inheritance (i)final
TRANSCRIPT
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Inheritance
Dr. Zeyad Akawi Jreisat, M.D., M.A., Ph.D.
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AUG TAAIntro
n
Exon
mRNA
Protein
Transcription
Translation
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Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance
Chromosomes contain the genetic material that istransmitted from cell to cell and from parent tooffspring
Chromosomes are replicated and passed along
generation after generation from parent to offspring. The nuclei of most eukaryotic cells contain
chromosomes that are found in homologous pairs.
During gamete formation, different types of
chromosomes segregate independently of eachother.
Each parent contributes one set of chromosomes toits offspring.
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- Mendelian
- Autosomal dominant
- Autosomal recessive
- X-linked recessive
- X-linked dominant
- Nontraditional
- Mitochondrial
- Imprinting
- Uniparental disomy
- Mosaicism
- Multi-factorial
Types of Inheritance
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Symbols for Pedigrees
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Symbols for Pedigrees
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Pedigree: Expression of segregation or transmission oftraits within families.
Proband or index case: 1st family member seekingmedical attention (P).
Generation: Roman numbers (I, II, etc.).
Individuals: Arabic numbers (1,2, etc.).
Age: Next or below the symbol.
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In order to understand Mendalian inheritance,several essential terms must first be defined
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Locus: A specific position on a chromosome.
Alleles: alternative forms of a gene, or of a DNA
sequence, at a given locus.
Homozygous: both alleles at a locus are identical.
Heterozygous: both alleles at a locus are different.
A compound heterozygote: two different mutant
alleles at a given locus.
Double heterozygote: One mutant allele at each of twodifferent loci.
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Genotype: the genetic constitution or composition of anindividual.
Phenotype: the observed results of the interaction of the
genotype with environmental factors.
Genotype & Phenotype: are a musical analogy.
Mendelian diseases: the result of a single mutant genethat has a large effect on phenotype, inherited in a simplepatterns.
Autosomal diseases: Encoded by genes on one of the22 pairs of autosomes (non-sex chromosomes).
X-linked: encoded by a mutant gene on the Xchromosome.
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A Comparison of Homologous Chromosomes
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Mendelian genetics
Principle of segregation: Sexually reproducingorganisms possess genes that occur in pairs andthat only one member of this pair is transmitted tothe offspring
Principle of independent assortment: genes atdifferent loci are transmitted independently. In areproductive event, a parent transmits one allelefrom each locus to its offspring and the allele
transmitted at one locus has no effect on whichallele is transmitted at the other locus
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What is a trait?
WWor
Wwww
Widows peak
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Proper use of the Punnett Square
A Punnett square can thenbe used to determine thephenotypic ratio among theoffspring
The punnett square can be
used when it is hard toimagine the phenotypicratio from any cross (i.e. YyX Yy).
Single gene: Yy X Yy = 3:1
Two genes: YyZz X YyZz =9:3:3:1
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Basic concepts of Probability
Laws of probability alone can be used to determineresults of a cross.
The laws are:
Multiplication rule: the probability that two ormore independent events will occur together isthe product of their chances occurring separately.
Addition rule: the chance that an event that canoccur in two or more independent ways is thesum of the individual chances.
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In the cross of Ww x Ww, what is the chance ofobtaining either a W or a w from a parent?
Chance of W = , or chance of w =
The probability of these genotypes is:
The chance of WW = x =
The chance of Ww = x =
The chance of wW = x =
The chance of ww = x =
The chance of widows peak (WW, Ww, wW) is + + = or 75%.
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Genotype versus Phenotype
Genotype refers to the genes of an individualwhich can be represented by two letters.
Homozygous means that both alleles are the
same; for example, WW stands for homozygous dominant
ww stands for homozygous recessive.
Heterozygous means that the members ofthe allelic pair are different for example,
Ww, a heterozygote
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Genotype versus Phenotype
Phenotype refers to the physical or observablecharacteristics of the individual.
Both WW and Ww result in widows peak,
the phenotype is a widow's peak
however, we have two genotypes resulting in thesame phenotype.
ww results in a straight hairline in this case, the phenotype can only result from
one genotype
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Genotype and gene frequency
The prevalence of many genetic diseases variesconsiderably from one population to another.
The variation is due to the difference in proportiongenotypes and alleles in a population.
Under simple conditions these frequencies can beestimated by direct counting.
(MM: 64, MN: 120 and NN: 16) Total 200 subjects
Genotype frequency = Genotype count/Total MM = 0.32; MN = 0.60; NN = 0.08 and the sum
equal 1.
G (All l ) f i il
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Gene (Allele) frequencies are easilyestimated from genotype frequencies
How were allele frequencies estimated ?
For Eskimo - Freq .of M = (0.835 + (0.5 x 0.156 )) = .913
Freq. of N = (0.009 + .(0.5 x 0.156 )) = .087
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Example
Imagine that we have typed 200 individuals in a population forMN blood group, of these we have 64 with MM genotype, 120with MN genotype and 16 with NN genotype.
What is the genotype frequency?It is obtained simply by dividing each genotype count by thetotal number of subjects, for MM genotype it is 64/200 = 0.32for MN genotype is 120/200 = 0.6 and for NN genotype is16/200 = 0.08 the sum of these frequencies must equal 1
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What is the gene frequency?
The gene frequency for each allele, M and N can be obtainedby the process of gene counting.
For M, each MM homozygous has two M alleles while eachMN heterozygous has one allele therefore, the number ofgenes is
(64 X 2) + 120 = 284 genes
For N, each NN homozygous has two N alleles while eachMN heterozygous has one allele therefore, the number ofgenes is
(16 X 2) + 120 = 152 genes
in total there are 400 genes at the MN locus
To obtained the frequency of M, we divide the number of M
allele by the total number of alleles at that locus248/400 = 0.62
The same for the N allele, 152/400 = 0.38
The sum of the two frequencies must equal 1
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Classification of genetic disorders
Single-gene disorders
Chromosome disorders
Multifactorial disorders
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Single-gene disorders
Caused by mutations in individual genes.
Mutations may be present in only one or both copiesof a gene.
Usually exhibit obvious and characteristic pedigreepatterns.
Affect 2% of population sometime over an entire lifespan.
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Many important and well-understood genetic diseases are theresult of a mutation in a single gene.
Single-gene or monogenic traits are also known as Mendeliantraits.
The variation in traits is caused by the presence of differentalleles at individual loci
Mendels key contributions to genetics were The principles of segregation Independent assortment The effects of one allele may mask those of another
(dominance and recessiveness)