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Katharina Schneider-Roos, CEO September 2017 Infrastructure Financing: the Role of Sustainability and Resilience Session 2: Infrastructure Investment Trends and the Investment Gap

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Katharina Schneider-Roos, CEO

September 2017

Infrastructure Financing: the Role of Sustainability and ResilienceSession 2: Infrastructure Investment Trends and the Investment Gap

Content

Infrastructure Investment, Investment Demand and Investment Gap1

Drivers of Infrastructure Demand2

Supply of Finance3

2

SuRe Standard and Financing of Infrastructure4

Conclusion5

• There is no unique definition of resilience.• Resilience does not only involve physical but also qualitative 

components, which are harder to measure.

> Data on resilience and climate change adaptation is limited.

> Comprehensive and efficient frameworks are required

Introduction

4

Infrastructure Investment DemandAnnual global infrastructure investment requirements:

• USD 5 trillion until 2020 (WEF, 2013)• USD 5 – 7 trillion from 2015 until 2030 (Unctad, 2014)

Specific requirements for climate change adaptation:• USD 21 – 37 billion (World Bank, 2010)

Taking climate resilience in the urban infrastructure context into account: 

• Business as usual investment needs: USD 4.1 – 4.3 trillion annually

• Additional investment needs for a low emission and climate resilient path: USD 0.4 – 1.1 trillion

Premium of 9 to 27 percent

Source: (CCFLA, 2016)

5

Global Infrastructure InvestmentEstimates of current annual infrastructure investment:

• USD 2.7 trillion (WEF, 2013)• USD 2.5 trillion (McKinsey, 2016)

Global infrastructure investment is stagnating

Example: total inland transport infrastructure investment as percentage of GDP, 1995–2014Source: OECD (2017)

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013

Canada

France

Germany

Italy

Japan

United Kingdom

USA

Russia

India

11.7%

6.5% Policy3

Other support2

Urban development 4 Natural resource protection4.0%

1.7%

19.9%Energy

Water and waste16.6%

Transport and telecom40.1%

1 Estimates based on aggregated data from ADB, AFD, CAF, IDB, JICA, KfW, AfDB, WB (IBRD and IDA only); may not add up to 100% due to rounding or differences in reporting methodologies across institutions.

2 Includes education, technical cooperation, agriculture, non‐identified items, and other items that may not directly affect infrastructure.3 Includes democracy, civil society, and public administration.4 includes sustainable economic development.

Urban climate finance by sector, 20141

Provided by CCFLA

6.8%8.6%

weighted average6

17.5%

6.7%6.6%

1.1%1.0%

34.7%

10.5%9.0%

16.216.2 10.710.77.37.3 11.711.712.712.7 22.822.8 7.47.4

Total bank commitments,2$ billions3

27.527.5102.2102.2

1 Total urban climate figures reported by each institution or calculated as a sum of reported urban mitigation and urban adaptation finance.2 Total bank commitments sourced from 2014 annual reports; ADB provided an amended number which excludes financing not directly administered by ADB.3 Calculations based on totals in US dollars;  currency conversions made using average exchange rates for calendar year 2014.4 ADB and WB include as “urban” only projects taking place within the geographic boundaries of urban areas.5 JICA totals reflect total disbursements rather than approvals/commitments.6 Weighted average of urban climate finance as % of total bank commitments across the nine DFIs.

Urban climate finance as % of total bank commitments1

4

2014 

54

Share of development bank capital directed to urban climate finance

Provided by CCFLA

8

Global investment demand

– Global current investment level

=  Global infrastructure investment gap

Estimates of the annual global investment gap:

• USD 1 trillion (WEF, 2013)

• USD 1 trillion (McKinsey, 2016)

• USD 2 trillion for developing countries to achieve the SDGs (Morgado & Casado‐Asensio, 2015)

• USD 2.5 trillion for basic infrastructure (roads, rail, ports, power stations, water, sanitation, agriculture, climate change mitigation & adaptation, health, education) (Unctad, 2014)

Infrastructure Investment Gap

General driversPopulation growthUrbanizationIncreased mobility

Drivers of Infrastructure Demand

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“The importance of infrastructure becomes obvious by recognizing that sustainable infrastructure is the common denominator bringing the agendas of ecological sustainability and poverty reduction together. By reducing the carbon footprint, implementation of sustainable infrastructure creates employment…“

Bhattacharya et al. (2015)

Resilience‐specific driversDisaster preventionAdaptation to climate changeSustainable development• Sustainable Development Goals• Paris Agreement 2015

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Existing obstacles to mobilization of investment in low carbon and climate resilient infrastructure:

• Sustainability and resilience may be perceived as critical in the financial sector but well‐defined concepts are not spread, yet (MEL CoP).

• Sustainability and resilience benefits are not always defined in monetary but rather qualitative terms.

• Reduction of climate risks involves a long‐term investment horizon. 

• Comprehensive and efficient measurement tools are needed to make risks and benefits transparent.

Supply of Finance 1/2

Governance

Society

Environment

Supply of Finance 2/2Potential private sector contribution to investment gap

Source: Unctad (2015)

Why should sustainability and resilience be integrated into infrastructure design and planning?

Sustainability and resilience are particularly effective due to the long‐term, asset‐heavy, localised, and relatively illiquid nature of infrastructure.

Sustainability and resilience de‐risk infrastructure projects:• Lower default risk: better credit rating and lower borrowing rates• Lower damage risk in disaster case: lower insurance premium• Faster recovery after a disaster

Due to de‐risking, sustainability and resilience increase infrastructure projects’ cash flows.

Financing Sustainable Infrastructure

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As sustainability and resilience de‐risk and improve financial performance of infrastructure, they can contribute to unlock capital needed to fill the investment gap.

SuRe® - the Standard for Sustainableand Resilient Infrastructure

3 Dimensions 14 Themes 63 Criteria + 2

ENVIRONMENT

Climate

19

Materiality Assessmen

t

Repo

rting &

Impact

Assessm

ent

Biodiversity and EcosystemsEnvironmental ProtectionNatural ResourcesLand Use and Landscape

SOCIETY

Human Rights

25 Labour Rights and Working ConditionsCustomer Focus and InclusivenessCommunity ImpactsSocioeconomic Development

GOVERNANCE

Management and Oversight‐ Financial Sustainability

19 Sustainability and Resilience ManagementStakeholder EngagementTransparency and Accountability

Three dimensions, 14 themes and 65 = 46 Management Criteria + 17 Performance Criteria + 2 Overarching Criteria

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Montreal Protocol on substances thatdeplete the ozone

layer

Montreal Protocol on substances thatdeplete the ozone

layer

Conventionon Biological Diversity

Conventionon Biological Diversity

Sendai Framework for Disaster and Risk Reduction

Sendai Framework for Disaster and Risk Reduction

IUCN Red list and Key 

Biodiversity Areas Standard

IUCN Red list and Key 

Biodiversity Areas Standard

UNFCCCUNFCCCRotterdam ConventionRotterdam Convention

Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants

Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants

UN Universal Declaration on Human Rights

UN Universal Declaration on Human Rights

ILO Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work

ILO Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work

UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights

UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights

OECD BRIDGE Indicators (for gender equality)

OECD BRIDGE Indicators (for gender equality)

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

The MNE (multinationals) Declaration 

(ILO)

The MNE (multinationals) Declaration 

(ILO)

FIDICFIDIC

The OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises

The OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises

Transparency International Business Principles

Transparency International Business Principles

FATF National Money Laundering 

and Terrorist Financing Risk Assessment

FATF National Money Laundering 

and Terrorist Financing Risk Assessment

The Equator Principles

The Equator Principles

GRI Sustainability Reporting Standards

GRI Sustainability Reporting Standards

IFC Performance Standards

IFC Performance Standards

The SuRe® Standard brings existing international frameworks and agreements on environmental, social and governance topics together and is in line with them.

The SuRe® Standard is developed in compliance with ISEAL.

The SuRe® Standard supports the delivery of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) of the UN.

The Addis Ababa Action 

Agenda: Financing forDevelopment

The Addis Ababa Action 

Agenda: Financing forDevelopment

SDG SDG

SDG 14

SuRe® - the Standard for Sustainable and Resilient Infrastructure

InfrastructureProject

SuRe®Standard

1) SmartScan2) Certification

CreditSuRe

SuReUnderwriting

Return

Interest

Premium

Equity

Debt

Insurers

SuRe®Standard

SuRe®Standard

GIB‘s Concept of Infrastructure Finance

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Conclusion

Sustainability and resilience frameworks and measurement tools are needed to…

… show the sustainability and resilience performance of an infrastructure project.

… indicate the benefits that can be achieved by integrating sustainability and resilience into infrastructure planning and design.

… highlight the room for improvement: optimizing sustainability and resilience lowers default risk and damage risk. This implies lower borrowing rates and insurance premium and hence increases cities’ and investors’ financial scope.

… show the themes where cities and investors should be looking at for increasing sustainability and resilience, to save costs and to reduce risk.

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