The ISEAS – Yusof Ishak Institute (formerly Institute of Southeast Asian Studies) was established as an autonomous organization in 1968. It is a regional centre dedicated to the study of socio-political, security and economic trends and developments in Southeast Asia and its wider geostrategic and economic environment. The Institute’s research programmes are the Regional Economic Studies (RES, including ASEAN and APEC), Regional Strategic and Political Studies (RSPS), and Regional Social and Cultural Studies (RSCS). The Institute is also home to the ASEAN Studies Centre (ASC), the Singapore APEC Study Centre and the Temasek History Research Centre (THRC).

ISEAS Publishing, an established academic press, has issued more than 2,000 books and journals. It is the largest scholarly publisher of research about Southeast Asia from within the region. ISEAS Publishing works with many other academic and trade publishers and distributors to disseminate important research and analyses from and about Southeast Asia to the rest of the world.

First published in Singapore in 2020 byISEAS Publishing30 Heng Mui Keng TerraceSingapore 119614E-mail: publish@iseas.edu.sgWebsite: <http://bookshop.iseas.edu.sg>

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ISEAS Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

Names: Hutchinson, Francis E., editor. | Serina Rahman, editor.Title: Johor : Abode of Development? / editors: Francis E. Hutchinson and Serina

Rahman.Description: Singapore : ISEAS – Yusof Ishak Institute, 2020. | Volume 2 of a trilogy

on ‘Floating frontiers’. | Includes bibliographical references.Identifiers: ISBN 9789814881272 (paperback) | ISBN 9789814881289 (pdf)Subjects: LCSH: Economic development—Malaysia—Johor. | Johor—Malaysia—

Politics and government. | Johor—Malaysia—Social conditions.Classification: LCC HC445.5 Z7J61

Typeset by Superskill Graphics Pte LtdPrinted in Singapore by Markono Print Media Pte Ltd

CONTENTS

List of Maps viii

List of Tables and Appendixes ix

List of Figures xiii

Foreword xvi

Acknowledgements xvii

Prologue xviii

Contributors xx

Abbreviations xxiv

Introduction 11. Situating Johor 5 Francis E. Hutchinson

Section I: Economics 272. Agriculture in Johor: What’s Left? 44 Geoffrey K. Pakiam

3. Johor’s Oil Palm Economy: Past, Present and Future 73 Geoffrey K. Pakiam, Khor Yu Leng and Jeamme Chia

4. Johor’s Oil and Gas Sector: The Pengerang Integrated Petroleum Complex and Its Implications 107

Javier Revilla Diez and Serina Rahman

5. The Private Healthcare Sector in Johor: Trends and Prospects 134 Meghann Ormond and Lim Chee Han

6. EduCity, Johor: Its Promise and Challenges 167 Chang-Da Wan and Benedict Weerasena

7. Tourism in Johor and Its Potential 183 Serina Rahman and Goh Hong Ching

Section II: Politics 2038. UMNO and Barisan Nasional in Johor: A Time-Bound Fixed Deposit? 214 Francis E. Hutchinson

9. Electoral Politics and the Malaysian Chinese Association in Johor 238 Lee Hock Guan and Nicholas Chan

10. Parti Pribumi Bersatu Malaysia in Johor: New Party, Big Responsibility 265 Wan Saiful Wan Jan

11. Parti Amanah Negara in Johor: Birth, Challenges and Prospects 302 Wan Saiful Wan Jan

12. The Johor Sultanate: Rise or Re-emergence? 335 Francis E. Hutchinson and Vandana Prakash Nair

Section III: Social and Environmental Issues 35713. Foreign Workers in Johor: The Dependency Dilemma 368 Benedict Weerasena

14. Johor Remains as the Bastion of Kaum Tua 394 Norshahril Saat

15. Johor Bahru’s Urban Transformation: Authority and Agency Revisited 407 Keng Khoon Ng

16. Housing Policy in Johor: Trends and Prospects 424 Guanie Lim and Keng Khoon Ng

17. Johor’s Forest City Faces Critical Challenges 447 Serina Rahman

18. The Struggle for Balance: Johor’s Environmental Issues, Overlaps and Future 473

Serina Rahman

Conclusion 50119. Johor: Abode of Development? 504 Serina Rahman and Francis E. Hutchinson

vi Contents

Appendix 517 Sources for the Johor Maps 519 Hans Hortig and Karoline Kostka

Index 525

Contents vii

LIST OF MAPS

Introduction1.1 Malaysia and Johor 2

Section I: Economics2.1 Mobility and Transport 282.2 Industries and Trade Regimes 302.3 Healthcare Facilities 322.4 Tourism 342.5 Land Under Cultivation 362.6 Palm Oil Territories 382.7 Oil and Gas Networks 402.8 Pengerang Oil and Gas Complex 422.9 EduCity@Iskandar Malaysia Education Hub 43

Section II: Politics3.1 Johore Territory 1893 2043.2 Istana Besar and the Grand Palace Park 2063.3 Kota Iskandar, NusajayaCity — Johor’s New Governmental Seat 2083.4 Parliamentary Constituency Boundaries in Johor 2103.5 State Legislative Constituencies in Johor 2123.6–3.8 Redelineated Parliamentary Constituencies in Johor (2018) 213

Section III: Social and Environmental Issues4.1 Expansion of Built-Up Areas 3584.2 Mosques in Johor State 3604.3 Natural Landscape Elements 3624.4 Protected Nature 3644.5 Forest City, Iskandar Malaysia and Country Garden 3664.6 Ibrahim International Business District, Johor Bahru 367

Conclusion5.1 Johor State 502

LIST OF TABLES AND APPENDIXES

2.1 Value-Added in Agriculture, Employment Levels, and Rural Population, Selected Southeast Asian States, 1960–2015 46

2.2 Per Capita Food Consumption (kg/year) and Self-sufficiency Level (SSL) (%) in Main Food Types, 1975–2015 49

2.3 Value-Added per Month, per Worker in Agriculture by State, 2010 Prices (RM) 51

2.4 Share of Malaysia’s Agricultural Gross Domestic Product, by State, 2005–16 52

2.5 Crop Area and Output, Johor, 2015 532.6 Value-Added per Worker per Month, and Fixed Asset Values

per Establishment, Selected Agricultural Products, Malaysia, 2015 57

3.1 Breakdown of Johor’s Land Area Cultivated with Oil Palms, 1965–2017 (hectares) 79

3.2 Palm Fruit Mills in Johor, 1966–2017 803.3 Key Players in the Palm Fruit Milling and Kernel Crushing

Segments, Johor, 2017 823.4 Comparison of Support for Barisan Nasional Parliamentary

Candidates, GE-13 883.5 Change in FELDA Settler Support for Barisan Nasional

Parliamentary Candidates, GE-14 vs. GE-13 893.6 Estimated Labour in Johor’s Oil Palm Economy, 2010s 92Appendix 3.1 Summary Indicators for Oil Palm Subsectors in Johor, 2017 96Appendix 3.2 Johor’s Palm Oil Processing Equipment Makers 99Appendix 3.3 Built-up Areas in Johor, 1990–2014 100

4.1 Existing Oil, Gas and Petrochemical (or Related) Activity in Malaysia 112

4.2 Comparison of Existing Capacity in Singapore and Malaysia (as of 2016) as well as PIPC’s Potential Capacity 114

4.3 Frequency and Spatial Distribution of Greenfield FDI in SIJORI by Oil and Gas Subsectors, Functions and World Region of Origin, 2003–16 115

4.4 The Evolution of Independent Storage Capacity in SIJORI 1184.5 Non-Refinery Segments within the PIPC 123

5.1 Principal Statistics of Health Services by Selected States, 2010 and 2015 140

5.2 Principal Statistics of Hospital Services by Selected States, 2010 and 2015 141

5.3 Number of Health Facilities in Johor, 2008–16 1425.4 List of Hospitals and Specialist Clinics in Johor According to

MHTC and APHM Membership and Location 145

6.1 Programme by Level across Institutions in EduCity 1746.2 Fee Structure of Programmes per annum across Institutions

in EduCity (2017/18) 176

7.1 Tourism-Related Agencies in Malaysia and Johor 1857.2 Summary of Available Tourism Statistics for Malaysia 1887.3 International Visitor Arrivals to Johor, 2014–16 1897.4 Overnight Tourists in Johor 1897.5 Areas Identified for Tourism by the Johor State Structure

Plan, 2030 191Appendix 7.1 Johor Tourism Development Clusters 199

8.1 Parliamentary Constituencies in Johor, 2004 2218.2 2018 Parliamentary Results (Urban/Rural) 2318.3 Parliamentary Results by Type of Seat, 2018 232

9.1 Chairmen of the MCA Johor State Liaison Committee, 1949–present 243

9.2 Seats Contested by the MCA Delineated by the Concentration of Ethnic Chinese Voters 249

Appendix 9.1 Parliamentary Seats Contested by MCA, MIC, and Gerakan, 2013 256

Appendix 9.2 State Constituencies Contested by MCA, MIC, and Gerakan, 2013 257

10.1 Founding Members of PPBM 27310.2 PPBM’s Organizational Structure 27410.3 Mixed State Seats in Johor, Arranged by Percentage of

Chinese Voters 286Appendix 10.1 Objectives of PPBM as Listed in Its Constitution 295

x List of Tables and Appendixes

11.1 Ethnic Distribution of Voters in Johor (in percentages) 30611.2 Full Text of the Bakri Declaration and Its Translation

in English 31111.3 Electoral Performance of the Main Political Parties in

GE-13 in Johor 31711.4 State Seats That Can Be Targeted by Amanah in GE-14,

Arranged According to Percentage of Chinese Voters 31911.5 Electoral Performance of the Main Political Parties in

GE-13 at Parliamentary Level 320Appendix 11.1 Slides Presented by Aminolhuda Hassan at the Meeting in

Bakri on 16 July 2015, Which Culminated with the Bakri Declaration 326

13.1 Estimated Number of Undocumented Foreign Workers in Johor 376

13.2 Number of Foreign Workers by Sectors, Malaysia, 2018 38413.3 Number of Foreign Workers by State, Malaysia, 2018 38413.4 Number of Foreign Workers by Source Country and Sector,

Malaysia, 2018 38513.5 Calculation on Percentage of Documented and

Undocumented Foreign Workers of Total Labour Force, Malaysia, 2018 386

13.6 Percentage Share of 338 Companies Surveyed, by Industrial Sector 387

14.1 Johor Muftis since the Nineteenth Century 398

15.1 List of Residences Developed by UEM Sunrise in Nusajaya, Flagship Zone B 415

15.2 Some Key Property Developments in Danga Bay and Tebrau Coast 417

16.1 Living Quarters and Households in Johor by District 42616.2 Housing Stock in 2016 42616.3 Residential Property Transaction (Quarter 3, 2016) 42716.4 Distribution of Newly Launched Houses in Johor Bahru,

2008–2013 42716.5 Housing Affordability across States 42816.6 Affordable Housing Schemes Inside and Outside of Iskandar

Malaysia 43416.7 A Price Comparison between Key Residential Properties in

Medini and Singapore 438

17.1 Comparison of Average Condominium Property Prices per square foot 456

17.2 Specifications of Revised Forest City Island Plan 463

List of Tables and Appendixes xi

18.1 Items on the State List that may Affect Wholesale Implementation of Federally Constituted Environmental Laws 481

18.2 Comparison between Federal and State Entities that Govern or Manage the Environment 483

18.3 Selected Federal and State Laws and Regional Blueprints that Legislate and Guide Environmental Matters in Johor 484

18.4 Breakdown of Announced Components of 2019 Johor Budget 2019 492

Appendix 18.1 Selected Johor State or State-Linked Entities That May Influence Environmental Policy Environmental Policy 494

Appendix 18.2 Johor State Executive Committee Members and Their Relevant Environmental Domains, 2017 495

xii List of Tables and Appendixes

LIST OF FIGURES

2.1 Share of Agricultural Sector GDP, Malaysia, 2016 (%) 472.2 Malaysia’s Agricultural Trade, Top 10 Exports and Top 10 Imports, 2015 472.3 Crop Land Use by District, Johor, 2015 542.4 Chicken Population and Egg Farms by District, Johor 552.5 Proportion of Malaysian Agricultural Production by State,

Selected Commodities, 2015 562.6 Production of Chicken Meat and Eggs, Malaysia, 1961–2015 60

3.1 Areas Brought Under Tree Crop Farming, Johor, 1970 vs. 2013/4 773.2 Johor’s Contribution to the Malay Peninsula’s Oil Palm Hectarage,

1925–2018 783.3 The Growth and Distribution of Built-up Areas in Johor, 1990–2014 92

4.1 Pengerang as a Petrochemical Hub 1094.2 Oil and Gas Activities in Johor 1104.3 Illustration of the Wider Pengerang Area and the Extent of Associated

Development Projects 122

5.1 Johor’s GDP and Size of Private Health Sector, 2010–15 1425.2 Number of Hospitals per 100,000 Population, 2010 and 2016 1435.3 Number of Beds per 100,000 Population, 2010 and 2016 1445.4 Demographic Profile by Age in Johor and Malaysia 1465.5 Number of Admissions per 1,000 Population by Selected State, 2011–16 1465.6 Ratio of Doctors to Population by Selected States, 2008–16 1475.7 Ratio of Nurses to Population by Selected States, 2011–16 1485.8 Ratio of Pharmacists to Population by Selected States, 2008–16 1485.9 Demographics of Doctors and Specialists in Johor and Melaka Private

Hospitals, January 2018 1495.10 Map Location of Private Healthcare Institutions in Iskandar Malaysia,

Johor 151

5.11 Percentage Share of Malaysian and Foreign Inpatients by Selected Disease Treatment Categories in Johor, 2015 155

7.1 Key Entry Points for Tourism According to the Malaysian Ministry of Tourism and Culture 186

8.1 Parliamentary Seats in Johor, 1959–2013 2168.2 SLA Seats in Johor, 1959-2013 2168.3 UMNO Share of BN Candidatures, 1959–2013 2188.4 UMNO seats in Johor 2198.5 Non-UMNO seats in Johor 2208.6 BN Vote Share Nationally and in Johor, 1959–2013 2228.7 PAS Candidates Contesting in Johor, 1959–2013 2278.8 Support for BN in FELDA Districts, 2013 2298.9 FELDA Status of Parliamentary Seats in Johor 2308.10 Popular Support in Johor and Nationally (GE-14) 2318.11 Parliamentary Results in Johor in GE-13 and GE-14 233

9.1 Parliamentary Seats in Johor and the Percentage of Chinese Voters Needed for MCA to Win if Malay Support is (A) >70% and (B) >80% 250

9.2 State Assembly Seats in Johor and the Percentage of Chinese Votes Needed for MCA to Win if Malay Support is (A) >70% and (B) >80% 251

9.3 The Parliamentary and State Seat Count of the MCA in Johor, 2004–18 253

10.1 Distribution of Johor State Legislative Assembly Seats Following GE-13 26810.2 Distribution of Parliamentary Seats in Johor Following GE-13 26910.3 Favourability towards PPBM among Female Voters 27910.4 Favourability towards DAP among Malays 28110.5 Favourability towards Pakatan Harapan among Malays 28210.6 Popularity Ranking by State in Peninsular Malaysia 28410.7 Favourability of Johor Malay Voters towards Political Parties

in the State 29110.8 How would People Vote if Elections Were Called Today? 29110.9 Attitude towards Selected Issues among Johor Malays 292

11.1 Poster Advertising the “Jasamu Dikenang” Event in Bakri 31011.2 Total Share of Votes at State Level, 1978–2013 321

13.1 Number of Foreign Workers by Sector, Malaysia, 2018 37213.2 Number of Foreign Workers by Source Country and Sector,

Malaysia, 2018 37213.3 Number of Foreign Workers by State, Malaysia, 2018 37313.4 Percentage of Foreign Workers by Sector, Johor, 2018 37413.5 Number of Foreign Workers by Gender and Sector, Johor, 2018 374

xiv List of Figures

13.6 Percentage of Foreign Workers of Labour Force by Sector, Johor, 2018 37713.7 Factors for Hiring Foreign Workers 37913.8 Trend in Hiring of Foreign Workers in Five Years, across Proportion of

Foreign Workers 38013.9 Factors to Reduce Dependency on Foreign Workers in Five Years 38113.10 Impact of Levy on Foreign Workers, across Proportion of

Foreign Workers 38213.11 Number of Total Employees (Local and Foreign) in the 338 companies 38813.12 Number of Foreign Workers in the Company 38813.13 Percentage of Foreign Workers (FW) in the Company 389

15.1 Iskandar Malaysia, Flagship Zones A-E 41215.2 Medini Iskandar Malaysia in Flagship Zone B 412

16.1 Six Different Zones of Medini 437

17.1 Forest City Land Plots (A to F) Alienated to CGPV, Set Within the Western Gate of the Iskandar Development Region 453

17.2 The Revised Layout of What Are Now Four Forest City Islands after the DEIA 464

18.1 Projected Developments in the Western End of the Tebrau Strait (by 2045) 475

18.2 Current Land Use in Johor 47718.3 Restructuring of Environmental Components in the New Pakatan

Harapan Ministries 48018.4 Potential Land Use: Areas That Can Be Built Up in Johor 487

List of Figures xv

FOREWORD

In 2016, when ISEAS published the book, The SIJORI Cross-Border Region: Transnational Politics, Economics, and Culture, co-edited by Francis Hutchinson and Terence Chong, Malaysia was on the cusp of major political change. The ruling Barisan Nasional (BN) coalition secured a parliamentary majority in the 2013 general election, but lost the popular vote. This book, the second in a series of three, began in 2016 and took three years to complete, by which time the Pakatan Harapan (PH) coalition had ousted the incumbent to become the ruling party. Johor, Peninsular Malaysia’s southernmost state, also fell to PH, which secured thirty-six out of fifty-six seats in the state parliament.

Johor enjoys a central place in the SIJORI region. Over the last two decades, it has seen significant political and economic developments. Its economic and social interactions with Singapore and proximity to the Riau Islands have contributed to its stellar growth. The state’s population grew from 2.7 million in 1990 to 3.7 million in 2017. These factors facilitated Johor’s industrialization drive as well as economic diversification, and altered its politics, society and environment. The establishment of Iskandar Malaysia in 2006 further accelerated these developments.

Today, the close economic and people-to-people relations between Johor and Singapore continue to flourish. Both are connected to each other by cross-border networks in sectors such as electrical and electronics, oil and gas, logistics, as well as agriculture. In Iskandar Malaysia, health and education services are new elements of this co-operation. In the near future, the proposed rapid transit system to link Johor and Singapore will further enhance interactions between them. The growing importance of their interactions saw Singapore establishing a consulate in Johor in November 2009.

Francis Hutchinson and Serina Rahman, the co-editors of this book, have assembled a team of twenty collaborators. Their collective work will contribute to a better understanding of the key transformations that have taken place in Johor since its embrace of export-oriented industrialization in 1990, and the different influences to which the state has been exposed as a result of its position within the Malaysian Federation and the SIJORI Cross-Border Region.

Tan Chin TiongSenior Advisor, ISEAS – Yusof Ishak Institute

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The idea for this project came from the Deputy Director of ISEAS – Yusof Ishak Institute in 2013, Ooi Kee Beng, who put forward the idea of studying Southeast Asia’s “Floating Frontiers”. Focusing on border regions between Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Singapore, the emphasis was, rather than on land borders, to be on connections between countries across the sea. Seen from a historical perspective, this is consistent with Southeast Asia’s precolonial maritime focus, which was characterized by intense linkages. Consequently, the three sites of this project were: the Singapore and Johor Straits; the Sulawesi Sea; and the Andaman Sea.

This led to the work on the first volume of this trilogy, the SIJORI Cross-Border Region: Transnational Politics, Economics, and Culture, which looked at the interaction between Singapore, the Malaysian state of Johor, and the Riau Islands in Indonesia. Following the publication of this volume, the then Director of the ISEAS – Yusof Ishak Institute, Mr Tan suggested building on this work with two stand-alone projects on Johor and the Riau Islands.

As with the first volume, we have collaborated with the ETH Zurich to cartographically depict important interactions. In-depth conceptual and empirical discussions with Hans Hortig and Karoline Kostka were extremely fruitful and their work on the collection of maps has provided a valuable complement to much of the conceptual work contained in this volume.

Heartfelt thanks go to Benjamin Hu and Pearlyn Pang for developing the maps used and referred to in the various chapters. Ng Kok Kiong and Rahilah Yusuf of the Publications Unit helped finalize and publish this volume in record time. We are also grateful to the Royal Geographical Society for letting us include Harry Lake’s 1893 map of Johor which was published in the 1894 volume of the Geographical Journal.

This project was supported by the ISEAS – Yusof Ishak Institute, under the support of then Director Tan Chin Tiong and now under Mr Choi Shing Kwok. We would like to convey our appreciation to them. We also thank Ooi Kee Beng for developing the Floating Frontiers concept.

We would also like to express our gratitude to the contributors to this volume for their extensive work on their chapters.

Francis E. Hutchinson and Serina Rahman

PROLOGUE

This book has been three eventful years in the making. As we began to gather the stories, data and information that make up the pages of this publication, Malaysia was still under Barisan Nasional (BN) rule and under the leadership of Najib Razak. As our chapters began to take shape, the 14th General Elections captured everyone’s attention, and some research findings were released to the public to share our perspectives. Then, the unthinkable at the time happened—BN was voted out and Pakatan Harapan (PH) took over the reins in Putrajaya, with Mahathir Mohamad once again Prime Minister at the age of ninety-two.

As Malaysia’s people and myriad observers ran the gamut of emotions, expectations and critical reflection, we worked to amend our content to meet the changes of the day. Where possible, the writers tweaked content to include the unprecedented changes that were afoot and include projections of where the new regime might take the nation. The book was then sent to publication in 2019.

Just as the manuscript was going through the necessary processes of copyediting, proofreading and typesetting, however, political commotion erupted once again in Malaysia’s halls of power. In what still remains a somewhat confusing turn of events, an attempted coup took place, Mahathir Mohamad resigned as Prime Minister, his own party, Parti Pribumi Bersatu Malaysia (PPBM or BERSATU) split into two, and the faction led by Muhyiddin Yassin pulled out of the PH coalition. The country was effectively without a government for eight days as various individuals sought an audience with the King for approval to regain or retain power. On 1 March 2020, Muhyiddin Yassin was sworn in as Malaysia’s 8th Prime Minister, leading a loose coalition of previously ousted parties under the banner of Perikatan Nasional.

Following this, the COVID-19 pandemic effectively ground the world to a halt. At the time of writing this prologue, Malaysian borders are closed, barring selected export of goods to Singapore and highly controlled returns of Malaysians working, studying or living overseas. The nation is on its 64th day of various permutations and phases of Movement Control Orders (MCO), and many in Singapore (where this book is being published) are also working from home.

Even as Malaysia’s political story continues to unfold and the world comes to grips with a “new norm”, the content of this book remains relevant. Nothing that happens in Malaysia today can be properly understood without its context, and this publication seeks to provide that. From an understanding of the evolution of myriad political parties and royal involvement in politics and society, to more functional developments in economy and business, this book continues to provide unique insight into how Johor ticks—and beyond that, how it may then relate to its immediate neighbours.

While the new government seems to be more of BN and a little bit of PH, and there is a possibility of more political turbulence to come at the highest echelons of power, for the most part, the civil service and the nation continue to run, albeit within the constraints of COVID-19 restrictions. Even as there is turmoil (or fanfare) at the surface, long-term structural issues remain. This book becomes all the more relevant now as a comparative tome with which to benchmark and trace developments as they come. It has taken a while to come to fruition, but we hope that its content is worth the wait.

Francis E. Hutchinson and Serina Rahman

Prologue xix

CONTRIBUTORS

Nicholas Chan is a PhD student with the Department of Politics and International Studies, University of Cambridge. His research interests include religion and politics, governance, and Southeast Asian state and society. He has published with the journal Critical Studies on Terrorism and has written for portals such as New Mandala and Middle East Institute.

Jeamme Chia is studying for a Master of Environmental Management degree at the Yale University School of Forestry and Environmental Studies. Her previous work was on the intersection of political economy, geography, and development, including research on electoral outcomes in rural FELDA settlements and mobility access, and using geo-spatial and political economic techniques to analyse rural agribusiness sectors in Southeast Asia. She is interested in the impacts of climate change and geography on tropical natural resources, specifically water, food, and agricultural systems in developing countries.

Goh Hong Ching is a senior lecturer at the Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Faculty of Built Environment, Universiti Malaya. She holds a doctoral degree in Geography from Bonn University, a Bachelor’s degree in urban and regional planning and a MSc degree in tourism planning from Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. She is a corporate member of the Malaysia Institute of Planners and a member of the Global Young Academy. Her research interests include tourism governance, natural resource governance, planning and impact management, sustainable development of cities and urbanization.

Hans Hortig studied landscape architecture at the Technical University Berlin, the ETH Zurich and the School of Design, Mysore. In 2013, he joined the Architecture of Territory project under Professor Topalovic at the Future Cities Laboratory, Singapore and at the ETH Zurich where he taught design and research studios, organized lecture series and guided numerous student works. Since 2015, he has been running the cartographic studio maps&more with Karoline Kostka and recently

started his PhD research on processes of extended urbanization in Southeast Asian palm oil plantation landscapes.

Francis E. Hutchinson is a Senior Fellow and Coordinator of the Malaysia Studies at the ISEAS – Yusof Ishak Institute and the Managing Editor of the Journal of Southeast Asian Economies. His research interests include: local economic development, industrialization, innovation, federalism and decentralization. He is the author of Mirror Images in Different Frames? Johor, the Riau Islands, and Competition for Investment from Singapore (ISEAS, 2015); and co-editor of the SIJORI Cross-Border Region: Transnational Politics, Economics, and Culture (ISEAS, 2016).

Khor Yu Leng is Research Head at Khor Reports – Segi Enam Advisors Pte Ltd. She is an Oxford University and LSE-trained political economist. Ms Khor is a consultant with a Southeast Asian focus on transport, commodities and regional development economics; combining big data, geospatial and social media analytics plus deep-dive market intelligence. Her commentaries are featured in regional and international media outlets, including Bloomberg, Channel NewsAsia and the South China Morning Post.

Karoline Kostka studied landscape planning and architecture at TU Berlin, the ETH Zurich and the School of Design, Mysore and graduated in 2013 in Landscape Architecture and Open Space Planning. From 2013 to 2015, Karoline worked as a researcher at the ETH Future Cities Laboratory in Singapore. Currently, she teaches design and research studios at the ETH Zurich, Architecture and Territorial Planning with Professor Topalovic. Since 2015, she has been running the cartographic studio maps&more with Hans Hortig. Their work has been published and exhibited in Villa Renata Basel (2017), Landesmuseum Zurich (2019) and Kunstmuseum Luzern (2019).

Lee Hock Guan is a former Senior Fellow with the Regional Social and Cultural Studies Programme at the ISEAS – Yusof Ishak Institute, Singapore.

Lim Chee Han is a scientifically trained policy researcher and holds a PhD in Infection Biology from Hannover Medical School, Germany, a Master’s degree in Immunology and a Bachelor’s degree in Biotechnology from Imperial College London. Chee Han has diverse interests in socio-political issues, including health economics, public health, sustainable development and social equality. Formerly a Senior Analyst at the Penang Institute in Malaysia, in 2018 he co-founded the NGO Agora Society, which aims to strengthen participatory democracy, defend human rights, and promote good governance.

Guanie Lim is Research Fellow at the Nanyang Centre for Public Administration, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. His main research interests are public policy, value chain analysis, and the Belt and Road Initiative in Southeast Asia.

Contributors xxi

Guanie is also interested in broader political economic issues within Asia, especially those of China, Vietnam, and Malaysia. He is currently working on his monograph, which details the development of key Southeast Asian economies.

Vandana Prakash Nair is a former Research Officer with the Regional Strategic and Political Studies (RSPS) Programme at the ISEAS – Yusof Ishak Institute, Singapore. She holds a Master’s degree from the John Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies and a Bachelor of Arts degree from George Washington University. She is currently with the Geneva-based International Trade Centre. Her research interests are primarily in international political economy; trade and development; and Southeast Asian politics and history.

Keng Khoon Ng is a lecturer and research associate at the department of Architecture, UCSI University Kuala Lumpur. He has an interdisciplinary PhD in architecture and urban studies from the Department of Architecture, School of Design and Environment, National University of Singapore. He has a Bachelor’s degree in Architecture from Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, and a Master’s degree from Oxford Brookes University specializing in architectural redevelopment and urban regeneration. Keng Khoon’s research interests focus on architecture, urban planning and critical urban studies in Southeast Asian cities.

Meghann Ormond is Associate Professor in Cultural Geography at Wageningen University in the Netherlands. Her research offers insight into how shifting visions and practices of citizenship and belonging transform travel, health and social care practices. She is the author of Neoliberal Governance and International Medical Travel in Malaysia (Routledge, 2013) and more than thirty-five articles and chapters on transnational mobility, health and care.

Geoffrey K. Pakiam is Fellow at the ISEAS – Yusof Ishak Institute, Singapore. In April 2018, he received his PhD in History from SOAS, University of London. His most recent publication was the Malaysia country overview chapter for the 2019 edition of Southeast Asian Affairs. His research draws on histories of commodities, migration, environment, food, farming, and health, with special attention to the Malay Peninsula. Amongst other things, he is working on his first monograph, a history of smallholder farming and environmental change in Johor, one of the world’s leading agricultural frontiers since the nineteenth century.

Serina Rahman studies rural and coastal community attitudes and behaviour with regards to politics, natural habitat use and urbanization. A Visiting Fellow at the ISEAS – Yusof Ishak Institute, Singapore, her practice is in community empowerment for marine ecosystem preservation. Serina obtained her PhD in Science from Universiti Teknologi MARA, in collaboration with the Faculty of Education at Universiti Malaya. She has a Master in Applied Linguistics degree from the University of Wales, Cardiff. Serina is Malaysia’s Citizen Science Ambassador for Citizen Science Asia

xxii Contributors

and an Iskandar Malaysia Social Hero Award Winner for Environmental Protection (2014).

Javier Revilla Diez holds a Professorial Chair in Human Geography at the Institute of Geography and is associated with the Global South Study Center at the University of Cologne. He has research interests in the regional outcomes of participating in global production networks, regional impacts of transformation processes induced by political and structural change, and impacts of natural risks on people, firms, and regions. He has published in World Development, Regional Studies, Environment and Planning A, International Regional Science Review, and Papers in Regional Science, among others.

Norshahril Saat is Senior Fellow at the ISEAS – Yusof Ishak Institute, Singapore. In 2018, he published The State, Ulama, and Islam in Malaysia and Indonesia (Amsterdam University Press), Tradition and Islamic Learning: Singapore Students in the Al-Azhar University (ISEAS), and edited Islam in Southeast Asia: Negotiating Modernity (ISEAS). Norshahril’s articles have recently been published in journals such as Asian Journal of Social Science, Contemporary Islam: Dynamics of Muslim Life, Review of Indonesian and Malaysian Affairs, and Studia Islamika.

Chang-Da Wan is the Deputy Director and a senior lecturer at the National Higher Education Research Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia. He earned his doctorate from the University of Oxford in the field of higher education and was trained as an economist at the University of Malaya and National University of Singapore. His main research interest is higher education policy, specifically in Malaysia, Southeast Asia and other developing systems and regions. Chang-Da is also an EXCO of the Malaysian Society for Higher Education Policy and Research Development (PenDaPaT).

Wan Saiful Wan Jan is Visiting Senior Fellow at the ISEAS – Yusof Ishak Institute, Singapore. Prior to that, he was Chief Executive Officer at the Institute for Democracy and Economic Affairs (IDEAS), Malaysia. He contested in Malaysia’s 14th General Elections for the parliamentary constituency of Pendang, Kedah, but did not win. Subsequently, he was appointed as Special Adviser to the Malaysian Minister of Education, Chairman of the National Higher Education Fund Corporation, and Board Member of the Tunku Abdul Rahman Foundation. He is also a member of Parti Pribumi Bersatu Malaysia’s Supreme Council.

Benedict Weerasena is an economist attached to Bait Al-Amanah (House of Trust), a Malaysian political think-tank, where he analyses economic development policies. Benedict previously worked with the National Higher Education Research Institute (IPPTN), researching on university autonomy and shadow education. His research interests include development economics, public finance, behavioural economics, international political economy and education policy. Benedict is a recipient of the Conference of Rulers’ Royal Education Award Malaysia.

Contributors xxiii

ABBREVIATIONS

AKIM Angkatan Keadilan Insan MalaysiaARA Amsterdam-Rotterdam-AntwerpBN Barisan NasionalBOR Bed Occupancy Ratecbm cubic metreCBR Cross-Border RegionCDP Comprehensive Development ProgrammeCGPV Country Garden Pacificview Sdn BhdCIQ Customs, Immigration and QuarantineCNY Chinese yuanCSR Corporate Social ResponsibilityDAP Democratic Action PartyDEIA Department of Environment Impact AssessmentDHPP Dewan Himpunan Penyokong PASDOE Department of EnvironmentE&E Electrical and ElectronicsEDB Economic Development BureauEIA Environmental Impact AssessmentEISB EduCity Iskandar Sdn BhdEPF Employees Provident FundEPP Entry Point ProjectEPU Economic Planning UnitETP Economic Transformation ProgramFCL Future Cities LaboratoryFDI foreign direct investmentFELDA Federal Land Development AuthorityFIREBS Finance, Insurance, Real Estate and Business ServicesFPTP first-past-the-postFW foreign workersGDP gross domestic product

GE-12 Malaysian 12th General ElectionsGE-13 Malaysian 13th General ElectionsGE-14 Malaysian 14th General ElectionsGLC government-linked corporationsGNP gross national productGRDP gross regional domestic productHMI Health Management InternationalHSR High Speed RailICT Information Communication TechnologyIHH IHH Healthcare BhdIIB Iskandar Investment BhdIIBD Ibrahim International Business DistrictIJN Institut Jantung Negara; National Heart InstituteIM Iskandar MalaysiaIMP Independence of Malaya PartyIRDA Iskandar Regional Development AuthorityITA Investment Tax AllowanceIWC Integrated Wellness CapitalIWCB Iskandar Waterfront City BerhadJB Johor BahruJCI Joint Commission InternationalJPDC Johor Petroleum Development CorporationJPO Johor Premier OutletKIM Kawan Iskandar MalaysiaKNB Khazanah Nasional BhdKPJ Kumpulan Perubatan Johor Sdn BhdKPRJ Kumpulan Prasarana Rakyat JohorLNG liquid nitrogen gasLOHAS Lifestyles of Health and SustainabilityMARA Majlis Amanah RakyatMCA Malaysian Chinese AssociationMDIS Kolej MDIS MalaysiaMFA Ministry of Foreign AffairsMHLG Ministry of Housing and Local GovernmentMHTC Malaysia Healthcare Travel CouncilMIC Malaysian Indian CongressMICE Meetings, Incentives, Conferences and EventsMIDA Malaysian Industrial Development AuthorityMIM Medini Iskandar Malaysia Sdn BhdMM2H Malaysia My Second HomeMMHE Malaysia Marine and Heavy EngineeringMMU Multimedia UniversityMNC Multinational CorporationMNE Multinational Enterprises

Abbreviations xxv

MOTAC Ministry of Tourism and CultureMP Member of ParliamentMRT Mass Rapid TransitMSQH Malaysia Society for Quality in HealthcareNEP National Ecotourism PlanNEP New Economic PolicyNGO non-governmental organizationNHP National Housing PolicyNKEA National Key Economic AreasNMIT Netherlands Maritime Institute of TechnologyNPP National Physical PlanNSC Nalanda-Sriwijaya CentreNTU Nanyang Technological UniversityNUMed Newcastle University MedicineNUS National University of SingaporeO&G oil and gasPAHFSB Private Aged Healthcare Facilities and Services BillPAS Parti Islam Se-MalaysiaPasMA Persatuan Ummah Sejahtera MalaysiaPDT Pengerang Deepwater TerminalPH Pakatan HarapanPHFSA Private Healthcare Facilities and Services ActPIC Productivity and Innovation Credit SchemePIDP Pengerang Integrated Development ProgrammePIPC Pengerang Integrated Petroleum ComplexPIV Pulau Indah VenturesPKR Parti Keadilan RakyatPLKS Pas Lawatan Kerja SementaraPMED Penang Centre of Medical TourismPMIP Pengerang Maritime Industrial ParkPMO Prime Minister’s OfficePPBM Parti Pribumi Bersatu MalaysiaPR Pakatan RakyatPR1MA Perumahan Rakyat 1 Malaysia ActPTPTN National Higher Education Fund CorporationR&D Research and DevelopmentRAPID Refinery and Petrochemical Integrated DevelopmentREHDA Real Estate and Housing Developers’ Association MalaysiaRM Malaysian ringgitRMMJ Rumah Mampu Milik JohorROI Return On InvestmentRSH Regency Specialist HospitalRTS Rapid Transit SystemRUI Raffles University Iskandar

xxvi Abbreviations

SEZ Special Economic ZoneSIJORI Singapore-Johor-Riau IslandsSKM Skills CertificateSLA State Legislative AssemblySME Small and Medium EnterpriseTCM Traditional Chinese MedicineULCC Ultra Large Crude CarriersUM University of MalaysiaUMNO United Malays National OrganizationUMS Unfederated Malay StatesUORM University of Reading MalaysiaUPEN Unit Perancang Ekonomi NegeriUS$ United States dollarUSMC University of Southampton Malaysia CampusUTM Universiti Teknologi MalaysiaVLCC Very Large Crude CarriersWWF World Wildlife Fund for Nature

Abbreviations xxvii