information technology (it) computer technology (hardware and software) processing and storing...
TRANSCRIPT
Information Technology (IT)
• Computer Technology (Hardware and Software) Processing and Storing Information
• Communication Technology Transmitting information
Introduction to MISIntroduction to MIS
• The MIS Concept
• System Concepts
• Types of Business Information Systems
Roles; Trends
• Managerial Challenges of IT
• Why Studying IS/MIS
What You Need to Know
The MIS Concept
The MIS concept addresses the use of IT to improve individual and organizational performance at two levels:
1) producing “better” tangible outputs
2) developing tools and processes that allow better management decision making
Level 1: “Better” Tangible Outputs
• IT is used to make the process in producing a tangible output more efficient and more effective
• Implication Issueswhether or not to use ITselecting the proper ITemploying correct procedures for the utilization of the IT
Level 2 : Intangible Outputs
• A schematic view - the information/decision level• MIS involves identifying the key decisions that
are related to reaching objectives, on determining the proper information needed to make these decisions, and on improving the decision processes employed to make the decisions.
• Implications: Activity at this level concentrates on developing tools and processes that allow better management decision making
The MIS Concept - Level 2:Intangible Outputs (achieving desired
objectives)
D ata
In fo rm ation D ec is ion P rocesses
D ec is ion s
G oa ls /O b jec tives
System Concepts
• What is a system?A set of components that interact to accomplish goalsSystems can be viewed as process models in terms of
their inputs, outputs, processing, and feedback/control mechanisms. Examples.
• What is an IS?A set of interrelated components that
collect input, process, and output data and information and provide a feedback/control mechanism
• What is a CBIS?An IS that uses IT.Components: hardware, software, databases, networks,
people, procedures
System Examples
• University – an example Inputs: students, faculty, textbooks Processing mechanisms: teaching, research, service Output: graduates Goal: acquisition of knowledge
• The Manufacturing System
• Other Examples
• Subsystem, interface,
open, adaptive
Boundary Feedback
ManufacturingProcess
Input ofRaw Materials
Output ofFinished Products
Environment
Other Systems
Control byManagement
ControlSignals
ControlSignals
FeedbackSignals
FeedbackSignals
System Boundary
A Manufacturing System: Generic Components
Systems: Some Examples
• University Inputs: Students, Faculty,
Textbooks Processes:
Education/Courses Output: graduates Feedback: surveys, grades
• Toyota Plant Inputs: raw materials,
components Processes: assembly line Output: mini-vans Feedback: customer surveys,
quality reports
• Fast Food IS Inputs: consumer orders Processes: processing
software Output: receipts, cook’s order
list Feedback: invalid entry
message• Video Store IS
Inputs: rentals, returns Processes: processing
software Output: reports, rental
agreement Feedback: error repots
System Classifications and Characteristics
Open Closed
Adaptive Nonadaptive
SubsystemSystem BoundaryInterfaceOpen, Adaptive Systems
Input, Processing, Output, Feedback/Control
INPUTSGathering and capturing raw data
INPUTSGathering and capturing raw data
PROCESSINGConverting or transforming data into useful outputs
PROCESSINGConverting or transforming data into useful outputs
OUTPUTSProducing useful information, usually in the form of documents.
OUTPUTSProducing useful information, usually in the form of documents.
Feedback/Control
Output that is used to make changes to input or processing activities
System Performance Standards:Efficiency and Effectiveness
Efficiency: a measure of what is produced divided by what is consumed
• an improved product
• the same level product produced cheaper or faster
• the improvement in the product exceeds the increased cost
Effectiveness: a measure of the extent to which a system achieves its goals.
• Goal: to reduce damaged parts by 100 units
• Q: Actual reduction in damaged parts using a control system is only 85 units. Effectiveness?
• A: The effectiveness of the control system is 85 percent
What You Need to Know
• Foundation Concepts: Fundamental concepts about the components and roles of IS
• IT: Major concepts, developments, and management issues in information technologies
• Business Applications: The major uses of IS for the operations, management, and competitive advantage
• Development Processes: How end users or information specialists develop and implement IS
• The challenges of effectively and ethically managing information technologies, strategies, and security at the end user, enterprise, and global levels of a business
• What uses of IT might be considered improper, irresponsible, or harmful to other individuals or to society?
• What is the proper use of an organization’s information resources?
• What does it take to be a responsible end user of IT?
• How can you protect yourself from computer crime and other risks of IT?
Ethical Dimensions of IT
Major Roles of Information Systems
Support of Strategic
Advantage
Support of Managerial
Decision Making
Support of Business Operations
History of the Role of IS
Data Processing
ManagementReporting
DecisionSupport
Strategic &End User
Electronic Commerce
1950-1960 1960-1970 1970-1980 1980-1990 1990-2000
ElectronicData Processing- TPS
ManagementInformationSystems
DecisionSupportSystems- Ad hoc Reports
End UserComputingExec Info SysExpert SystemsSIS
ElectronicBusiness & Commerce-InternetworkedE-Business &Commerce
Trends in ISs
• Data Processing: 1950s - Transaction processing, record keeping, traditional
accounting applications• Management Reporting: 1960s -
MIS – predefined management reports for decision-making purposes
• Decision Support: 1970s - DSS – interactive ad hoc support of the managerial
decision-making process• Strategic and End User Support: 1980s -
EUC, Executive Information Systems, Expert Systems, Strategic Information Systems
• Electronic Business and E-Commerce: 1990s -
Manufacturingand
Production
Engineering &Research
Accounting,Finance, andManagement
Suppliers and Other Business Partners
Procurement, Distribution, and Logistics
Advertising Sales Customer Service
Consumer and Business Customers
Company
Boundary
Intranets
The Internet
Extranets
Ext
ran
ets
The Electronic Business