations on a variety of subjects (see viewgraph3). The ambiguity inherent in the individual words ismatched by the ambiguity of the phrase itself. In orderto insure broad recall of relevant records, the searcherneeds to generate a set of synonyms for each concept.Synonyms include the words that people actually usein practice whm they talk about a particular concept.Thus, an effective list of synonyms will include wordssharing the same meaning as well as associated termsgenerated by the searcher out of her knowledge ofreal-life linguistic behavior.

Terms and concepts This example of searching for the subject"exposure assessment methodology" illustrates thediffernces between free text (or even full text)

I1

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searching and the use of controlled vocabularies(thesaurus terms). The searcher needed to find recordsthat were relevant to the topic. In a free textenvironment without benefit of a controlledvocabulary, all that she had to search with werenatural language terms from the documents or records.She did not have the benefit of controlled vocabularywhere terminology for concepts had been standardized.She could not search with concepts. So, she made upthe appropriate concepts for that particular search andtried to generate terms that matched those concepts toget at the information that she wanted. Thisapproximates what is done when indexing with acontrolled vocabulary. The indexer identifies conceptsbased on a reading of the material and then choosesthe appropriate words (descriptors) from the controlledvocabulary (the thesaurus) to represent those concepts(see viewgraph 4).

Need for controlled Why should we create these controlledvocabularies vocabularies beforehand and use them in indexing?

One of the great values of controlled vocabularies isthat they make implicit concepts explicit throughhierarchical relationships between terms. Theserelationships between broad terms and narrow termscannot be derived from an analysis of free text. Theymust be intellectual constructs. We have terminologicalcontrol and content analysis through indexing. Weneed a controlled vocabulary if we want to retrieveconcepts that can be represented in various ways, orinferred, in free text.

Cost versus effectiveness Are controlled vocabularies cost-effective? Freetext advocates argue that they are not cost-effective.Some studies found that free text and controlledvocabulary searching have the same results. Otherstudies have found that one or the other of the

2

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methods were more effective. Most of the studieswere flawed; the question has not been answered.

Retrieval effectiveness: A renewed interest in retrieval techniques andReview of retrieval the differences among them resurfaced with the adventstudips of full text searching. There were conflicting results

from studies comparing full text searches withcontrolled vocabulary searches. A study (Tenopir,1985) using the Harvard Business Review Onlinedatabase, reported on a controlled experiment in which31 requests were searched in four different formats:only the text, only the title, only the abstract, and onlythe descriptors. Results indicated that full text searchesretrieved more than the other methods, yielding highrecall, but with low precision. The controlledvocabulary performed better than free text if one didn'tlook at the full text, but only at the titles and abstracts.The conclusion of the study was that a combination ofcontrolled vocabulary with a full text search techniquegives the best results, since the controlled vocabularycompensates for the imprecision of the full text search.

Recall capability In a study (McKinin et al., 1990), 100questions generated by people that came into thelibrary asking for literature searches were searchedusing two full text databases. Although the searchesresulted in high recall, it was found that using thecontrolled vocabulary found some articles that weremissed by the full text searches. Why were theymissed? In 25% of the cases, it was because theconcepts were not explicit in the text. In 33% of thecases, failure to capture a document was because thesearchers did not use enough synonyms. Thus, in 58%of the cases, the failures could have been avoided bythe use of a controlled vocabulary.

3



Precision and recall An earlier study (Blair & Maron, 1985)found that when you have a very large full textdatabase, you get very poor retrieval using free textsearching. In this study, using a 40,000 documentdatabase and 360,000 pages of text, legalparaprofessionals with search experience searched 51questions. Results indicated high precision (79%), butlow recall (20%), a counter-intuitive result. Low recallresulted, in part, from the drawbacks that are inherentin full text searching without a controlled vocabulary:the concepts that were being searched had differentterms attached to them. Accidents, for example, werevariously referred to as events, incidents, situations,problems, difficulties, etc.

When to use free text In the last study cited (Fidel, 1992), 47and/or controlled searchers were observed as they performed theirvocabularies searches. They were asked to think aloud, reflecting on

their reasons for making various decisions. Dr. Fidelalso interviewed each searcher. It was found that thedecision whether to use a free text search term or acontrolled vocabulary search term depended on thespecific situation. If the term was a common one, itwas best to use descriptors. If the term was well-defined and recall was not important (the client simplywanted to get some articles), then free text was used.

Conclusion The overall conclusion drawn from a review ofthese studies was that full text searching can by nomeans replace the use of a controlled vocabulary. Theideal search environment is one in which a controlledvocabulary complemented a free text search capability.

Thesaurus Standards Dr. Weinberg analyzed the various structures ofand Practicalities thesauri and their display in print and online, earlyDr. Bells Hass Weinberg making the point that there was not one standard or

4



correct structure for thesauri. Chosen for comparisonwere four thesauri produced by government agenciesthat participated in the following panel discussion: theNational Aeronautics and Space Administration(NASA), the National Library of Medicine (NLM), theDepartment of Defense (DoD), and the Department ofEnergy (DOE). The structures of the thesauri arevaried and complex, a situation that contributes to alack of utilization. Using viewgraphs to illustrate thehierarchical arrangement of terms, the thesauri werepresented in order of increasing complexity ofstructure: the Defense Technical Information CenterThesaurus (see viewgraphs 5-9), the Department ofEnergy's International Energy Subject Thesaurus (seeviewgraphs 10-13), the NASA Thesaurus (seeviewgraphs 14-23), and the National Library ofMedicine's Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) (seeviewgmphs 24-31). Comparisons and contrasts weremade among such thesaurus features as the structure ofbroader and narrower terms, the presence or absenceof related terms, and levels of hierarchy.

Analysis of four thesauri Specifically, Dr. Weinberg analyzed in somedetail the following aspects of the four thesauri (seeviewgraph 32) : the primary alphabetic sequence, thedictionary, the concordance of all words, and theclassified display. Again, the overriding point was howconfusing thesauri can be to users.

Alphabetic sequence In the DOE thesaurus, the primary alphabeticsequence is called Subject Thesaurus; in DTIC it iscalled Posting Terms; in MeSH, Annotated AlphabeticList; and in the NASA Thesaurus, Hierarchical Listing.

Dictionary Dictionary functions are also variouslyaccomplished. In the DOE thesaurus, some definitionsare within the alphabetic sequence, with a tag. In

5



DTIC, there are some definitions, without a tag. MeSHincludes some lexical information within scope notes.NASA carries the definitions in a separate volume.

Concordance DOE has no concordance. DTIC calls itsconcordance Key Words Out of Context, and places itin Section 3. MeSH calls it Permuted Medical SubjectHeadings, while NASA calls it Access Vocabulary.

Classified display DOE has no classified display. DTIC has aseparate hierarchical listing. MeSH has a separatehierarchical display, one that consists of tree structureswith no redundancy to the alphabetic display. NASA'sthesaurus does not have a separate printed panorama ofthe classification of all its descriptors. However, itprovides complete broader- and narrower-termrelationships for each term within the alphabeticalsequence, called the Hierarchical Listing.

Semantic relationships Next, Dr. Weinberg discussed thesaurusnotation for semantic relationships (see viewgraph 33).In abstract terms there are three categories of semanticrelationships: equivalence, hierarchy, and association.

Online thesaurus display In her discussion of online thesaurus display,Dr. Weinberg noted that, compared with print displays,online displays in the major vendor systems arepoorer, offering less information to the user (seeviewgraphs 34-45). For example, scope notes aretruncated. The definition information is not yetavailable in the major online systems. She found thatsome people who are mounting thesauri at DIALOGdo not understand thesaurus codes. Used and Used Forare both truncated to U and used in both directions incertain databases (see viewgraph 39).

Conclusion In conclusion. Dr. Weinberg noted the greatvariations in thesauri structures. She argued that

6



greater uniformity would simplify consultation ofthesauri. (She is not, however, advocating uniformityin vocabularies.) She also called for a commoncommand language for information retrieval that wouldenhance end user employment of the controlledvocabulary that we put so much effort into building.

Panel discussion In the lively panel discussion on developingfederal thesauri, a number of important issues werecovered: the uses of retrospective indexing, thequestion of whether the addition of more postings tocontrolled vocabularies constitutes an advantage or adisadvantage to searchers, the impact of machine-aidedindexing, and efforts aimed at standardizingterminology. What the panelists agreed upon was theneed for on-going consultations among the panelparticipants on standardizing their respectivevocabularies whenever possible.

References Blair, David C. & Maron, M. E. (1985). An evaluationof retrieval effectiveness for a full-text document-retrieval system. Communications of the ACM, 28(3):289-299.

Fidel, Raya (1992). Who needs controlled vocabulary?SpciaLibraries, 83(1) : 1-9.

McKinin, Emma Jean et al. (1991). The Medline/Full-Text Research Project. Journal of the AmericanSociety for Information Science, 42(4) : 297-307.

Tenopir, Carol (1985). Full text database retrievalperformance. Online• vie, 9(2): 149-164.

7

ViewgraphsRetrieval: Free Text, Full Text, and Controlled Vocabularies

Dr. Raya Fidel

Exposure AssessmentMethodology

Exposure AND AssessmentAND Methodology

Rays FidRl

AMn A2 IN3

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Atermismapped ._A. Use descriptors

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common term A term cannot C. Use textwordsbe mapped to a - = -- -- - D. Usetextwords todescriptor probe indexing

E. Change database

The descriptor is u F. Use descriptorsan exact match 7- *

SUse descriptors

term is mapped The descriptor Use textwordsto a descriptor a partial match for an inclusive search

L ,_ Use textwordsThe descriptor is J. Use textwords ina broader term combination with

a single- K Use descriptors

meaning term 7.

A term cannot L Use textwordsbemappedto - ,,,-- -------- - . Use textwords toa de ptrprobe indexing"adescriptor N. Use textwords to

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term that might be a

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Viewgraphs

Thesaurus Standards and Practicalities

Dr Bella Hass Weinberg

Viewgraphs 5 through 31 are pages from the DoD, DOE, NASA, and NLM thesauri.

Viewgraphs 32 and 33 are charts comparing the structures of the four thesauri.

Viewgraphs 32 through 45 are illustrations of DIALOG'S online thesaurus.

I r• • -•" ... .

AD-A226 000 DTICH 4185.7

Defense Technical

Information Center

Thesaurus

September 1990

distributed by.

Defense Technical Information CenterDEFENSE LOGISTICS AGENCY

Cameron Station * Alexandria, Virginia 22304-6145

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POSTING TERM ENTRY EXPLANATION

a. ARMY

b. (Scope note if necessary)

c. UF Army department

d. UFC Army medicine

e. BT *MILITARY FORCES (UNITED STATES)

f. NT FIELD ARMY

g. Army departmentuse ARMY

Army medicineuse ARMYand MRIARY MEDICINE

a. Posting Term - A main entry appearing in boldface type which represents a significant class ofconcepts used for indexing and retrieval.

b. Scope Note -Exists when necessary to further define or limit the meaning or usage of a posting term.NOTE: A date immediately preceding a scope note denotes the year and month the term

was established as an authorized DTIC posting term.

c. Used For (UF)- The posting term at the main entry is to be used for any term following this notation.Reciprocates with use reference.

d. Used For Combination (UFC) -The posting term at the main entry together with one or more otherposting terms are to be used for any term following this notation. Reciprocates with multiple usereference.

e. Broader Term (BT) - Posting terms following this notation represent a broader class which includesthe main entry posting term.

NOTE: An (*) symbol in front of a BT indicates the existence of broader generic levelsof terms.

f. Narrower Term (NT) - Posting terms following this notation are within the class of conceptsreLprsented by the main enuy posting term.

NOTE An (*) symbol in frova of a NT indicanes the existence of narrower generic levelsof termns.

g. Use Reference - Refers the umer to one or ,ore preferred main entry posting terms. Alwaysreciprocates with UF and UPC refrences.

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INIOWNSWAL PwROTCTON WAVIER STOKGES EQUATIONS INFRARED EQUIPEITWINVIROM AL PSYOWLOUSTS IUM.IMEAR ALGAIMC EQUATIONS slETTISONABLE EQUIPMENT

WISMMN.TEST I sRONLIMM DIFFERENTIAL KITCHEN EQUIPMET AND SUPPLIESIWVI0 m5 EQUATIONS LABORATORY EQUIPMENT

AEROSPACE INVIRWIWIETS PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS LloISII LEQUI~fCONFINED UWIImST QUADRATIC EQUATIONS LIME TI1WIII EQUIPMETELa TITIC INVINWSENTS QUARTIC EQUATIONS LONW PATH IIFRA EQUIPMENTEiimw IN s SIEILTAMEOUS, EQUATIONS MAINTENANCE EQUIPIIWINDUCED ENVIIONMETS VOLTERRA EQUATIONS UO4MRTLE EQUIPMENTLUNAR ENVIRONMENS MAVE EQUATIONS MARINE CO WS IPMENTOCEMN DINVSO Se EQUATORIAL MtRI3E SAFETY EQUIPMENTSPACE ENIRINIETS EQUATORIAL DREITS MATERIALS HANLING EQUIPMENT

ENZOTIC EQUATORIAL REGONS MEDICAL EQUIPMENTEM3OTIC EQUILIBRIUM MICRWAVE EQUIPMENT

Da~mE MID IAM EQUILIURIIU MILITARY EQUIPMETENZME OEEISTRY HIEMICAL EQUILINRUum MINELAYING EQUPMETEREYME INHBITOR$ RQUILIURIIU(IEERAL) MIIESMEEPING EQUIPMENDeYME PRECURSOR EQUILINURUM(PHVISIOLDGY) MINIATURE ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT

ENZMES PROm EUlauRIIW FLOW MINATURE ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENENZYMES DEIFYING EQUILISRZUM FLOW hOUNTAIN CLIMBING EQUIPMNTMWCLVTIC WREME EQUIPS NAVAL EQUIPMENT

EOSIUWPHILS EASTERN EQUINE OCEMSIWHAIC EQUIPMENTEOSINOPHILS CE~LEITIS VIRUS OFF THE $MYI. EQUImEw

EPHIERIDIS M~l IN E Nm*LUWELITS VIRUS OFFICE EQUIpIT NW SUPPLIESEPEWulroDE VEUSUILWL EQUINE OPTICAL EQUIPMET

EPICENTERS WCEPALMYRLITIS OPTICAL EQUIPMENY cIMOMUINTSE1PICENTIBA WENEWLAN E=NEM OxYGE 5QUIPMET

EPIDEMoLoY NEPALWmLITIs VIRUS PANRAPIIC EQUIPMENTSPIDEIIOLOW1 WESTERN EQUINE PIWOTRRAPH11C EQUIPMENT

EPIDERIS EOCEPELOMMEITIS VIRUS PHOTDWumIC PHcssinGEpIASIESS EQUINE EQUIPMENT

E1PILEPSY EQUINIS PNEUMATIC EQUIPMETEPILEPS EQUIPMENT PORTAXLE EQIMPMEN

EPINERASES AUOMBERS(IQUIPMET) P OWE EQUIPMENTRAC S AM PIM11RASRS. ACUSTIC ESUPMET PRIUWm 2M EUIPMT

EPIomPESI AIR WSIT20NIN ESIPmT PROCESSING ESIXPouMBEPI 133l~m AIR tc QUIPMENT PRoTECTIVE EQUIPMEN

PITAXIAL AIR, POLLUTITON RANTAR EQUIPMENTRPITAXIM. OVNIT EQUIPMEN RADIO EQUIPMENT

WZYHELIUI AIR TRANSPORTABLE EQUIPMEDIT W INAL EQUIPMETlPITN9LIUM AIRCRAT EQUPMENT WISCUE 1IM11WN

gpIUOTC AI EQUIPMENT RESERV EQUIPMENT

EPOXIDATION AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT ROA BUILDMING UIPMEDTEPSIRATIOM mom( EQ NIPEN) mmINK0in1 &QUIITE

EPSI iinsU. ELECTRCAL EQUPMIT RUSSIAN EIM ENTLVOVY Como CANAIAN EUIPIENT SAFETY QIMPRINTBMWI cowoSITE @HIESUT ES1PNEST lEASt 1151 QUIPMWWwmY uinPWM CHLORIATION usnWW ýPRT~ALR E6111WP=W LIwmTE coAS amm oQUPmaN SIMP AUXILIARY EQUPWINpal PAMIN6 RCOO IAL *IWIPUN smaR U1p~umalNa W EPOY coUPOsiTE GUSD CATION naUPWW STAISSY Eoflpum

EMLIZATION CONNIWICTION Iempow SUBMARINE EQUPoWESVAIZATZIO COLIMS AM VINTLATINS UUMZMATIUE ELECTICAL

9I - C~OPY AVAIMhL To VMI DOW =O M=WT "UrL LDGnhU NW-nrnFM

ETDE/PUB-2(0E90008750)

INTERNATIONALENERGYSubject Thesaurus

1990

- IE TEC.#dOWOM1

EMTA 10SA EXCKUM

Descriptor P DISTRICT HEATING (01- Indicates validDA January 1975 , INIS descriptor

Broader Term 1 BTl HeatingNarrower Term ' NTI Geothermal District Heating Date entered

RT Central Heating Plants into thesaurusRT Co-GenerationRT DEUS

Related Termn RT Dual-Purpose Power PlantsRT Geothermal Heating SystemsRT Heat Distribution SystemsRT Hot WaterRT Thermal Transmission ICES

DISTRIBUTION [011(For energy distribution use - Scope Note

ENERGY SPECTRA.)USED FOR 10 UF+ Inclusive Distributionindicating multiple NTI Angular DistributionUSE references NTI Spatial Distribution

NTI Tissue DistributionRT AllocationsRT AsymmetryRT Boltzmann StatisticsRT Gauss FunctionRT Gaussian ProcessesRT IsotropyRT Particle KinematicsRT Symmetry

Forbidden Term I. Inclusive Distribution (Note Ialics)with multiple USE DistributionUSE references AND Inclusive Interactions

HELLOS FACILITYDA July 1979RT Carbon Dioxide LasersRT Laser Fusion Reactors

Definition D DEF A 10 WJ. 8-beam. CO, laser facilityat Los Alamos for laser fusionexperiments

ACTINIDE COMPOUNDS[01]

See NT1 descriptor 10 "NT1 Actinium Compoundsfor narrower terms *NT1 Americium Compounds

*NTI Berkelium Compounds*NT1 Californium Compounds*NT1 Curium Compounds"NTI Einsteinium Compounds"NTI Fermium Compounds*NTI Lawrencium Compounds:NTI M"&delevium Compounds*NTI Neptuniumn Compounds*NT1 Nobelium CompoundseNT1 Plutonium CompoundsONTl Protactinium CompoundsO'NTI Thorium Compounds*NT! Uranium Compound&

g1 J ! _ .4!-

- .

Subject Thesaurus

A-I Reactor (Bohunice) DA Decembw 1, 1974 BT, Wochroncus Cycotrons

DA December 1, 1974 USE Mesons -2 Cvcl*rons

USE Bohurnce A-1 Reactor BTF4

-- A3-2090 MESONS F011

A- I Reactor (Calder Half) DA February 1,1988DA December 1, 1974 BT1 Tosc Msn _ _USE Calder Hall A-1 Reactor BT2 Mesons (Australan Atomic Energy

BT3 Bosons Commwmon, abolisee on 27 April

A-2 BT3 Hadrons 1967 and replaced by ANSTO.)A- Recmr 1 144 BT4 Elementary Particles DA Apri 28 1978

USE Bohunuce A-2 Reactor UF Austrfl Atomic Energ"

A3 Resonances CommInssionDA December 1, 1974 STI Australian Organizations

.A-2 Reaclor (Calder Hall) DA Dcebr ,92 National OpganizatiOnsDA December 1. 1974 USE Pt2-1680 MesonsRT ANsTOUSE Calder Hal A-2 Reactor

AM-10 Resonances

-- Ao4o MESONS 1011 (Prior to February 198 thiwas a AAF

(Prior to January 1968 this concept valti dearO DA September 23, 1996was indexed by Det-DA Match 197 USE Acetylaminoluorenes

ResonancesUSE A4-2 Mesons

DA January 25.1988 E o e hUF Dea-1 Resonances -A4*DW ME 1011 DA May 2,1979

966o~ DAa~sBP2 •R Ma 2,.9(r1 Scalar Mesons (Prior February 1968 thischt UF Advanced A'omoBT2 Mesons was idexed b A4-1 960 Aiqomoive Sydstem9T3 Bosons RESONANCES.) AT PAubleibv SystemBT3 Hadrons DA February 1.IMAT Eiect-r dehicresST4 Elementary Particles UF A.4-12JResonances AT Gas Turbine Engines

971 Tensor Mesons AT internal Combustion Engines

Al-1070 Resonances - 2 MesEon 0T Stirling Engines(Pror to January 1908 thi was a valid oe Bosons

DA January , FM Hadrons

UF AI170T Br4 EementM11 Particles 14I• CoedRi¢o

DA December 1, 1974 91 lnisAy~DAR MDe~cembeWr 1,USE Ail- LZ70 Mesons UT reTanR a

-A.2460 MESONS 1M 1• RUF prl her tARA

-Al-'270 MESONS 101 DA Tensor .1u988 9T2 Research Reactors(Prior to January 1988 thi concept ST1 Tema esons M9 eeac7ndT3eatr

Was indexed by Al--1070 ST2 Mesons BT3 Reatres

RESONANCES.) P TDA January29, 1968 Sn' Hadroo is T2 Reactors

UF A 1-107 Reoane B-14 9'witar Particls 971 Weaer Cooled Reactors

972 Mesons A 285 S"ee B-T Wer Moderated- Reactors912 Bosons DA December 20,1978 BTz ReactorsB-T3 Hadrons USE Sla.i-ASTMA-A206974 Elwemetary Particles ABANDONED SHAFTS

A-WSOMdS m DeAmVr1.9S UF December 221977

A-16 Compounids DA December 1. 19V4 UF Douse 85fDidshfDA May 2,1979 B-TI HuwI Populions B-Ti M•ir ShatUSE Beft-W Lattices on P ,pds im BT2 Shaft Excavaons

AT Delayed R~atiton Bects AT Col in

A2-10 ResonancesRT RT(Prior to January 19 Mlhis was a Valid RT "

*a1crowo.) RAT UNe Say ABANDONED W ES )fl]DIA December1. 1974 AT Namald oDA Oactoer 23.1978USE A2-1320 Meson.

A AOTW 1 T Land Redatitehan

-4#A2-132D MESONS [M)'' DA AeliDOHD W.E197(Pdor 1o concept u

A•A WELLS

ADA A 24.1977973xe _by De-1310 Ertl1 W

D OA aNuES 2. IM BT54 Crysut Delece N@al Oa Web

Uo AR-I *wDEF An al or wega idswa

512 114gs A COK P1r becauses yield has falln

312 Besne DA Deerber 1. 1974 bel for

3M !Norow 311 Cor40We Coda 10S '5r4 Emeaiuy Plies Aft, a - MW ~

A614-IMf -emýueeN (Pier to Meri 116 Si. mc v lid DA N-u sr A 9,r19(Pier fo Ma•oh 1"1oft Was a %W . Faar AS tmamuW OR UK A ut at-4, )•4 WMMSONS4)

OA NOW 1. 1174 DA Deonubsr 1. 174 A 0 1'177unE ewlLINI MeneDAHve . f,iLMlE~m UP -o S o11• ratm

AL * .) UAng e AAO CYCLOTRM, NM A"(I*r Wh IMil Of te - a vWN DIA Do*e~be 1.1A IeW bfWg.s opWem

dssm~Smr.) UP Ttu QyW~ef ATFlu

12

MTr Aqumsc Orgmuuww ENVIROfM~kNIAA. =Mwffwr Polm

Pre DA D~omenbe 1, 1974 MT Olsen Air ActRr CE-NnWFusimew ': 'MT Ecanonim

MT cmflwhu6Cý FW Proe MT ZAN! -7 S Ecemm

Rr Dow Gaoilkmo Pfcs MT Air CAKW~wi% mT EnmhufUMni E3o

Rr E.ivA Am PAppumlAGS MT Paluto CPOse Eq'Wms' Rr &Ekwwonidmr kq~v~MT EWhuUMidW odsk

MT Advin Eumdsoan ENVR01EDIALr EXPOSURE MTNca nilwsWP

DA Sepoiher 21, 1966 AdbE~

sum sputw M Air Pobkon MT P4elanhin

DA Meimh a. 1077 MT OcareIOw"S.,

LOSE KU Exrcm Envs laon aim

RT man DA Docenibor1. 1974

ENTROPY11 MT Mutegons USE US EPADA Deawnber 1. 1974 MT Wasmr PabilionSTI grOMNA QUALITY

on Esw.EOuity Chaber DAkOM g"

MT Ei~vUSE Expoinm Chun~em NI Wu umMT H R T Eifomii Iawo

MT bs~ipsc Proemase SVVONINTMA EXPOSUR.E TEwunIlPiyPATHWAY (011

MT Tsandj~nwmDA Otla .r 1,197ENITRY CONTROL syTIrS 1011 MT siciousin Emkvnwwwwl( TeN"einwv

DA J446. Ion2 MTSaogslMdb DA March 22.1076

UPF Acc.. Dwnl *Ma.w MT BlIgc ussUSE Aambent TonempeIumWTI cotredSm MT Esasymmrs

M Prmaam Mr EnvWOWI~ ENVIRONMENTAL TPAOIWORT 1013

MT S.amly MT Food Choi& DA Nwmwner 1. 1976DEF Symbasf ta oaehieami MGT Intrsin SF KW' Dis~uapn

Itenain alt"3 id m SF Tfaowuot(E*uwfUa migN amy IROvMouhfAL EPSOT EM1 Mm ani

STAEMENTS 101) mEILngRr TmpaDA January 30,1975 MT7I = =dou Migidoo~n

DAMm1.I T EmkonuIment RT Ai-Sloophore ksrachonsUSE Daoibb Em velaps Suklim MT Emkaumeno Boas MT Asr-WeWktslrasriwm

MR EIkwhUvflS knT CwnSure

ENIMRONMEN 1011 MT Ndma ghm~lP0y MT Dcumsnh",DA Dsendhar 1. 1974 MT R EmvokqWmsI9 md

MT Acetm inRmrnvA UPCS(1 TLEtSSrw"ff ETXkIfL Rr JM MT U~

M*T ClseanAirAct isio lto be ued f Tfaaewi~ aM&

MT Cartrnboidon m~dgX8600ur hl 4sw on lie MT Sk"MT COob rt~p~S.wkanflUt ~m a prapamed MT Trandhmlior Caoummindmi

_____D"JMý 31. 1977 EKYMATIC HYDROLYSIMT EEV nVit R T Asadvito DA Vurch 22,1976MT jwbwmwnummu Epmma" MT EsfmlfTi Hydirolsi

A."M T EPMa--us'u Bacts 92 Slo~vio

MT Enwhuunuons!s MT Env* s -tnesi 0.1&- 974 Chmnuce ReedacionMT Eswfinvnmnid -MT EiwblionMiu OWy T Acid Hdoy* mMT Enveomi "w" Tmwpad MT Ikialma Vhtr AT Aiu yfsMT FUahaw Deposits MT SEEDS MT lduinAT HlWt MT 06mMT HyropmmMowrL MATONALS IN1011kdy c*tMT (pr EmoaA oy , for Rmreh in~k~m MT Egnymes

MT Nam .s we spotm- gwbonmm.nil namoMT H.) I iIMT Poihtian DA qRlU7.17 Tr "aediMT P smimi of Swaounkt RP nor(w MT

Daffon37 MIAMI RT ThsMovieMT Prieft MToleR Air

MTr wien ia Mition -T -mwEAr~l1

MTRogo Afr~hb MT MUhf TUmdmms edhm Q.IMT 8~ Is MT 3 M Chu~m" Reagdin IKiefrMT in.-.-- COt mT Raft MT Ell".eOrr Wsmosm Piud~ Aim, MT h.brwd MT UMel Advdmn

5xiwm- ndo Cammtasio mT vmt RT -10-IVAfY 119100"IN0

DA hamn 14. 1994UIMIL UIS EYE WOW11USE 500000 cmrnwsond

DA 2618 IM ae mie "ai Ip MT qi

bl "obs mu 51 US DOEpU MT MisAuW flm

aw k nim t o s a w a l k a ls m d a n- ~ t o r m U Sm s - -

ausmensDA URr UE Ndmbns wN UUM i

miosnwa DA ffwA It~msr. "a

mrThe"" poll". A PehaMI 14. imI MThr e

13 i

NASA SP-7064(Vol. 1)

NASATHESAURUS

VOLUME 1HIERARCHICAL LISTING

1988 EDITION

NatinlAenuc

14 Spa* A*M*Uon

A 14

I- X

c:c

0 c0

> =mul C Ocn

co Z. Z <O i W 0

(D C ccc~i vU 0 )c t 0 0r

E EE65 06

1~. 15

TYPICAL HIERAR(CHIUAL L-: 1 iav2 L-,,,,,

POSTABLE TERM = FAR ULTRAVIOLET RADIATIONSN (200 TO 2000 ANGSTROMS)

SCOPE NOTE UF VACUUM ULTRAVIOLET RADIATIONGS ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION

USED FOR TERM ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION*FAR ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION

GENERIC STRUCTURE . LYMAN ALPHA RADIATION• . LYMAN BETA RADIATIONIONIZING RADIATION* ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION* • FAR ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION. LYMAN ALPHA RADIATION•.. LYMAN BETA RADIATION

RELATED TERMS -- RT 'BREMSSTRAHLUNGMAGELLAN ULTRAVIOLET ASTRONOMY

SATELLITENEAR ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION

%RADIATIONULTRAVIOLET TELESCOPESX RAYS

TYPICAL USE CROSS REFERENCE ENTRY

NONPOSTABLE TERM - VACUUM ULTRAVIOLET RADIATIONSTUSE FAR ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION

POSTABLE TERM

TYPICAL ARRAY TERM ENTRY

ARRAYTERM -- CLUSTERS-- SN (USE OF A MORE SPECIFIC TERM IS

SCOPE NOTE RECOMMENDED-CONSULT THE TERMS

LISTED BELOW)

RELATED TERM R RT CLUMPSGALACTIC CLUSTERSGLOBULAR CLUSTERSPLEIADES CLUSTERPRAESEPE STAR CLUSTERSSTAR CLUSTERSVIRGO GALACTIC CLUSTER

16

FUNCTIONS (MENEIAONMENTCASIALUECTIONNUCLEAR POWERuna PLASTAS WATER

ENRICO Pl~fI ATOMIC POWER ANALYTIC FUNCTIONS CONSTALIAT

CONTAINATONUCLAR EECTRC POER EBRICS

GEEAINETOMLG DEFORESTATION

PLN SCIENCE EUTPOPIFJCATIONRT BREEDER REACTORS .ZOOLOGY o~s AE

FAST NUCLEAR REACTORS GE*JEEFCuLIOt MESTAL CODOLE REACTORS ENTRAMOMBT HABITATSPOWESR PLANTS FIT AERATION IC EWMRONMENTS

AEROSOLSMAN EWIINOMdENT INTERACTIONS

SISOOCHAFUAN THEORY SLOWING MARINE BIOLOGYUSE . OHAPMANENSKOG THEORY COOANDA EFFECT mARIE Ew~viRoNNTS

DISPERSING METABOLIC WASTESENSTATTE SRYN OS OLTO

GS C4ALCOGESIDES SUSPENDIN PAXING) NOISE OLNS O

* YOXEE POLLUTIONPVNSTAITTEENTRAMME SEWAGE

ENTAMFT CLIFITAINS SOIL EROSION- OPOP Do THERMA Poufn

* EISATMT INTAKE SYSTEMiS WASTE OSOSAI.L

EMINRAL TH&SOW WS

SILCN COWOW WATER DUALITY*KO SMCOMPUNS ENTRAPMET WATER RESOURCE

SILICATES FAT ACCUMULATORS WETLANDSOSTOXEI4ES CONFUSION WILDLIFE

. ESTAI~ ESCAPE - -ANOMETFIT O4OIOINARE RDAINSLUTE NW)NWMNGMN

REGOLITH TRANGSN GE tniANA waIN MNAEMN

SOML FIT CONSMATIONSO"ENTOP EARTH RESOURCES

ENSYROPHY GS THERMdODYNAMIC PROPERTIES SEWVIAOM5ETAL MONITORING

USE VOTICTYENTROPY LAWO MANAGEEN

ENERGY KAN SMADIMIENT INTERACTIONSOnUVý JORI ENTHALWYlESORCE MANAGEMET

UP SPACE SHUTTLE ORBITER lRSMET WATE MANAGEMENTGS MANINED SPACECRAFT MEAXIU NRP EHO AE EORE

SPACE SHUTTLE ORmflIRS -OLE OL46RAPYMEIOWARRSO*mm ._mw MOLLUENROPCT DrIwofl MDEL

REENTRY VEICE NWRIIONJIRMAUR S MDL4 RECOERABLE SPACECRAFT .WN~E MEAUUý MODELSEL

*REUSABLE SPCCATTIERMOOI4BSTRY AIT ATMOSPHERIC MODELS.. SPACE SKITTLE ORBITERS TEMDNMC )OKJG

G~rvlPGM to=TEST OMAIMMAT UM~iiE SPAM FLIGHT NPTOAwneaSPACECRAFT ENTROPY "O O3A1TA..SCS)W OLUII

WITAL mNTROP EA1UT1CU METHOD a POLUT~ION

Uz MEATCONEN MINIMU ENTROPY METHIOD GE -~f~NMM PILT

GS MEAT AT wSTATMITICS M POLLUTIONGE IMINAT . . GLOSAL AIR PO.LLUION

MERU MENERG ... INOCOR AN POLLUTIoN

MEAT OF DISSOCIATION ON AE CIF A MOR SPEIP 711110 . WATER POLLUTIONMEATOF 40RATIN rTw ERIM ... OILPOLUITIOIN

M EAT OF SOLATIONI LISTE lUoW AT AEROMIKOLOY

*.LATENT MEAT AT ATMOSPHRC ENTRY AEOSOLS

.. EAT OF PUSON ENT AURSII'IG

MEAT CF VAPORIZATION CLEM ENRGYTHEIMOYAC PROPERTIES -n GUDAC ISM EARTH REOURCES

EVINLPYOS MDE dDnNI IONMENTA MONMOI'04

GINNI ..- E SEWE . arm GUIJOANCE omIRMIM YPET P ISOOIIX T ATUD04OW VITRY HUPMA WASTE

MEAT OF PCPTIN FLINT CONIF4OLMET F oullON HYqpINWc IRYw NIME POWITION

LATINT MEAT PONT" O NTROL SYSTEMS OIL SUINS.. EANT OF FUSION SPACE SKJTfL.S owS

MEAT OF VADOIATIOIN SPAM TRANSPORTATION aYvow POLLUTION MONITOINGAT ADIABATIC, CONDITIONS PJS4I POLLUTION TR~mI~w

*SnsSY TERIMINA. GUJIDANE THISM POWL~CN-filp WASTE OPL*

ain4d4LUNLT IIDUATICIS AT SOwLOOMM PnoKUCIUNMEAT NL 7"R UMST as ROMICTION

-OLr#DK EFETWýISORY -RNN -IVDCMOLUI OVARM AT -fil POWJIuoNaso W- NEAT CENTRI. ATLMSIC inULK GOO

1immonoIRYg SN ONEO A BO ESO MW If Tm, Sam19 f ODWMUCS41r off aps EFUET

us= SEA WUSS~omwfL MONMOPSI

PLW -NNVA WA OW40m m ~LIMIS pATIllwaxS '01T1 POLLUTION

COMPLEX VAPNOANALYTIC pTDIcIOI ON PIPUC ON AYMOOWAN SULTN

GMes nIInO AIT AUR POLLUTION ABSUVTI UNSATMO

'17


NASATHESAURUS

VOLUME 2ACCESS VOCABULARY

1988 EDITION

.4

P&d Sp. Adm~taoken~ang • h•

WW Spe ft inisdo

18

•i.= ............. ................. • •,= .. , lw......... ........ ...mm

Equatlmi, Dlophnme

wivoonw -p~EC~UUSE HIGH GRAVITY ENVIRONMENTS

USE ELECTROMAGNETIC ENVIRONMENT E--m-wtmen 160' T.w#o.mME.CLOEXPERIMFINT USE HIGH TEMPERATURE ENVIRONMENTS E09IGLOOY

Envremnw I p li.ng Man Invkiinmw.n beUSE MAN ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS USE ICE ENVIRONMENTS0111115

EW#*BIBIIUI Lam Ev -mWNý~e, LEO EPU..EPSYUSE LUNAR ENVIRONME*NT USE EARTH ORBITAL ENVIRONMENTS IMPMM

-NIOMN MANGMT EflWrome~fliS Lo WO E rbilmlUSE EARTH ORBITAL ENVIRONMENTS rTX

USE MAR ENVIRNMENT Low Tamuwab, Epmn. GapI.US MR EVIOMETUSE LOW TEMPERATUIRE ENVIRONMENTS LOE GRAPHOEPITAXV

US 4MRINE ENVIRONMENTS USE UOOUIO PHASE EPITAXY

EMVONIOME FUOTIC!I0B USE PLANETARY ENIOMNSUSE MOLECUILAR BEAM EPITAXY

US UOASNENIRN~iS* VAPOR PHASE EPITAXrY

USE SPACE ENVIRONMENT SIMUL.ATION 2ormitSesmUSE SPACECRAFT ENVIRONMENTS WS

VbMSIUAOI w umnwns Thor" USE EFFECTIVE PERCEVE NOISE LEVELSEmmmL UOSE THERMAL ENVIRONMENTS

USE AEROSPACE ENVIRONMENTS SolDaM ACTIVITY USE TVAE MEASRMEN

USE TEST CHAMERS IVE PRAO

ENVIRONENTAL coin EIUo Ce I sNUOSE COENZYMES USE EPOXY COMOUND

oDr~oWak AL CSOflUOL afILG lw o~mt ob

BrAUONToAL uKebr Inwh UE BORONS4POKY OOPWsTES

ENmONOMENTAL Iul= USE EXPERIMENTAL OPGANIC COLED lps-y Compolifs. ORSAm-REACTORS USE GRAHF9TE-EOCY COMOSTES

ONORMOOgffL LAMONATOPM ls oySmoml

EN ,~M LLWRM% ll USE EGO amm~Xcmo~USE SPACECRAFT' LUDRICATION SOLE SSliNE IEWSE

urwAMOgmmwAj uwvm g W EP03EY m

UBu.OITAL OU~r USE EARTH & OCEAN PHYSICS APPLICATIONS ff"" 3mS. SPROGRAM USE PHNOIUC POXY PEWS

DrVMM~uIAL RESEARcH SAuTELLTE am poAIML sou.SNVU)

lomome sos m USE EARTH ORBITAL PR40EZVUSUSE NOESS an USE BENULITHOE

OSusNOW1M guwflm USE; LAMSA SAELIE 9411111%oewlo

USE AMBEN TEMPEATURE USE EARTH OBSERWM SYSTEM W:05

mrw kmffaL TOMT _0_SE BAIUQUTOUSE LANDSAT E 61111110 811111111 T-Ipt

UBE MULTZMOM TRA04OT EQATIONKWG~f £uwmpm UKE LAMSAT F 010111 ammvUKE m SEVIROM USE in0LTZAM06MASO GOUAN

USE EART MINML EMWMWMWIT 101 US .LOUVom83

LEI EXlkTNINRAL. DVO&UA1DOES NO UEMI EGB E BI11111110 MOTINFOOMIMIDUS VgCPM I STELI9

TYPICAL ACCESS VOCABULARY ENTRIES

Nonpostable term in naiural language order. Air Density Explorer APostable term reference. USE EXPLORER 19 SATELLITE

Pseudoterms (permutations) derived from non- A, Air Density Explorerpostable multiword term. Postable term ref- USE EXPLORER 19 SATELLITEerence follows USE.

Density Explorer A, AirUSE EXPLORER 19 SATELLITE

Explorer A, Air DensityUSE EXPLORER 19 SATELLITE

Embedded term. BIOGEOCHEMISTRY

Pseudoterms (permutations) derived from em- Chemistry, Biogeobedded term. USE BIOGEOCHEMISTRY

Geochemistry, BioUSE BIOGEOCHEMISTRY

Postable multiword term. APOLLO SOYUZ TEST PROJECT

Pseudoterms derived from multiword term. Project, Apollo Soyuz TestUSE APOLLO SOYUZ TEST PROJECT

Soyuz Test Project, ApolloUSE APOLLO SOYUZ TEST PROJECT

Test Project, Apollo SoyuzUSE APOLLO SOYUZ TEST PROJECT

Typical OTHER WORD entry (abbreviation) MAwith postable term reference. USE MASSACHUSETTS

Typical OTHER WORD entry (chemical sym- Znbol) with postable term reference. USE ZINC

20


NASATHESAURUS

VOLUME 3DEFINITIONS

1988 EDITION

NJASAand •No•n•a OIU

adSpace Admididebaf mScientmi ewnd iit

intormation DlvSfonlm

21

.... ...

INTRODUCTION

Definitions are given for most terms added to the NASA Thesaurus since 1976 as well as for many

earlier terms. Definitions of more common or general scientific terms are given a NASA slant if one

exists. Certain terms are not defined as a matter of policy: common place names, chemical ele-

ments, specific models of computers, and nontechnical terms. Other terms lack definitions becausethe NASA Thesaurus predates by a number of years the systematic effort to define terms. Neverthe-less, definitions of older terms are continually being added.

The following data are provided for each definition: term in uppercase/lowercase form, definitionper se, source, and year the term (not the definition) was added to the NASA Thesaurus. The NASAHistory Office is the authority for capitalization of NASA names. USE cross references from theNASA Thesaurus are also included in uppercase/lowercase form.

SOURCES OF DEFINITIONS

Definitions with no source given were censtructed by lexicographers at the NASA Scientific andTechnical Information (STI) Facility, who rely on the following sources for their information: expertsin the field, literature searches from the NASA STI database, and specialized references, includingthose listed below.

ASTM. Compilation of ASTM Standard Definitions, 6th edition. Philadelphia, PA, ASTM, 1986.Copyright, the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). All rights reserved. Usedwith the permission of ASTM. Two ASTM sources are distinguished: standards are identified byan alphanumeric designation with no hyphen; committees are identified by an alphanumericdesignation with a hyphen. The original definitions appeared in the Annual Book of ASTMStandards.

DOE. Energy Data Base Subject Thesaurus (DOE/TIC-7000-R7). Oak Ridge, TN, Departmentof Energy, 1987.

SP-7. Dictionary of Technical Terms for Aerospace Use, NASA SP-7. Washington, DC, NASA,1965.

In some cases, definitions used from these sources have been subjected to editorial alterations,such as making a definition agree in number with the NASA form of the term.

TYPICAL TERM DEFINITION ENTRY

TERM - phmTrnsoparet bmoadi wft at MWa fto poW"he pWan Ume iciewbOM reseW wo each othe, from Mid Wt is reflcte or Uwoug

DEFINITION .. 'vwidc lgtM is efrcted. Whe" liht i rlrated by a pris whosr1e•8aiwe ka 4X=t tt of e mvmountg me mn, it isdseWd or be toward tft ickeW pc t 3w pfsm.

ASTE II '75 E-Sj im .-- YEAM SOURE TERM -1 M

SOURCE OF22 D.FiNmON

22

ENTROPY

entropy equations of motionA measure of the extent to which the energy of a system is A set of equations which give information regarding the motion of

unavailable. SP-7 1968 a body or of a point in space as a function of time when initial

position and initial velocity are known. Used for motion equations.

entropy (statistics) SP.7 1968

A factor or quantity that is a function of a mechanical system andis equal to the logarithm of the probability of the particular equations of statearrangement in that state. 1980 Equations relating temperature, pressure, and volume of a system

in thermodynamic equillibrium. Used for state equations.

entry oukance (STS) SP.7 1968

The precise steeri commands for trajectory from initialpenetration of the earth's atmosphere unftI the terminal area equatorial atmosphereguidance is activated at an earth-relative speed (about 2500 fps). The composition and characteristics of the earth's atmosphere at

1980 and/or near the equator. 1978

environmental chambers equatorial regions

Use test chambers Areas on or near the earth's equator regions between the Tropicof Cancer and the Tropic of Caprcorn (23 degrees 27 minutes

environmental chemistry North or South of the Equator). 19L0Collective term conmtising the complex chemical relationshipsinvolving the atmosphere, climatology, air and water pollution, fuels, equatorspesticides, energy, biochemistry, geochemistry, etc. 1980 The primary great circle of a sphere or spheroid, such as the

earth, perpendicular to the polar axis; or a line resemblng or

environmental temperature approximating such a circle. SP-7 1968

Use ambent temperature

environments A state of dynamic balance between the opposing actions,External conditions or the sum of such conditions, in which pieces reactions, or velocities of a reversible process.

of equipment, ivi organisms, or systems operate as in ASTM (E 7, E-4) 1968temperature environment, vibration environment or spaceenvwronment Environments are usually specified by a range of equilibrim flowvalues, and may be either natural or artificial. SP-7 1968 Gas flow in which energy is constant along streamlines and the

composition of the gas at any point is not tim dependentc Used- i for steady state flow. SP-7 1968

A type of white blood cell or leukocyte which stai a red colorwith eosin stain; normally about 2 to 3 percent of white cells in equkwxes

the blood but tending to decrease during stressful stuations and One of two points of intersection of the ecliptic and the celetalthus usable as an index for stress SP-7 1968 equator occupied by the sun when its declination is zero degrees.

SP-7 1966ephemreridlesPeriodical publications tabulatig the predicted positions of celestial ERBEbodies at regular intervals, such as daily, and containing othe Use earth radiation budget expermentdata of interest to astronomers. A publication giving similarinformation useful to a navigator is called an almanac. SP-7 1968 ergometers

Instruments for measuring muscular work. SP-7 196

The uniform measure of tm defined by the laws of dynamics egonomiceand determined in prnciple from the orbital motion of the planets. Use human factors engineeringspecifically the orbital motion of the earth as represented byNewcomb's Tables of the Sun. SP-7 IW 8 eosoon

Progressive lmo of original material from a solid surface due to

e00"Egy mechanical interaction between that surface nd a fluid, aThe oriented growth of a crystalline substance on a substrate of multicomoonent fluid, or impinging liquid or solid particl, Used

the same or different cystaline substance. for saM (geology). ASTM (G 76. 6-2) 196ASTA (F 127, F-.) 1969

epoxmatrix oompo Ces Comusition of solid propelants wompanied with nonstledy, highHigh strength compositions consisti of epoxy resin arid a velocity flos of product gem across burning propelantren0aorong nalfri of filamens or fibers of gless me*l,, or other surisies. low

a co bewW

Vacos liubiforhMNsiolifconto" @pow* that S canb le crss inkdOto fina form by nmem of a cel•ml a ca esb ernar aenf

wO• a variey of 10m agwt m W wO or wihu hea voutoes, go ma of whidwe• Fn P;-one oo to dMeance

42

-PW MM ,O 23

ISSN: 0141-oi i

National Library of Medicine

M EDICAL SUBJECT

HEADINGS-..

ANNOTATEDALPHABETICLIST

1993It

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DESCRIPTOR

PRE-EPLOSON SMBOLCONSIDER ALSOPRE-EPLOSON SMBOLCROSS-REFERENCE

TO OTHER TERMS

EENUMBER *NEOPLASMS$-INDICATES INDENTED vaoida alo , tiny CANCER CAROINO-. ONCO-, and! TUMORIEADINGS IN MESH TREE~ Ci.MRUCTURES AT avoid: I00 raak pInd- Wcflicx; policy: Mana mactias 24; /chm Wi pamined but cosder also'HIS NUMBER) CARCONOGENS; jtim cmuider abe NEOPLASM STAGING (we am dwm) but 'pf,- 11 wI Ada

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NtTTO AGENTS. Awhudu.i cd aber Wo RACHYnIERAPY; do amme 1 ( -NEOPLASM METASTASUS);'ATALOGING fisailial: aommder ago N8OFLASflC SYNDROMES NEREIDITARY; inauac cme ofme *1:0tao ne%NNOTATION vmindr NEOPLASM MErASTASIS; Taster Kqr TN SpiCATALOGO faon qai pmwmnd

ldiagnow was NEOPLASM DIAGNOSIS 1964-45; IduiM~s em NEOPLASM EITOLOGy 1964443; f, dgIlSTORY was NEOPLASM IMM~UNOLOGY 1964-65; i#adwthiranu was NEOPL.ASM RADIOTHERAPY 1964.0, pbmapy40TE was NEOPLASM THERAPY 196445; NEOPLASM STAT1csT was head"in196445; vuO~ENSSe

boading 1977

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PECANCEOUS CONDMONSBACKWARD SEE RNA, NEOPLASM

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ISSN: 1045-2338

¶ National Library of Medicine

PERMUTEDMEDICAL SUBJECTHEADINGS

1993

US DIAXTMWrA OF IHALTHAND fUMAN SM%#PW~k Haft ftvkNadI uifdmta of Haft

NiagLbumy or I ch

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1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Ledve blank) 2. REPORT DATE 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED

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Permuted Medical Subject Headings, 1993

6. AUTHOR(S)

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National Library of Medicine

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PB93-100055

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Supersedes. PB92-100056; Supplements Medical Subject Headings, Annotated AlphabeticList, 1993 (PB93-100030) and Medical Subject Headings, Tree Structures, 1993(PB93-100048).

1Za. OISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENT 12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE

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Permuted Medical Subject Headings, 1993 is a computer-generated display of all

terms; i.e., descriptors and cross-references, in the alphabetic list of the

National Library of Medicine's Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) for 1993, as well

as all check tag and geographic descriptors in the Annotated Alphabetic MeSH,

1993. The Permuted MeSH takes each significant word that appears in each MeSH

term and then lists all the MeSH terms (both descriptors and cross-references)

in which that word appears. The Permuted MeSH also takes selected word roots and

lists all the K.SH terms in which that root appears.

94L 90MV ST10 vu S. euMeas of PAGKS¶ Descriptors: Index Terms, Information Retrieval, Subject

Index Terms 11PRCCOIdentifiers: ftSI3. HOU HDLRS_

17-. UCJUMMc LASINIcATM 1. sCIUIITYcASSIICATMo 19_ sEu1rIVAS'UcAON 5. ~ATM O• AWSTUOr RIPOP OF TS PAM! OF ASTRCT

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MEDICAL SUBJECTHEADINGS-.

S SRUCTURES

1993

1U-- DEI,%ni~rr 07 M.%L-MAND HUMAN MWMC7

Nadonu LhvaW Of jkimdgas

30

"G3 - ENVIRONMENT AND PUBLIC HEALTH

ENVIRONMENT AND PUBLIC HEALTH (NON MESH)

ENVIRONMENT AND PUBLIC HEALTH (NONMESH) G3

ENVIRONMENT G3.230ALTITUDE G3.230..ACONSERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES G&3.230.U

CONSERVATION OF ENERGY RESOURCES G3.230.80.78DISASTERS G3.2=0.100

DISASTER PLANNING G3.230.IOO.35EXPLOSIONS G3.230.100.90FIRES "i G3.230.100.120

FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS G3.230.100.120.110NATURAL DISASTERS G3.230.10020RELIEF WORK G3"30.100.300 [imam.

ENERGY-GENERATING RESOURCES G3"30.132ELECTRICITY G3.230.132.200FOSSIL FUELS G3.230.132.25 Jalo

COAL G3.230.132.258.10S JI435COKE G3.230.132.2S8.108.110 JLO.L.

PETROLEUM G3.230.132LSS.630 JL4aSLm aL07JL740AML

FUEL OILS G3".30132.5630.00 JlA3L2.. JL74SA..GASOLINE G3.230.132.2=8.630.-40 JL4.73.. JL74LA.LKEROSINE G3.230.132.2=8.630.600 JWA.L7". J.74•oAL

NUCLEAR ENERGY G3.230.132.$0 HIA79.NUCLEAR FISSION G3.230.132.0.,00 HLE7IJW.NUCLEAR FUSION G3.230.132$80J20 HLwi.SW.

SOLAR ENERGY G330.1.708ENVIRONMENT, CONTROLLED G3.230.1%AR CONDITIONING G3.230.ISLWDIVING G3.230.150.150 nsI.'HEATING G3.2M.15.300HOUSING G3.230.150.360 G3.U NL.,79L

HOUSING FOR THE ELDERLY G3.21S0.J60.125 -LL9HOUSING, ANIMAL G3.230.1503602M

HOSPITALS, ANIMAL G3.230.I 200PUBLIC HOUSING G3230.1O.360.650 NLfl

HUMIDITY G.23.150.372 GUAMLIFE SUPPORT SYSTEMS G3.230.150.391LIGHTING G3.230.150.410SEALED CABIN ECOLOGY G3.230.150A30TEMPERATURE G3.230.i58A040 causm. m•enmVENTILATION G3J30.15OS20

ENVIRONMENT DESIGN G3.230.=00 ng n.aAI:.EXTRATERRES/TRIAL ENVIRONNMNT G3.23E23METEOROLOGICAL FACTORS G3.23L300

ATMOSPHERE G3.230J0uo00AIR G32M30.30.100.S0

AIR IONIZATION G3.23S0.I.Iu1J00 mam.AIR MOVEMENTS i3.26U.lIiSO1Bs5WIND G3.22.U1.150.1S5,UQam

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45

V REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Frm App OMS N& 0704-01U

1. AGENCY USE ONLY (LeAve blak) 2. REPORT DATE 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED

SApril 1993 Technical Memorandum

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Unclassified - UnlimitedSubject Category 82

13, ABSTRACT (umiamw 200 w•kd)

The theme of this NASA Scientific and Technical Information Program Coordinang Council meetingwas the role of controlled vocabularies (thesauri) in information retrieval Included amsnummories of the presentations and the accompanying visuals. Dr. Raya FkIel spoke onRetrieval: Free Text, Full Text and Controled Vocabularies. Dr. Bela Hass Weinberg spoke onControlled Vocabularies and Thesaurus Standards. The presentations were followed by apanel discussion with participation from NASA, NW., DTIC, and DOE; this discussion, however,is not summauized in any detail here.

14. SUDJBCT TERMS 15. NUMIER OF PAGESo ma reieval, standards thesauri nomoencltre databases

I&. PRICE COIDE

17. SECUfrrf a..AISIFIATION fL SBCUurff CLASSIWCATIOI4 9p R CLASSIFICATION Z&LDCAIAON OF ABSTRACTUNCLAMT OF HISPAGR O ALN4Cr ASU~lI~

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L._. cm Hddb MD 21090