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UNIVERSIDAD ALAS PERUANAS – FILIAL ICA

VERB TO BE: PRESENT SIMPLE TENSE

The verb to be means SER and ESTAR in Spanish, its conjugation is:

AffirmativePersonal Pronoun Full Form Short FormI Am ‘mHE/SHE/IT Is ‘sYOU/WE/THEY Are ‘re

NegativePersonal Pronoun Full Form Short FormI Am not ‘m notHE/SHE/IT Is not Isn’tYOU/WE/THEY Are not Aren’t

InterrogativePersonal Pronoun

Am I ?Is HE/SHE/IT ?Are YOU/WE/THEY ?

Short AnswersAffirmative NegativeYes, I Am No, I Am not ‘m not

HE/SHE/IT Is HE/SHE/IT Is not Isn’tYOU/WE/THEY Are YOU/WE/THEY Are not Aren’t

We use short forms when we speak and when we write letters to friends. Full forms are formal.

1.1. To be –adjective is constructed as in Spanish and corresponds sometimes to “ser” and others to “estar”:

Example:

- I am happy- She es ready

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- Are you glad? The negative form is constructed by adding not between the verb and the adjective.

Example:

- I’m not happy- He isn’t thirsty

Attention:

In English used to be + adjective in some expressions in Spanish is built to “tener” + noun

- I’m hungry- I’m afraid- You’re lucky

Attention:

In English to be used with neutral expressions as subject:

- It is dark- It is cold- It is hot

1.2. To be – adverb or place complement.- She is in the kitchen- Is Mr. Smith at home?

1.3. To be – noun - Pussy is a cat- He is a lawyer - They are teachers- She is nurse

EXERCISES

Complete with the correct form of the verb to be

My name is Silvia. I am 10 years old. Peter is my father and Susan is my mother. Kevin is my brother, and Kelly and Rose are my sisters. My grandparents are Robert and Helen. Oliver is my dog, Wendy is my cat and Mitch is my parrot. We are a family.

WH-QUESTIONS2


e use question words to ask certain types of questions. We often refer

to them as WH words because they include the letters WH (for example WHy, HoW).

WWe use wh-questions when need some kind of information.

What

Asking for information about something.

Question word Verb/Auxiliary/modal Subject verb rest

What Do/Does I

YOU

HE

SHE

IT

WE

YOU

THEY

Play On your computer ?

What Am/Is/Are

What Will

What Was/Were

what Did

When

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we use WHEN in questions about time

Question word Verb/Auxiliary/modal

subject verb rest

When Do/Does I

YOU

HE

SHE

IT

WE

YOU

THEY

go To work?

When Am/Is/Are

When Will

When Was/Were

When Did

Where

We use WERE in questions about places.


Where Do/Does I

YOU

HE

SHE

IT

WE

YOU

THEY

buy The book?

Where Am/Is/Are

Where Will

Where Was/Were

where Did

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Which

We use WHICH when we ask about things and there is a limited choice.


Which Do/Does I

YOU

HE

SHE

IT

WE

YOU

THEY

buy first ?

Which Am/Is/Are

Which Will

Which Was/Were

which Did

Who

asking what or which person or people (subject).


Who Do/Does I

YOU

HE

SHE

IT

WE

YOU

THEY

meet In the park?

Who Am/Is/Are

Who Will

Who Was/Were

who Did

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Whose

We use WHOSE for possession.


Whose Do/Does I

YOU

HE

SHE

IT

WE

YOU

THEY

do The homework?

Whose Am/Is/Are

Whose Will

Whose Was/Were

whose Did

Why

We use WHY in questions about reasons, and we use BECAUSE to answer them.


Why Do/Does I

YOU

HE

SHE

IT

WE

YOU

THEY

read The newspaper?

Why Am/Is/Are

Why Will

Why Was/Were

why Did

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PRESENT SIMPLE

We use the present simple tense to talk about:

- Permanent states

They live in Arabia.- Repeated actions

She plays tennis on Tuesday.

We work in a factory every day.- Likes

He likes rock music.- Dislikes

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I don’t like horror films.- Daily routines

Our break is at 12 o’clock.

AFFIRMATIVE

We form the third person singular in the affirmative by adding «S» to the main verb.

suject Verb Complement

I

YOU

HE

SHE

IT

WE

YOU

THEY

PLAYS THE GUITAR

GOES SURFING EVERY DAY

READ IN THE EVENING

Example:

Steve plays the guitar.

Sofia goes surfing every day.

They read in the evening.

NEGATIVE

We form the third person singular in the negative with: doesn’t + main verb.

We form all the order persons in the negative with: don’t + main verb.

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suject Auxiliary verb Complement

I

YOU

HE

SHE

IT

WE

YOU

THEY

DON’T/DOESN’Y Get up Early at weekend

like Computer games.

know The answer

Example:

I don’t get up early at weekends.

Sandra doesn’t like computer games, but she likes pop music.

You don’t know the answer

INTERROGATIVE

We form the third person singular in the interrogative with: does + personal pronoun + complement.

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Auxiliary Suject verb Complement

DO/DOES I

YOU

HE

SHE

IT

WE

YOU

THEY

read The paper on Sandays?

dance In the evening ?

go To the gym on Friday ?

Example:

Does he read the paper on Sundays?

Do they dance in the evening?

Do you go to the gym on Fridays?

In the third person singular(he, she, it) we use the rules:

Most verb take «s» in the third person singular

I like He likes

I hate She hates

Verbs ending in a consonant+y , drop they and take «ies».

I fly He ciles

Verbs ending in ss,sh,ch,x and o take «es».

I kiss He kisses I finish She finishes

I catch He catches I mix She mixes

I go He goes

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Verbs ending in a vowel+y , take «s».

I play He plays

PRESENT CONTINUOUS

□ We use the present continupus for: Actions happening now, at the time of speaking

Tony is doing his homework now. Actions happening not necessarily now but around the time of speaking.

The students are working hard these days.The following verbs do not usually have a present continuous have(=possess), like, love, want, know, live, remember, understand.I ‘m heaving lunch now (=I’m eating)

o Affirmative

Suject To be Verb + ing complement

IYOUHESHEITWEYOUTHEY

Am/is/are playing In the park

Watching Tv at the moment

Grammar:

Subject – to be – verb+ing – complement

We are watching TV at the moment

Negative

Suject To be+NOT Verb + ing complement

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I

YOU

HE

SHE

IT

WE

YOU

THEY

Am/is/are

NOT

playing In the park

Watching Tv at the moment

Grammar:

Subject – to be+not – verb+ing – complement

I’m not studying at university

Interrogative

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TO BE Suject Verb + ing complement

AM/IS/ARE I

YOU

HE

SHE

IT

WE

YOU

THEY

Driving A red car now ?

GRAMMAR:

To be – subject – verb+ing – complement?

Are you driving a red car now?

RULES:

Spelling

Most verb and-ing after the base form of the main verb:

Go – going Play – playing Watch – watching

Verb ending in e drop the – e and add –ing

Make – making Take – taking

Verbs ending in a vowel + a consonant double the consonant and add ing. Remember the verb should have one syllable (C + V + C)

Get – getting Run – running Sit – sitting

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Verb ending in ie drop the and add y and ing

Die – dying Lie – lying Tie – tying

WOULD LIKE

Use would like + nouns or infinitive (to have, to go, ….) to talk about things people want.

Example:

Would you like coffee?

No, thanks. We’d like to have the check, please.

Use the contraction ‘d like in conversation, notes, and e-mail.

Example:

I’d like some chocolate cake.

They’d like to take a vacation.

Would like is more polite than want. Use would like for offers and invitations.

Example:

Would you like a glass of water?

Would you like to have lunch?

Use would like to ask for something.

Example:

I’d like more coffee, please.

I’d like to have more coffe.

Be careful

Would like and like have different meanings.

Example:

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Would you like coffee?

Do you like coffee?

STATEMENTS WITH WOULD LIKE

SUBJECT WOULD LIKE NOUN OR INFINITIVE

I/YOU/HE/SHE/IT/WE/YOU/THEY WOULD LIKE CAKE

TO HAVE A CAKE

Regular verb

The regular verb by adding «ed» to the main ver.

I play = I played

I work = I worked

We add «d» to verbs ending in «e»

I like = I liked

I love = I loved

For verbs ending in a consonant + y, we drop the y and add ied

I tidy = I tidied

I carry = I carried

For verbs ending in a vowel between two consonants, we double the last consonant and add «ed»

Stop = stopped

A regular verb is any verb whose conugation follows the typical pattern, or one of the typical patterns, of the language to which it belongs. A verb whose conjugation follows a different pattern is called an irregular verb

Verb past

Bet Bet

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Burst Burst

Cost Cost

Cut Cut

Hit Hit

Hurt Hurt

Let Let

Put Put

Set Set

Shut Shut

spread spread

A list of 211 common English irregular verbs, including their base form, past simple, past participle, 3rd person singular, and the present participle / gerund

Verb Past irregular verbs

bend Bent

Bind Bound

Bleed Bled

Bring Brought

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Build Built

Burn Brunt

buy Bought

catch Caught

creep Crept

Deal Dealt

dig Dug

feel Felt

fight Fought

find found

SIMPLE PAST TENSE

We use the past simple

For actions which happened or finished in the past. The time is either stated or implied :

He made a cake last night. (when? Last night, the time is stated)

They went to Lisbon on Saturday. (When? On Saturday)

They traveled by plane. (When? The time is implied. They traveled on Saturday)

We use the past simple with these time expressions:

Yesterday, last week, last month, last year, two days/week/months/years ago, in 1957, etc.

Suject Verb past complement

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I

YOU

HE

SHE

IT

WE

YOU

THEY

played Guitar last night

bought The book

We from affirmative its grammar:

Subject – verb past – complement

I played guitar last night


I

YOU

HE

SHE

IT

WE

YOU

THEY

DIDN’T GOT UP Early at last weekend

Liked Computer games last year.

knew The answer last Saturday

We form negative use:

Subject – did not - verb – complement

She didn’t write yesterday18



DID I

YOU

HE

SHE

IT

WE

YOU

THEY

Get up Early at weekend

like Computer games.

know The answer

We form interrogative use:

Did – subject – verb – complement?

Did he cook the dinner last night?

PAST SIMPLE “TO BE”

The past simple of the verb “TO BE” is was/were

We use was with => I , she , he, it

We use were with =>we, you ,they

Suject TO BE

I

YOU

HE

SHE

IT

WE

WAS/ WERE

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YOU

THEY

We form the interrogative with was/were + subject pronoun

Where was the last night?

suject TO BE + NOT

I

YOU

HE

SHE

IT

WE

YOU

THEY

WASN’T/WEREN’T

We form the negative with was/were + not20


He wasn’t at school yesterday

TO BE SUJECT

WAS/WERE I

YOU

HE

SHE

IT

WE

YOU

THEY

PAST CONTINUOUS

We form the affirmative of the past continuous with was/were (past simple of the verb to be) and add-ing to the base of the main verb.

We form questions by putting was/were before the subject.

We form the negative by putting the word not after was/were.

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We use the past continuous :

For an action which in progress at a started time in the past. We do not know when the action started or finished

Example:

At seven o’clock yesterday evening Sally and Jenny were watching TV.

For a past action which was in progress when another action interrupted it. We use the past continuous for the action in progress (longer action) and the past simple for the action which interrupted it (shorter action).

Example:

She was walking down the street when she ran into and ran into an old friend from school.

For two or more actions which were happening at the same time in the past (simultaneous actions).

Example:

My sister was doing her homework while I was playing football.

To give background information in a story

Example:

It was raining hard and the wind was blowing when Jare left the office yesterday afternoon.

Time expressions used with the past continuous: while, when, as, all day/night/morning, all day, yesterday,etc.

Example:

Were you having dinner at nine o’clock yesterday evening?

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CONJUNCTIONS

The conjunctions are used to connect several sentences, indicating the relationship they have with each other.

For example:

I'm not going to the movies because I have no money.

AND: is the conjunctive “Y" in Spanish. The ideas usually come together with 'and' . If two sentences have the same subject we can ignore.

. He played the guitar and sang wonderful songs

. It is hard for a student to work and study at the same time

. She comes here every day and we´re friends

. Ellie and Marcos went shopping.

. I hate (cigars) and (alcohol).

OR:is the disjunctive “o" that may join words or phrases

You can have three different meanings:

a.) Equivalent to 'or' Spanish

There are 35 or 40 people there

b.) or, if notHands up or I'll shoot

c.) or(ni)He can not read or write

PREPOSITIONS

PREPOSITIONS OF TIME

• AT:

We use at with:

The Time:23


At six o’clock

At 7:30

Holidays:

At christmas

At the weekend

The Expressions:

At night

At moon

At midday

• ON:

We use on with:

Days:

On Monday

On Tuesdays

Holidays:

On Christmas

On the weekend

Dates:

On july 18

On september 10

• IN:

We use in with:

Months:

In february

In november

Seasons:24


In the winter

In the spring

Years:

In 1976

In 2002

Expressions:

In the morning

In the afternoon

PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE

We use prepositions of place to say where somebody or something is.

We use IN with names of cities and countries. Example:

In Lima, in Peru.

ADVERBS

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We use an adverb od manner to describe how someone does something. The adverb modifies the verb. It tells us more about the verb. It answers the question How?

She answered politely (How did she answer? Politely)

She listened patiently (How did she listen? Patiently)

Remember, an adjective describes someone or something. It tells us more about a noun (a person, place or thing)

Laura was polite (Polite tells us more about Laura)

Adverbs of degree (extremely, very, etc) can modify an adjective

Verb Adverbs Adjective

He was Extremely Interested

it was an Absolutely Stupid game

They can also modify another adverb. Sentences adverbs like unfortunately, actually, clearly, perhaps modify a whole

clause. Unfortunately she couldn’t think of another excuse.

WILL

We use will for predictions about the future, usually with the verbs HOPE,THINK, BELIEVE, EXPECT, IMAGINE,etc; the expressions. I’M SURE, I’M AFRAID, etc and the adverbs PROBABLY, PERHAPS, etc.

For promise. For example: I won’t tell anybody. I promise. For on - the spot decisions. Example: I’m bored here. I’ll go to the cinema. For threats. Stop talking or I’ll punish you.

Suject AUXILIARY VERB complement

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I

YOU

HE

SHE

IT

WE

YOU

THEY

WILL PLAY Guitar .

SOCCER.

We form the future simple with WILL and the base form of the main verb. We us WILL for all persons. “Helen will go to a party this Saturday”.

We form questions by putting WILL before the subject. “Will he come to the meeting?”

We form negations by putting Not after WILL. The short from of Will Not is WON’T “He won’t come to the meeting”.

GOING TO

We use be going to : to talk our future plans and intentions.He’s going to play tennis tomorrow morning (=he’s planning to …)

to make predictions based on what we see or know.It’s going to rain. There are dark clouds in the sky (I can see the clouds)

But we use WILL to make predictions based on what we think or imagine.

I think he’ll pass his exams.

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