initial environmental examination...table 4-5: frequency number of events in a 20 year period and...
TRANSCRIPT
Initial Environmental Examination
December 2018
Loan 2839-CAM (SF)/8254-CAM and Grant 0278-CAM: Provincial Roads Improvement Project (PRIP) Rehabilitation of Ro Hal Dike, O Trav Dike, Boeng Trav Dike and Dredging of Boeng Kros Lake
Prepared by Ministry of Public Works and Transport for the Asian Development Bank.
This initial environmental examination is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area.
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Currency Equivalent
(Official exchange rate of the National Bank of Cambodia as of 1.12.2018 )
Currency Unit Riel (KHR)
USD 1.00 = KHr 4200
NOTES
The fiscal year (FY) of the Government of Kingdom of Cambodia ends in December
In this report, "$" refers to US dollars.
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ABBREVIATION
- ADB = Asian Development Bank
- APs = Affected Persons
- CDC = Council for the Development of Cambodia
- CDB = Commune Data Base
- DDIS = Detailed Design and Implementation Supervision
- DEIA = Department of Environmental Impact Assessment
- DOE = Department of Environment
- DPWT = Department of Public Works and Transport
- DOWRAM = Department of Water Resources and Meteorology
- EMU = Environmental management Unit
- EDC = Electricite Du Cambodge
- EAC = Electricity Authority of Cambodia
- EIA = Environmental Impact Assessment
- EMP = Environment Management Plan
- ESO = Environmental safeguard officer
- AF = Fishery Administration
- FWUC = Farmer Water User Committees
- ha = hectare/s
- HIV = Human Immunodeficiency Virus
- IEIA = Initial Environmental Impact Assessment
- IEE = Initial Environmental Examination
- Km = Kilometer
- Km2 = Square kilometer/s
- MoE = Ministry of Environment
- mm = millimeter/s
- m = meter
- MPWT = Ministry of Public Work and Transportation
- MME = Ministry of Mines and Entergy
- MOWRAM = Ministry of Water Resources and Meteorology
- ND = Not Detected
- PD = Project Director
- PDPWT = Provincial Department of Public work and Transportation
- PDoE = Provincial Department of Environment
- POWRAM = Department of Water Resources and meteorology
- PO = Project Owner
- PPE = Personal Protecting Equipment
- PM10 = particulate matter
- PDLVT = Provincial Department of Lobour and Vocational Training
- PDH = Provincial Department of health
- RGC = Royal Government of Cambodia
- STP = Suspended particle
- TA = Technical Assistant
- TSBR = Tonle Sap Biosphere Reserve
- TSA = Tonle Sap Authority
- USD = US dollar
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Contents
1. Executive Summary ....................................................................................................... 8
2. Policy, Legal and Administrative Frameworks .............................................................. 10
2.1. Policy Framework ........................................................................................................ 10
2.2. Legal Framework ......................................................................................................... 10 2.2.1. Laws on Environment .................................................................................... 10
2.2.2. Laws on Historical Monuments ...................................................................... 10
2.2.3. Laws on Nature Reserves .............................................................................. 10
2.2.4. Protected Areas Law, 2008 ............................................................................ 11
2.2.5. Laws on Wildlife ............................................................................................. 11
2.3. Subsidiary Laws on Environmental Protection ............................................................. 11 2.3.1. Sub-decrees and Regulations ........................................................................ 11
2.3.2. Air Quality ...................................................................................................... 11
2.3.3. Noise ............................................................................................................. 11
2.3.4. Vibration ........................................................................................................ 12
2.3.5. Sub-Decree on Water Pollution Control (No. 27 ANRK.BK 1999) ................. 12
2.3.6. Sub-Decree on Solid Waste Management (No. 36 ANRK.BK 1999) ............. 12
2.4. Hazardous Substances ................................................................................................ 12
2.5. Administrative Framework ............................................................................................ 12 2.5.1. Protected Areas ............................................................................................. 12
2.5.2. Important Bird Area ........................................................................................ 13
2.6. Cambodian IEE Requirements ..................................................................................... 14
2.7. Requirements of the Project under these Laws ............................................................ 15 2.7.1. EIA ................................................................................................................. 15
2.7.2. Protected Areas ............................................................................................. 15
2.8. ADB Policy ................................................................................................................... 16
2.9. EIA Policy .................................................................................................................... 16 3. Description of project ................................................................................................... 17
3.1. Background .................................................................................................................. 17
3.2. Justification of Sub-projects ......................................................................................... 17
3.3. Dredging of Boeung Kros Lake .................................................................................... 19 3.3.1. Location ......................................................................................................... 19
3.3.2. Objectives ...................................................................................................... 19
3.3.3. Scheduling ..................................................................................................... 20
3.4. Improvement of Ro Hal Dikes ...................................................................................... 21 3.4.1. Location ......................................................................................................... 21
3.4.2. Objectives ...................................................................................................... 21
3.4.3. Scheduling ..................................................................................................... 22
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3.5. Improvement of O Trav Dike ........................................................................................ 22 3.5.1. Location ......................................................................................................... 22
3.5.2. Objectives ...................................................................................................... 23
3.5.3. Scheduling ..................................................................................................... 23
3.6. Proposed Improvement of Boeung Trav Dike ............................................................... 24 3.6.1. Location ......................................................................................................... 24
3.6.2. Objectives ...................................................................................................... 24
3.6.3. Scheduling ..................................................................................................... 25
4. Description of the Environment .................................................................................... 26
4.1. Physical Resources ...................................................................................................... 26 4.1.1. Geography ..................................................................................................... 26
4.1.2. Climate .......................................................................................................... 26
4.1.3. Rainfall........................................................................................................... 26
4.1.4. Temperatures ................................................................................................ 26
4.1.5. Topography ................................................................................................... 27
4.1.6. Air Quality and Noise ..................................................................................... 27
4.1.7. Surface Water Quality .................................................................................... 27
4.1.8. Flooding ......................................................................................................... 28
4.1.9. Irrigation System ............................................................................................ 28
4.1.1. Sediments ...................................................................................................... 29
4.1.2. Soil Types and Rice Production ..................................................................... 30
4.1.3. Minerals ......................................................................................................... 30
4.2. Climate Change in Kampong Leaeng ........................................................................... 30 4.2.1. Climate Assessment of Kampong Leaeng ..................................................... 30
4.2.2. General climate parameters ........................................................................... 30
4.2.3. Projected Temperature change ...................................................................... 31
4.2.4. Droughts ........................................................................................................ 31
4.2.5. Projected Rainfall change .............................................................................. 32
4.2.6. Changes in extreme rainfall indicators ........................................................... 32
4.2.7. Impacts of Climate Change ............................................................................ 32
4.3. Ecological Resources ................................................................................................... 33 4.3.1. Flora .............................................................................................................. 33
4.3.2. Fauna ............................................................................................................ 33
4.3.3. Fishery ........................................................................................................... 34
4.3.4. Ecologically Protected Areas ......................................................................... 34
4.4. Socio-economic Profile ................................................................................................ 40 4.4.1. Population ...................................................................................................... 40
4.4.2. Occupation .................................................................................................... 41
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4.4.3. Land Use ....................................................................................................... 41
4.4.4. Cultural Resources and Minority .................................................................... 42
4.5. Poverty ........................................................................................................................ 42
4.6. Gender ......................................................................................................................... 43 5. Anticipated Environmental impacts and Mitigation Measures ....................................... 44
5.1. Potential Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures .......................................... 44
5.2. Potential Positive Environmental Impacts and Benefits ................................................ 44
5.3. Pre-construction Stage ................................................................................................. 44 5.3.1. Unexploded Ordnance (UXO) ........................................................................ 44
5.3.2. Land Acquisition and Land Use ..................................................................... 44
5.3.3. Impacts of Dredging on Water Supply in Kampong Leaeng ........................... 44
5.4. Construction Stage ...................................................................................................... 46 5.4.1. Soil Erosion and Soil Quality .......................................................................... 46
5.4.2. Hydrology and Water Quality ......................................................................... 46
5.4.3. Air and Noise Quality ..................................................................................... 46
5.4.4. Protected Area and Wildlife ............................................................................ 47
5.4.5. Forest Resources .......................................................................................... 47
5.4.6. Fish ................................................................................................................ 47
5.4.7. Public Health and Safety ................................................................................ 47
5.5. Operation and Maintenance Stage ............................................................................... 48 6. Analysis of Alternatives ................................................................................................ 48
7. Information Disclosure, Consultation and Participation................................................. 49
7.1. Executing Agency ........................................................................................................ 49
7.2. Public Participation in Consultation .............................................................................. 49
7.3. Objective of the public consultation .............................................................................. 49
7.4. Consultation with Commune-Village Leaders and Affected Communities .................... 49 8. Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM) ........................................................................ 52
8.1. Purpose of the Mechanism .......................................................................................... 52
8.2. Proposed GRM ............................................................................................................ 52 9. Environmental Management Plan ................................................................................ 54
9.1. Institution Requirement ................................................................................................ 54
9.2. Environmental Management Plan (EMP) ..................................................................... 54
9.3. Environmental Monitoring Plan .................................................................................... 63 10. Conclusion and Recommendations. ......................................................................... 65
11. Annex Rapid Environmental Assessment ................................................................. 67
12. Annex Public Consultations ..................................................................................... 72
12.1. Consultation list with district authority and provincial departments ............................ 72
12.2. Consultation with commune authorities and provincial agencies .............................. 73
12.3. Pictures of consultation with provincial departments and district authority ................ 75
12.4. Attendance list of consultation with departments and district level ............................ 75
12.5. Consultation with commune-village leaders and affected communities ..................... 77
12.6. Consultation in Kampong Hau Commune for Dredging Boeung Kruos Lake ............ 77
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12.7. Consultation with communities in Tra Ngel Commune for Ro Hal Dike ..................... 78
12.8. Consultation with communities in Dar Commune for O Trav Dike ............................. 79
12.9. Consultation with communities in Chranouk Commune for Boeung Trav Dike .......... 80
12.10. Field Consultation Pictures ....................................................................................... 81 12.10.1. Consultation in Kampong Hau Commune for Dredging Boeung Kruos Lake
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12.10.2. Consultation in Tra Ngel Commune for Ro Hal Dike ................................... 81
12.10.3. Consultation in Dar Commune for O Trav Dike ........................................... 81
12.10.4. Consultation in Chranouk Commune for Boeung Trav Dike ........................ 81
12.11. Attendance List of Participants ................................................................................. 82 12.11.1. Consultation in Kampong Hau Commune for Boeung Kruos Lake .............. 82
12.11.2. Consultation in Tra Ngel Commune for Ro Hal Dike ................................... 84
12.11.3. Consultation in Chra Nouk Commune for Boeung Trav Dike ...................... 85
12.11.4. Consultation in Dar Commune for O Trav Dike ........................................... 87
13. Annex : Surface Water Quality Standards ................................................................ 90
14. Annex Sediments Analysis Khset lake, Kampong Chhnang ..................................... 95
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Figures Figure 3-1 Location of Kampong Leaeng District ............................................................... 17
Figure 3-2 Location of Lake and 3 dikes ............................................................................ 18
Figure 3-3 Beung Kros Lake and Surrounding Irrigated Fields .......................................... 19
Figure 3-4 Dredging and Disposal areas for Beung Kros Lake .......................................... 20
Figure 3-5 Pictures of Beoung Kros Lake .......................................................................... 20
Figure 3-6 Rohal Dikes and Irrigated Fields....................................................................... 21
Figure 3-7 Pictures of Ro Hal Dike .................................................................................... 22
Figure 3-8 O Trav dike and Irrigated Field ......................................................................... 23
Figure 3-9 Pictures of O Trav Dike .................................................................................... 24
Figure 3-10 Boeung Trav dike and irrigated filed ................................................................. 24
Figure 3-11 Pictures of Beoung Trav Dike ........................................................................... 25
Figure 4-1: Kampong Leaeng showing 1 in 5 year flood depth. ........................................... 28
Figure 4-2: Map of dikes in the Kampong Leaeng area ....................................................... 29
Figure 4-3: Works relative to TLSB Protected Sensitive Areas ........................................... 36
Figure 4-4: PAWS Zones .................................................................................................... 38
Figure 4-5: Population by Commune ................................................................................... 41
Figure 5-1: Arsenic Risk Map Cambodia MRD / MIME 1999 ............................................... 45
Figure 5-2: Arsenic Risk Map Kg Chhnang and Kg Leaeng ................................................ 45
Tables Table 2-1: List of Projects that require an Initial Environmental Impact Assessment ........... 14
Table 4-1 Average Temperature oC in Kampong Chhnang Town ...................................... 26
Table 4-2 Water Quality data in Tonle Sap River, Kampong Chhnang Town ..................... 27
Table 4-3: Projected temperature change for the period 2025 to 2030 for two CO2 scenarios. .......................................................................................................................... 31
Table 4-4: Maximum projected temperature rise for the high CO2 scenario (RCP 8.5) for the 10-year period centered on 2055. ...................................................................... 31
Table 4-5: Frequency number of events in a 20 year period and duration (months) of dry periods >3 months and number of consecutive dry days ................................... 31
Table 4-6: Monthly rainfall for Kampong Leaeng for 20 year periods and projected rainfall for the high CO2 scenario for the period centered on 2055 ...................................... 32
Table 4-7: Current rainfall intensity indicator values and as projected for the high CO2 scenario (RCP 8.5) for the period centered around 2055. ................................................ 32
Table 4-8: Forest Cover nationally and in Kampong Chhnang Province .............................. 33
Table 4-9: PAWS Types of Forest Cover (Forest Types in Phnom Aural Wildlife Sanctuary (PAWS) in 2003.) ............................................................................................... 38
Table 4-10: The population by commune in Kampong Leaeng District ................................ 40
Table 4-11: The families with particular occupation (job) in Kampong Leaeng District......... 41
Table 4-12: Land Use Area in Kampong Leaeng District ..................................................... 42
Table 4-13: The poverty rates by commune in Kampong Leaeng District ............................ 43
Table 4-13: Summary Key Comments / Concerns received and Mitigation Measures ......... 50
Table 9-1: EMP - Summary of Potential Impacts and Mitigation Measures ......................... 55
Table 9-2: Environmental Monitoring Plan ........................................................................... 63
Table 9-3: Estimated cost for Environmental Monitoring (1 year) ........................................ 64
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1. Executive Summary
1. The additional project of Provincial Roads Improvement Project (PRIP) is focused on Climate Change Resilience Output subprojects located in Kampong Leaeng District, Kampong Chhnang province. These subprojects will improve the climate change resilience and facilitate climate change adaptation by the communities and improve their livelihoods in kampong Leaeng District. The project will improve flood and water management and water control by improving lakes (Beung) and dikes used for irrigation purposes. The works under the proposed project of climate resilience for improvement irrigation system are:
The proposed dredging Boeung Krus Lake: 27,370 m3
The irrigated area of Boeung Krus Lake: 30 ha
The irrigated area of Ro Hal Dike: 171 ha
The irrigated area of O Trav Dike: 1,370 ha
The irrigated are of Boeung Trav dike: 579 ha
2. Deepening of Boeng Kros Lake will involve dredging of 27,370 m3 of material. Under the Cambodian Ministry of Environment Sub-decree No 72 ANRK.BK. (1999) any dredging of more than 50,000 m3 material must be approved by them. Therefore an abstract of this IEE will be submitted to them as an initial EIA (IEIA) in accordance with the regulations.
3. Other civil works to be carried out under this loan 2839 are not listed under the Cambodian Ministry of Environment Sub-decree No 72 ANRK.BK. (1999) and do not require approval by MOE.
4. All potential environmental impacts have been identified. The project is confirmed as being Category B according to ADB guidelines.
5. Only minor environmental impacts are anticipated. Such impacts will be experienced during site works mainly due to dust and noise emissions as well as potential occupational and community health and safety risks, but can be mitigated. Some mitigation measures have been specified to control liquid spills into the Tonle Sap River.
6. The sites are over 14 kms away from the Protected Core Zones of Tonle Sap Biosphere Reserve.
7. The sites are inside the TLSB Transition zone and under Article 11 of Protected Areas Law, 2008 MPWT must seek the permission of MOE in order to proceed,
8. There will be no impacts from the project on TSBR.
9. The Sub-decree No 72 ANRK.BK. Date 11, August 1999 contains an annex “List of the projects that require an Initial Environmental Impact Assessment”. The construction of the dikes and the quantity of dredging is below the threshold values that trigger an IEE. According to MOE Legislation an IEE will not be required to be submitted to MOE.
10. To avoid or mitigate negative impacts arising from the project, an environmental management plan (EMP) detailing mitigation measures and monitoring activities has been prepared as part of the IEE.
11. Public consultations involving affected people and local officials have been conducted during the preparation of the IEE in compliance with ADB information disclosure and consultation requirements through focus group discussions and individual interviews in all project affected provinces. Environment was not seen as a major issue by those persons interviewed. All persons were strongly in favor of the water management projects.
12. Climate change adaptation was included in the project and is not seen as a major impediment to the project. In future higher temperatures and less irrigation water further justify the project going ahead.
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13. Samples of the material to be dredged should be collected and analyzed for a range of environmental parameters including pesticides and heavy metals before construction begins. This can be carried out by an accredited laboratory in Cambodia.
14. This has been done previously for a similar nearby lake. No adverse chemicals were detected and the results for NPK (Nitrogen Phosphorus Potassium) show the material could be a useful fertilizer.
15. Water supply in Kampong Leaeng is based on groundwater abstraction. Some concerns have been raised over arsenic content in the groundwater. According to test previously conducted by MOWRAM arsenic levels in groundwater in Kampong Leaeng are low and within the Cambodian Standard for drinking water. However, it is recommended that this be confirmed by taking a water sample before construction begins and having a laboratory analysis conducted.
16. Temporary environmental impacts caused by the civil works have been identified and mitigation measures are given in the environmental management plan (EMP). The EMP (and EMMP) will be included in the IEE and will form part of the tender documents which becomes legally binding on the selected contractor.
17. To ensure that the project is carried out in accordance with the EMP requirements, MPWT will specify details of the implementation of the EMP in the tender documents and civil works contracts.
18. The Environment And Social Officer - ESO (previously Social And Environment Officer - SEO) is operational but needs capacity building. The detailed design and implementation supervision consultant will provide on-the-job training to the field personnel of the ESO of MPWT to build their capacity in environmental management and monitoring.
19. A Rapid Environmental Assessment has been carried out. This confirms that the sub-projects will have minimal adverse environmental impacts. This is included in the annexes.
20. A Climate Risk Assessment has been carried out and is included in the annexes. The project is classified as Medium Risk.
21. There are no environmental considerations that preclude this project from going ahead.
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2. Policy, Legal and Administrative Frameworks
2.1. Policy Framework
22. In 1993 the Royal Government of Cambodia confirmed a new Constitution in which environmental considerations were included for the first time. Specifically Article 59 states: The State shall protect the environment and balance of abundant natural resources and establish a precise plan of management of land, water, air, wind, geology, ecological system, mines, energy, petrol and gas, rock and sand, gems, forests and forestry products, wildlife, fish and aquatic resources and it was within this constitutional context that the Ministry of Environment (MOE) was established.
23. The hierarchy of legislation in Cambodia is:
Royal Decree signed by the King
Sub-decree signed by the Prime Minister
Ministerial Decision signed by a Minister
Regulation issued by a Ministry
24. The major legislation in Cambodia is the Royal Decree which ratifies laws passed by parliament. These can be supplemented by “Prakas” or ministerial decisions. These laws allow sub decrees and regulations to be passed which can stipulate procedures and standards to be met in order to ensure compliance with the law. Many of these sub-decrees and standards have been drafted but have not yet been ratified by parliament. However, contractors are still expected to make sure their operations comply with the draft regulations.
2.2. Legal Framework
2.2.1. Laws on Environment
25. 1996 the Law on Environmental Protection and Natural Resource Management (NS/RKM/1296/36) came into force and it requires the government to prepare national and regional environmental plans and sub-decrees concerning a wide range of environmental issues, including EIAs, pollution prevention and control, public participation and access to information.
26. Other ministries explicitly mentioned at the time were Ministry of Water Resources, Hydrology and Meteorology and Ministry of Land Use Management, Urbanization and Construction. The list was later expanded to include the Ministry of Public Works and Transport, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Ministry of Rural Development, Ministry of Health and Ministry of Tourism.
2.2.2. Laws on Historical Monuments
27. There is a general law in Cambodia which covers all national monuments. This is the "Law on Protection of Cultural and National Heritage", (1996). This is supplemented by the "Decision on the Definition of 3 Zones to Protect Temple Surrounding Areas in All Provinces and Municipalities Except Angkor Wat", 1996. These laws protect small temples or ancient structures.
2.2.3. Laws on Nature Reserves
28. Royal Decree "Protected Natural Areas" issued in November 1993 gives protection to environment, land, forests, wetlands and coastal zones. This decree covers 23 locations representing 18% of Cambodia's total area and is under the jurisdiction of MOE.
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2.2.4. Protected Areas Law, 2008
29. This law defines the framework, the management, conservation & development of protected areas to ensure the conservation of biodiversity and sustainable use of the natural resources are in protected areas.
Article 11 divides the protected area into 4 zones namely, core zone, conservation zone,
sustainable use zone & community zone.
Article 36 strictly prohibits all types of public infrastructure in the Core Zone & Conservation
Zone; & allows development of public infrastructures in the Sustainable Use Zone &
Community Zone with approval from the Royal Government at MoE’s request.
2.2.5. Laws on Wildlife
30. The “Joint Prakas of the Ministry of Environment and the Ministry of Agriculture on Prohibition of Hunting and Catching of Wildlife Animals” (1996) specifically bans hunting of animals and birds for food. A contractor’s workers must observe this law.
2.3. Subsidiary Laws on Environmental Protection
2.3.1. Sub-decrees and Regulations
31. The “Law on Environmental Protection and Natural Resource Management” (1996) is “enabling legislation”, in that it enables the Ministry of Environment to pass sub-decrees and regulations to protect the environment. This subsidiary legislation lays down quantitative standards which must be met by contractors in their operation.
32. Several sub-decrees are already laws. Others have been drafted and are expected to become law in the near future. These standards give parameters and values which must be measured to check compliance with the regulations. Even if the regulations are in draft form, the contractors are expected to comply with them.
2.3.2. Air Quality
33. The air pollution regulations are contained in Sub-Decree on Air and Noise Pollution. For dust control, there should no visible emissions from stockpiles of materials, crushers or batching plants. At sensitive receptors a standard of TSP < 0.33 mg/m3 24 hour average should be met. All vehicles should be well maintained and comply with the air quality regulations.
2.3.3. Noise
34. The noise regulations are contained in Sub-Decree on Air and Noise Pollution. The regulations do not stipulate a level for noise from construction sites but refer to mixed commercial / industrial and residential property. Neither do they give the measurement method. Therefore the following standards are recommended. Noise levels at the perimeter of any site should not exceed:
Continuous Equivalent Level (Leq) = 75dB(A) 12 hours daytime (0700-1900)
Continuous Equivalent Level (Leq) = 65dB(A) 12 hours nighttime (1900-0700)
The descriptor “Continuous Equivalent Level (Leq)” is a commonplace measurement and most noise monitoring equipment measures it directly. The measurement is made at the construction site perimeter which makes monitoring easier as it does not require one gaining access to a private residence. The level of 75dB (A) daytime / 65 dB (A) nighttime is a “good” standard and commonly used in countries such as Singapore and Malaysia.
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2.3.4. Vibration
35. There is no standard for vibration in Cambodia. Therefore the following standard is recommended. The vibration levels at any vibration sensitive property or location should be less than 1mm/second peak particle velocity (ppv). The level of 1mm/second ppv is a good “standard” and is derived from the US Bureau of Mines publications for avoidance of damage and the UK GLC (Greater London Council) standard for avoidance of nuisance.
2.3.5. Sub-Decree on Water Pollution Control (No. 27 ANRK.BK 1999)
36. As a minimum, all discharges of liquid wastes from construction camps, work sites or operations, to streams or water courses should be: Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) < 50mg/L; Turbidity < 5 NTU; SS < 50 mg/L; Temperature < 45oC; pH = 6-9; Oil & Grease < 5 mg/L and Dissolved Oxygen > 4mg/L. There is no legal standard for performance of septic tanks but they should be checked for correct operation: that is absence of smell; no overflowing; and no surface water logging.
2.3.6. Sub-Decree on Solid Waste Management (No. 36 ANRK.BK 1999)
37. Under the Sub-Decree on Solid Waste Management (No. 36 ANRK.BK 1999), Article 7 “the disposal of waste in public sites or anywhere that is not allowed by authorities shall be strictly prohibited”. There are no quantitative parameters given but good sensible practice is expected. Such practices would include:
All general waste and food waste should be removed to a government approved landfill.
All demolition waste must be removed to a government approved location.
All waste oils and greases should be removed by a registered subcontractor. The final destination should be established.
Failure to employ sensible precautions may cause sanitation problems to workers living in camps and also may result in prosecution.
2.4. Hazardous Substances
38. There is no specific regulation for hazardous substances in Cambodia. This aspect is covered in the Sub-Decree on Water Pollution Control Annex 1 and Sub-Decree on Solid Waste Management, which give details of classifications of what are defined as hazardous substances. Any hazardous substances must be stored correctly and only disposed in a manner approved by the MOE.
2.5. Administrative Framework
39. There are two particular types of areas of special ecological interest in relation to this project. These are:
2.5.1. Protected Areas
40. Cambodia has a network of 23 natural protected areas managed through the Ministry of Environment (MOE). These areas cover 2.2 million hectares or 18% of Cambodia’s land area and include most of its important habitats. The Forest Administration has also designated protected forests bringing the total area under protection to around 25% which is more than twice the global average. Protected Areas are sites which are protected by Royal Decrees, Laws and Regulations. Such mandatory stipulations are promulgated in Khmer language. These have been obtained and if necessary, translated. The Khmer version takes precedence over the translated version.
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41. In 2008 Cambodia introduced the Protected Area Law (No. NS/RKM/0208/007), which defines:
(i) National parks (ii) Wildlife sanctuaries (iii) Protected landscapes (iv) Multiple use areas (v) Ramsar sites (vi) Biosphere reserves (vii) Natural heritage sites and (viii) Marine parks
Details are:
National Parks (International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) category II) – Natural and scenic area of significance for their scientific, educational and recreational values.
Wildlife Sanctuaries (IUCN category IV) – Natural area where nationally significant species of flora or fauna, natural communities, or physical features require specific intervention for their perpetuation.
Protected Landscapes (IUCN category V) – Nationally significant natural and semi-natural landscapes that must be maintained to provide opportunities for recreation.
Multiple-Use Areas (IUCN category VIII) – Areas that provide for the sustainable use of water resources, timber, wildlife, fish, pasture, and recreation with the conservation of nature primarily oriented to support these economic activities. The Tonle Sap Multiple-Use Area was nominated as Cambodia’s first Biosphere Reserve in 1997. The Boeung Chmar portion of Tonle Sap Multiple-Use Area (28,000 ha) is designated as a Ramsar site.
Ramsar Sites – There are two sites in the IUCN categories IV and VIII above and one site in the middle stretches of the Mekong River between Stung Treng and the border with Laos.
42. The Law on Forestry Management prohibits the hunting of wildlife within such protected areas. As well as maintaining checkpoints and providing rangers, the Ministry of Environment (MOE) has an active community education program to promote environmental awareness especially within the rural communities.
43. This law is recent (2008) and many of the protected areas predate this by many years. Both the original legislation and the most current have been reviewed during this project. Several protected areas, of differing designations, are located in proximity to several of the road segments, and these are discussed.
2.5.2. Important Bird Area
44. An Important Bird Area (IBA) is an area recognized as being a globally important habitat for the conservation of bird populations. Currently there are about 10,000 IBAs worldwide. The program was developed and sites are identified by BirdLife International. These sites are small enough to be entirely conserved and differ in their character, habitat or ornithological importance from the surrounding habitat.
45. BirdLife International is an international organization working to protect the world’s birds and their habitats. It is a global conservation federation with a worldwide network of over 100 partner organizations. BirdLife International was founded in 1922 and was originally known as the International Council for Bird Preservation, acting as a lobbying group. It changed its name in 1993 to Birdlife International and is the official IUCN Authority for the Red List for birds.
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46. Often IBAs form part of a country's existing protected area network, and so are protected under national legislation. Cambodia’s Phnom Aural Wildlife Sanctuary and Phnom Samkos Wildlife Sanctuary both contain designated IBAs.
2.6. Cambodian IEE Requirements
47. On 11 August 1999 a Sub-decree (72 ANRK.BK) on EIA Processes was promulgated requiring an initial EIA (IEIA) or EIA for selected projects listed in the sub-decree annex to be submitted by public or private project owners to the MOE for review.
Table 2-1: List of Projects that require an Initial Environmental Impact Assessment
No. Type and activities of the projects Size / Capacity A. INDUSTRIAL a) Foods, Drinks, Tobacco 1 Food processing and caned ≥ 500 Tones/year 2 All fruit drinks manufacturing ≥ 1,500 Liters / day 3 Fruit manufacturing ≥ 500 ones/year 4 Orange Juice manufacturing All sizes 5 Wine manufacturing All sizes 6 Alcohol and Beer brewery All sizes 7 Water supply ≥ 10,000 Users 8 Tobacco manufacturing ≥ 10,000 Boxes/day 9 Tobacco leave processing ≥ 350 Tones/ year 10 Sugar refinery ≥ 3,000 Tones / year 11 Rice mill and cereal grains ≥ 3,000 Tones / year 12 Fish, soy bean, chili, tomato sources ≥500,000 Liters/ year b) Leather tanning, Garment and Textile 13 Textile and dyeing factory All sizes 14 Garments, washing, printing, dyeing All sizes 15 Leather tanning, and glue All sizes 16 Sponge- rubber factory All sizes c) Wooden production 17 Plywood ≥100,000m3/year(log) 18 Artificial wood ≥ 1,000 m3/year (log) 19 Saw mill ≥ 50,000m3/year (log) d) Paper 20 Paper factory All sizes 21 Pulp and paper processing All sizes e) Plastic, Rubber and Chemical 22 Plastic factory All sizes 23 Tire factory ≥ 500 Tones /year 24 Rubber factory ≥ 1,000 Tones /year 25 Battery industry All sizes 26 Chemical production industries All sizes 27 Chemical fertilizer plants ≥ 10,000 Tones /year 28 Pesticide industry All sizes 29 Painting manufacturing All sizes 30 Fuel chemical All sizes 31 Liquid, powder, solid soaps manufacturing All sizes f) Mining production other than metal 32 Cement industry All sizes 33 Oil refinery All sizes 34 Gas factory All sizes 35 Construction of oil and gas pipeline ≥ 2 Kilometers 36 Oil and gas separation and storage facilities ≥ 1,000,000 Liters 37 Fuel stations ≥ 20,000 Liters 38 Mining All sizes 39 Glass and bottle factory All sizes 40 Bricks, roofing tile manufacturing 150,000 piece /month 41 Flooring tile manufacturing 90,000 piece /month 42 Calcium carbide plants All sizes 43 Producing of construction materials(Cement) 900 tones/month 44 Cow oil and motor oil manufacturing All sizes 45 Petroleum study research All sizes g) Metal industries 46 Mechanical industries All sizes
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2.7. Requirements of the Project under these Laws
2.7.1. EIA
48. Deepening of Boeng Kros Lake will involve dredging of 27,370 m3 of material. Under the Cambodian Ministry of Environment Sub-decree No 72 ANRK.BK. (1999) any dredging of more than 50,000 m3 material must be approved by them. Therefore an abstract of this IEE will be submitted to them as an initial EIA (IEIA) in accordance with the regulations.
49. Other civil works to be carried out under this loan 2839 are not listed under the Cambodian Ministry of Environment Sub-decree No 72 ANRK.BK. (1999) and do not require approval by MOE.
2.7.2. Protected Areas
50. The Protected Areas Law, 2008 under Article 11 divides the protected area into 4 zones: core zone, conservation zone, sustainable use zone & community zone. Article 36 strictly prohibits all types of public infrastructure in the Core Zone & Conservation Zone; but allows development of public infrastructures in the Sustainable Use Zone & Community Zone with approval from the Royal Government at MoE’s request.
51. The proposed subprojects are located in the community development area. Under the Law of Protected Areas 2008, Article 11, the project proponent is required to request an approval from MOE for this development.
47 Mechanical storage factory All sizes 48 Mechanical and shipyard enterprise All sizes h) Metal Processing Industrials 49 Manufacturing of harms, barbed wires, nets ≥ 300 Tones/month 50 Steel mill, Irons, Aluminum All sizes 51 All kind of smelting All sizes i) Other Industries 52 Waste processing, burning All sizes 53 Waste water treatment plants All sizes 54 Power plants ≥ 5 MW 55 Hydropower ≥ 1 MW 56 Cotton manufacturing ≥ 15 Tones/month 57 Animal's food processing ≥ 10,000 Tones/year B. AGRICULTURE 58 Concession forest ≥ 10,000 Hectares 59 Logging ≥ 500 Hectares 60 Land covered by forest ≥ 500 Hectares 61 Agriculture and agro-industrial land ≥ 10,000 Hectares 62 Flooded and coastal forests All sizes 63 Irrigation systems ≥ 5,000 Hectares 64 Drainage systems ≥ 5,000 Hectares 65 Fishing ports All sizes C. TOURISM 66 Tourism areas ≥ 50 Hectares 67 Golf Course ≥ 18 Holes D. INFRASTRUCTURE 68 Urbanization development All sizes 69 Industrial zones All sizes 70 Construction of bridge-roads ≥ 30 Tons weight 71 Buildings Height ≥ 12 m or floor ≥ 8,000 m2 72 Restaurants ≥ 500 Seats 73 Hotels ≥ 60 Rooms 74 Hotel adjacent to coastal area ≥ 40 Rooms 75 National road construction ≥ 100 Kilometers 76 Railway construction All sizes 77 Port construction All sizes 78 Airport construction All sizes 79 Dredging ≥ 50,000 m3 80 Damping site ≥ 200,000 people
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2.8. ADB Policy
52. The ADB Environmental Assessment Guidelines, 2003 and SPS 2009 state that a project is classified as one of the environmental categories (A, B, C, or FI):
(i) Category A : Projects with potential for significant adverse environmental impacts. An
environmental impact assessment (EIA) is required to address significant impacts.
(ii) Category B : Projects judged to have some adverse environmental impacts, but of lesser
degree and/or significance than those for category A projects. An initial environmental
examination (IEE) is required to determine whether or not significant environmental impacts
warranting an EIA are likely. If an EIA is not needed, the IEE is regarded as the final
environmental assessment report.
(iii) Category C : Projects unlikely to have adverse environmental impacts. No EIA or IEE is
required, although environmental implications are still reviewed.
(iv) Category FI: Projects are classified as category FI if they involve a credit line through a
financial intermediary or an equity investment in a financial intermediary. The financial
intermediary must apply an environmental management system, unless all subprojects will
result in insignificant impacts.
The result of the detailed design report of Climate Resilience Provincial Roads Improvement
Project (CR-PRIP), September 2018 are that the size and capacity of the proposed project is
under the national IEE requirements of EIA sub-decree MoE 1999.
The total works are :
The proposed dredging Boeung Krus Lake: 27,370 m3
The irrigated area of Boeung Krus Lake: 30 ha
The irrigated area of Ro Hal Dike: 171 ha
The irrigated area of O Trav Dike: 1,370 ha
The irrigated are of Boeung Trav dike: 579 ha
The project is classified as Category B for environment. Any potential adverse impacts are
site-specific, largely reversible, and can be mitigated with an environmental management plan
(EMP).
2.9. EIA Policy
53. Deepening of Boeng Kros Lake will involve dredging of 27,370 m3 of material. Under the Cambodian Ministry of Environment Sub-decree No 72 ANRK.BK. (1999) any dredging of more than 50,000 m3 material must be approved by them. Therefore an abstract of this IEE will be submitted to them as an initial EIA (IEIA) in accordance with the regulations.
54. Other civil works to be carried out under this loan 2839 are not listed under the Cambodian Ministry of Environment Sub-decree No 72 ANRK.BK. (1999) and do not require approval by MOE.
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3. Description of project
3.1. Background
55. The provincial Road Improvement Project (PRIP) includes a Climate Change Resilience Component located in Kampong Leang District of Kampong Chhnang province.
Kampong Chhnang province is about 91 km north of Phnom Penh city and covers a total area
of approximately 5,521 km². There are 8 districts in Kampong Chhnang province with a total
population of 538,945 people. 1 Kampong Chhnang town is the provincial capital.
Kampong Leaeng District lies on the left bank of Tonle Sap to the north of Kampong Chhnang
town. It is a small district limited by a circular road around the elevated topography and
contains nine communes namely: Chranouk, Dar, Kampong Hau, Phlov Tuk, Pou, Pralay
Meas, Samraong Saen, Svay Rumpear, and Trangel Communes.
Figure 3-1 Location of Kampong Leaeng District
56. The subprojects of the Climate Change Resilience Component are located in 4 communes of: Chronouk, Dar, Kampong Hau, and Trangel Communes of Kampong Leaeng District.
3.2. Justification of Sub-projects
57. A saving in the water supply package will be used to rehabilitate the water retention system in Kampong Leaeng district. The proposed subprojects will enhance climate change
1 Commune Database National CDB, 2015 CDB
Kampong Leaeng
District
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resilience in 4 communes of Kampong Leaeneg District by improving water irrigation for rice crops through better water management and water control . The sub-projects are :
Dredging of the Beung Kruos Lake; Kampong Hau Commune,
Improvement of the Ro Hal Dike; Trangel and Kampong Hau Commune
Improvement of the O Trav Dike; Dar Commune
Improvement of Beung Trav Dike, Chranouk Commune,
This is shown in Figure 3.2 below.
Figure 3-2 Location of Lake and 3 dikes
The total improved irrigation system will be:
Irrigated area of Boeung Kros Lake: 30 ha
Irrigated area of Ro Hal Dike: 171 ha
Irrigated area of O Trav Dike: 1,370 ha
Irrigated are of Boeung Trav dike: 579 ha
Three dikes will be rehabilitated including installation of water gates creating three reservoirs
and one dredged lake. The total area of the three reservoirs is more than 2,150 ha and this
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will be used to irrigate rice fields of about 2,000 Ha allowing 2 crops per year. This doubling
of rice production will improve the livelihoods of communities in this district.
3.3. Dredging of Boeung Kros Lake
3.3.1. Location
58. Boeung Kros is a small lake located in front of the district office in Kampong Hau Commune, Kampong Leaeng district. The area of the lake is 5.22 ha and it irrigates the surrounding areas of about 30ha. The location of the Boeung Kros Lake and its irrigated field is shown in Figure 3.3.
Figure 3-3 Beung Kros Lake and Surrounding Irrigated Fields
3.3.2. Objectives The lake acts as a water source during dry spells for the surrounding rice farmers fields. The
objective is to provide additional irrigation water by dredging the lake bed deeper than before
by about 1 meter (1 m).
The major design parameters are:
Total Boeung Kros Lake area - 5.22 ha Proposed dredging - 27,370m3 Irrigated area - 30 ha
The major items for the works are:
Pumping to drain water out of the lake Dredging for excavation Disposal and placing of dredged materials
When improved the lake will be known as the Boeung Kros Reservoir.
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Figure 3-4 Dredging and Disposal areas for Beung Kros Lake
3.3.3. Scheduling
59. The dredging should be undertaken during the dry season when the lake is at the lowest possible level. This means works should be scheduled from March to July, or even before March if the season is particularly dry.
60. The dredging should be done by excavators on tracks with a long neck with the minimum capacity of the Caterpillar 220 or the Komatsu 220. The dredging should start as close as possible from the middle of the lake. Trucks could be loaded as far as they can drive in the water. It is up to the contractor to estimate where excavator(s) and trucks can go. The dredged materials will be disposed in the nearby disposal area located at the north of the lake. The remaining material will also be used as per the local community requests for minor works.
Figure 3-5 Pictures of Beoung Kros Lake
The lake condition and existing environmental resources in Beoung Kros Lake, August,
2018
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3.4. Improvement of Ro Hal Dikes
3.4.1. Location
61. The Rohal irrigation system is located in Tra Ngel and Kampong Hau Commune at the eastern side of Kampong Leaeng district. It was constructed during the French colonial period and has been maintained by the local people within their limited abilities. The villagers strongly request rehabilitation of these dikes because many parts of these dikes are broken and the dikes’ capacity has been reduced by about 50%.
62. Ro Hal dike actually consists of two dikes which work together. The reservoir was created by two dykes which run parallel to each other and connect two areas of higher ground. One is Khsae Luos dike of length 1,479m and the other one is Ro Hal dike of length 1,918m. Together these two dikes retain water after the flood waters have receded. Local people release the trapped water gradually by the use of the existing water gate and then by pumping the water to irrigate their adjacent rice fields.
63. Rehabilitation will increase the height of the dikes and the capacity of the reservoir giving water supplies during the dry season. The new water level will be higher than the rice field level so the pumping will not be needed. The material needed to raise the embankment will be extracted from within the reservoir area so the volume of water available and the capacity of the reservoir will be increased.
Figure 3-6 Rohal Dikes and Irrigated Fields
3.4.2. Objectives
64. The reservoir total area is 43 ha and it can irrigate rice fields of about 171 ha. The proposed works is the reconstruction of the existing two dikes by using materials from the reservoir area to increase its storage capacity.
The major design parameters are:
Reservoir area - 43 ha
Irrigation area - 171 ha
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The major items for the works are:
Clearing and grubbing: 47,557 m2
Mine/UXO Clearance: 16.61 Ha
Embankment works: 48,443 m3
Subbase: 3,057 m2
Four new water gates at 4 locations
3.4.3. Scheduling
65. The dredging should be undertaken during the dry season when water levels are lowest.
Figure 3-7 Pictures of Ro Hal Dike
The existing Dike and environmental condition of the Ro Hal Dike, August, 2018
The environmental condition and irrigated rice field of the Ro Hal Dike, August, 2018
3.5. Improvement of O Trav Dike
3.5.1. Location O Trav dyke is located in Dar commune. It was constructed during the Pol Pot regime then
maintained by the local people to the best of their ability. The O’ Trav dike system consists of
one dike only which runs across two reservoirs connected to a natural stream at the end. It
has a total length of 5,210m and irrigates a rice field of 1,370 ha. The dike, reservoir and
irrigated field is shown in Figure 3.8
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Figure 3-8 O Trav dike and Irrigated Field
3.5.2. Objectives
66. This dike retains water after the flood waters recede and the local people drain entrapped water gradually by using the existing water gate and pumping to irrigate their rice fields. The villagers wish to rehabilitate this dike because many parts of the dike are broken and the dikes’ capacity has been reduced about 50%.
67. The objectives of this rehabilitation are to restore the capacity of the dike and give water supplies during the dry season. The new water level will be higher than the rice field level so pumping will not be needed. The material needed for the embankment construction will be taken within the reservoir area so increasing the capacity of the reservoir.
The major design parameters are:
Total length of the dike - 5,210 m
Irrigated area - 1,370 ha
The major items for the works are:
Clearing and Grubbing : 72,800 m2
Mine/UXO Clearance : 31.63 Ha
Embankment works : 51,370 m3
Subbase : 4,680.00 m3
7 new Watergates at 7 locations
3.5.3. Scheduling The dredging should be undertaken during the dry season when water levels are lowest.
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Figure 3-9 Pictures of O Trav Dike
The existing dike and environmental condition of the O Trav Dike, August, 2018
3.6. Proposed Improvement of Boeung Trav Dike
3.6.1. Location
68. Boeung Trav Dike is located in Chranouk Commune, Kampong Leaeng District. The proposed works are separated into two sections, the first section is 1,560m in length and the second section is 600m in length. This dike retains water after the flood water recede and local people extract the held back water gradually by using an existing water gate and then pumping to irrigate their rice fields. The reservoir can provide irrigation water to about 579 ha of rice fields. The Boeung Trav dike and irrigated fields are shown below Figure 3.10
Figure 3-10 Boeung Trav dike and irrigated filed
3.6.2. Objectives
69. The objectives of this dike rehabilitation are to restore to its original state this source of irrigation water and to enhance its capacity.
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Boeng Trav dike will be separated into three sections: Section A from PK0+000 to PK1+570
(1,570m length); Section B from PK1+570 to PK1+880 (310m length) which was rehabilitated
by the community; and Section C from PK1+880 to PK2+471 (591m length).
70. The embankment materials will be dug from within the reservoir area. The disposal materials will be used as topsoil for the embankment slope protection.
The major design parameters are:
The length of the first section of dike: 1,560 m
The length of the second section of dike: 600 m
The irrigated area: 579 ha
The major items for the works are:
Clearing and Grubbing : 34,600 m2
Mine/UXO Clearance : 14.48 Ha
Embankment works : 22,137 m3
Subbase : 2,224 m3
3 new watergates : 3 locations
3.6.3. Scheduling
71. The works should be undertaken during the dry season. After the embankment construction, the Contractor should do a topographic survey which will be compared to the existing topographic survey drawings. This will provide the amount of the embankment quantities which are to be paid for.
Figure 3-11 Pictures of Beoung Trav Dike
The existing dike and environmental condition of the Beoung Trav Dike, August, 2018
The existing environmental/vegetation condition in the Beoung Trav Dike, August, 2018
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4. Description of the Environment
4.1. Physical Resources
4.1.1. Geography
72. Cambodia lies in the southwestern part of the Southeast Asian peninsula and has a land area of 181,035 km2. International borders are shared with Thailand to the west, the Lao People's Democratic Republic to the north, and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam on the east and southeast. The country is bounded on the southwest by the Gulf of Thailand and has a coastline of 440 km.
4.1.2. Climate
73. Cambodia's climate is dominated by the monsoon which causes distinct wet and dry seasons. The southwest monsoon typically brings the rainy season from May to October. The northeast monsoon brings drier and cooler air from early November to March, then hotter air prevails in April and early May. The southern part of the country typically has a two-month dry season whereas the northern areas have a four-month dry season although weather patterns have been changing and what is typical is now increasingly problematic.
4.1.3. Rainfall
74. The annual mean rainfall is 1,400 mm in the central lowland regions and can reach 5,000 mm in coastal areas. However, there are really no reliable rainfall databases for the project zones and rainfall can vary from a low of less than 1,000 mm to a high of 2,000 mm. The relative humidity is high throughout the year, usually exceeding 90%, and even in the dry season rarely falls below 50%.
75. The rainy season usually accounts for 90% of the total annual rainfall. The average annual rain fall in Kampong Chhnang station was 1450 mm whereas the maximum annual rainfall was 1859 mm and the minimum annual rainfall was 1108 mm.2
4.1.4. Temperatures
76. Temperatures are fairly uniform throughout the country, with only small variations from the average annual temperature of around 28°C. January is the coldest month where temperatures as low as 12°C have been recorded and April is the warmest where temperatures reach 42°C. Most of Cambodia’s regions have an average wind velocity of less than 3 m/s. Maximum wind speeds can reach in excess of 20 m/s during the wet season. During the dry season the maximum wind velocities are lower and are commonly in the range of 6 - 8 m/s.
Table 4-1 Average Temperature oC in Kampong Chhnang Town
Year Month3
2016 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
Max 35.0 36.3 39.5 41.5 40.3 37.5 35.0 34.5 33.5 33.0 32.5 31.0
Min 17.8 15.0 21.5 26.0 24.5 23.5 23.0 23.2 23.0 22.5 21.5 21.0
2 DOWRAM, 2015 3 PDOWRAM, Kampong Chhnang, 2016
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4.1.5. Topography
77. Cambodia is divided into three distinct topographic regions: the central plains, the flat coastal areas, and the mountain ranges with high plateaus. The central plains form 75% of the country and consist of the alluvial plains of the Mekong River and the Tonle Sap basin where the project roads are located. These are Cambodia's two dominant topographical features and this is where over 90% of the population resides.
78. The topography of Kampong Chhnang province can be described in three main land patterns. The first pattern is the lowland area which seasonally flooded by Tonle Sap River and the elevation is range from 5 to 15 meter above sea level. The Kampong Chhnang town is located in this zone. The second pattern is extended to west of the lowland area and not flooded in rainy season. The third pattern consists of hilly (101-500 meter above sea level) and mountain areas (501-1973 meter above sea level)4.
4.1.6. Air Quality and Noise
79. The sub-projects are located in primarily agricultural areas and villages/residential areas in rural settings with no industrial development. Currently, main sources of air pollution are dust emission due to passage of vehicles along unpaved roads. Sources of noise are community activities (especially near markets) and motorcycles.
4.1.7. Surface Water Quality The water quality of the Mekong, Bassac and Tonle Sap Rivers is still of good quality with only
a small number of measurements of pH, dissolved oxygen and chemical oxygen demand
exceeding the standards given in the “MRC Water Quality Guidelines for the Protection of
Human Health and Aquatic Life”. A small number of measurements of nitrate-nitrite and total
phosphorus exceeded threshold values used for calculating water quality indices for the
protection of aquatic life and human health.5 This indicates the presence of fertilisers
doubtless due to runoff from the surrounding fields.
Some local water quality data was available and is given below.
Table 4-2 Water Quality data in Tonle Sap River, Kampong Chhnang Town
No Parameter Unit Result Cambodia
Standards
Sampling point: in Tonle Sap River, Kampong Chhnnang Town
1 Total Suspended Solid (TSS) mg/l 86.00 20-100
2 Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) mg/l 2.25 1.0-10
3 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) mg/l 5.00 --
4 Total Coliform MPN/100ml 2.4x103 < 500
Source: National Road No5 Improvement Project, MoE, 2013.
80. The project area is adjacent to Tonle Sap river and is crossed by a number of streams and irrigation canals. Within the project area, surface run-off on exposed soil and erosion of rice field embankments causes turbidity in some of the watercourses. Surface water pollution
4 TS-IUEMP, 2017 5 Water Quality Monitoring Report. MRC, 2014
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from domestic sewage along sections where densely populated villages are found as well as run-off from surrounding agricultural fields may also be expected.
4.1.8. Flooding
81. Part of Kampong Leaeng district (948 km2) becomes a temporary island at the mouth of Tonle Sap Lake during the flood season. It is the highest ground in the river and lake area and much of it does not flood. The project will work with communities to reduce vulnerability to climate change impacts.
82. There are several reservoirs and dikes constructed on Kampong Leaeng district which hold back flood water when the floods recede. That water is released gradually by farmers to irrigate their crops.
83. Despite the high flood levels, when the water recedes in December, dikes are often breached and not enough water remains for effective irrigation.
Figure 4-1: Kampong Leaeng showing 1 in 5 year flood depth.
84. The area is subject to seasonal flooding and this is the mechanism by which waters are captured and retained in the planned dikes, so filling up the intended reservoirs.
4.1.9. Irrigation System
85. Kampong Leaeng already has a complex irrigation system based on water retention dikes and seasonal reservoirs. These fill during the flood season and the trapped water is
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released as required during dry periods. This project will rehabilitate the existing system which is shown below in Figure 4.2
Figure 4-2: Map of dikes in the Kampong Leaeng area
4.1.1. Sediments
86. Sediments in the existing reservoirs will be dredged to deepen the reservoir and give material for elevating the dikes. Excess material will be dumped. At this time no analysis has been carried out on the chemical composition of the sediments
87. However, samples of a similar material which was intended to be dredged from a similar lake were previously taken and analyzed for a range of environmental parameters
30
including pesticides and heavy metals. This was carried out by an accredited laboratory in Cambodia. The water body lake was Lake Khsaet which lies in the same catchment area as Kampong Leaeng at a distance of about 40kms away.
88. No adverse chemicals were detected and the results for NPK (Nitrogen Phosphorus Potassium) show the material would be a useful fertilizer. The full results are in Annex 14..
89. It is recommended that sample of the material to be dredged be taken from the project sites and tested before dredging and dumping begins.
4.1.2. Soil Types and Rice Production
90. A main feature of the project is enhanced rice production through improved irrigation. Cambodia has 27 different soil types but the main ones are either soils developed on the old alluvial terraces of the colluvial-alluvial plains. Four types – Prey Khmer, Prateah Lang, Bakan and Tuol Samroung – are where most of the agricultural production occurs although just one, the Toul Samroung, which occupies just 10% of the rice area is really suited to high yielding rice production. Soils developed on the active flood plains – Kabal Po and Krakor – are also highly suited for rice production and occupy approximately 30% of soils where rice production takes place. Such soils respond well to improved ditch and drainage irrigation and judicious application of fertilizers.
91. Yields have increased over the past two decades with wet season yields averaging 2.4 tons per hectare and dry season yields (only 15% of rice produced) averaging almost 3.7 tons per hectare. These are below regional averages but the labor intensive system is currently recording average yields of 3.6 tons per hectare in the wet season. In 2008, Cambodia produced a surplus of 3 million tons although there are still food security problems for rice deficit households.
4.1.3. Minerals
92. Cambodia’s natural mineral resources include gem stones such as sapphires, ruby and zircon; coal, offshore gas and oil; basalt, granite, limestone, dolomite, quartzite; and phosphate deposits. There are no major mineral resources in the vicinity of the project roads, although there are white clay deposits in Kampong Chhnang.
4.2. Climate Change in Kampong Leaeng
4.2.1. Climate Assessment of Kampong Leaeng
93. This section presents a review of the current climate for Kampong Leaeng and presents a number of indicators that represent projected climate changes.
94. In 2013, the Australian Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) carried out high resolution climate modeling for Cambodia. The study, funded by AusAID, developed a 10 km grid regional climate model for South East Asia. This regional model, the Conformal Cubic Atmospheric Model (CCAM) used climate inputs from six of the latest generation Global Climate Models. Two emissions scenarios were considered: RCP 4.5 (lower greenhouse gas concentrations) and RCP 8.5 (higher greenhouse gas concentrations).
4.2.2. General climate parameters
95. The average annual mean temperature is 25°C +/- 3°C. Maximum temperatures of higher than 32°C are common, however, and just before the start of the rainy season, they may rise to more than 38°C. Minimum temperatures rarely fall below 10°C. January is the coolest month, and April is the warmest. Tropical cyclones that often devastate coastal
31
Vietnam rarely cause damage in Cambodia but can form tropical depressions that result in high rainfall for a 3-4 day period.
96. Between 1960 and 2010 annual rainfall has ranged between 1200 and 2000 mm, concentrated between May and October. Over 80% of annual rainfall occurs in these six months, with peak rainfall occurring in September.
97. Relative humidity is lowest in March and highest in September. Daily evaporation values range from 3.1 mm in October to 6.7 mm in March, and the sunshine duration ranges from 6.0 hours a day in August to 9.3 hours a day in January.
4.2.3. Projected Temperature change
98. Projected temperature change for the short term and to 2055 are shown below. When considering changes over the next 10 to 15 years, changes are projected to be 0.5 to 1C for the low CO2 scenario and 0.6 to 1.4 for the higher CO2 scenario with maximum temperatures expected to increase more than minimum temperatures. By midcentury, under the high emission scenario, maximum temperatures are projected to rise by up to 2.1C during the early part of the dry season (December – March) but only by 1.6C during the latter part of the dry season.
Table 4-3: Projected temperature change for the period 2025 to 2030 for two CO2 scenarios.
2025:RCP4.5 2025:RCP8.5
Season Minimum Mean Maximum Minimum Mean Maximum
April-May 0.5 – 1.1 0.5 – 1.0 0.4 – 1.1 0.7 – 1.3 0.7 – 1.3 0.65 – 1.3
June-September 0.5 – 1.1 0.5 – 1.1 0.6 – 1.1 0.7 – 1.4 0.8 – 1.4 0.9 – 1.4
October-November 0.5 – 1.0 0.6 – 1.0 0.7 – 1.2 0.6 – 1.4 0.8 – 1.4 0.8 – 1.4
December-March 0.6 – 1.1 0.6 – 1.1 0.7 – 1.2 0.8 – 1.3 0.9 – 1.3 0.95 – 1.4
Annual 0.5 – 1.1 0.6 – 1.1 0.8 – 1.2 0.7 – 1.3 0.8 – 1.4 0.9 – 1.4
Table 4-4: Maximum projected temperature rise for the high CO2 scenario (RCP 8.5) for the 10-year period centered on 2055.
2055:RCP8.5
Season Temperature increase C April-May 1.6 June-September 1.8 October-November 1.8 December-March 2.1
4.2.4. Droughts
99. Droughts occur regularly in the region. The current values and projected values for the period centered on 2055 of two measures of drought are presented in the table below, the occurrence of dry periods and the maximum number of consecutive dry days. Both the average frequency (number of events in a 20 year period) and duration (months) of dry periods are expected to decrease by 2050. The number of consecutive dry days is also projected to decrease.
Table 4-5: Frequency number of events in a 20 year period and duration (months) of dry periods >3 months and number of consecutive dry days
Current 2055 Frequency 8 6.5 Duration 6 5.5 Consecutive dry days 28 27
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4.2.5. Projected Rainfall change
100. The monthly rainfall for Kampong Chhnang for the two 20 year periods between 1960 and 2000 are shown below. The projected changes for the high CO2 scenario (RCP 8.5) for 2055 are also shown. Rainfall is projected to decrease for the four wettest months of the wet season (June to September), resulting in a decrease in annual rainfall of 8%.
Table 4-6: Monthly rainfall for Kampong Leaeng for 20 year periods and projected rainfall for the high CO2 scenario for the period centered on 2055
Month 1960-1979 1980-1999 2050-2060 Jan 0 0 0 Feb 10 2 2 Mar 30 30 30 Apr 70 80 80 May 150 160 160 Jun 180 170 140 Jul 180 170 140 Aug 210 200 170 Sep 250 300 270 Oct 150 290 290 Nov 10 90 90 Dec 2 2 2 Annual 1242 1494 1374 % annual change 20 -8
Source: MOE 2010 and Katzfey et al 2013
4.2.6. Changes in extreme rainfall indicators
101. Current values of three measures of rainfall intensity and the projected changes for the high CO2 scenario (RCP 8.5) for the period centered around 2055 are shown below. The model indicates that the rainfall intensity during 5 day extreme events is projected to decrease and the average number of consecutive wet days is also projected to decrease.
Table 4-7: Current rainfall intensity indicator values and as projected for the high CO2 scenario (RCP 8.5) for the period centered around 2055.
Indicator Current (mm/day) 2050 (mm/day) 1 day extreme rainfall events 160 160 5 day extreme rainfall events 180 170 Consecutive wet days (wet day > 1mm) 37 32
4.2.7. Impacts of Climate Change
102. The climate of Kampong Leaeng is a typical monsoon climate with heavy rainfall confined to the six month wet season. The average annual mean temperature is 25°C with temperatures of up to 38°C towards the end of the dry season. Temperatures are projected to rise by 0.4 to 1.4°C by 2055. The frequency and duration of dry periods is projected to decrease by 2055 and the average number of consecutive dry days is also projected to decrease slightly.
103. Rainfall is projected to decrease over the four months when the heaviest falls occur (June to September), resulting in an 8% decrease in the annual rainfall compared to the average rainfall over the period 1980 to 1999. The amount of rainfall in 5-day events and the number of consecutive wet days is projected to decrease.
104. The projected rise in temperature will increase evapotranspiration. Potential problems caused by this increase will be offset to some extent by the decrease in the frequency and duration of dry periods. The decrease in rainfall will contribute to the reduction in the water budget but the overall effect is likely to be small given that the reduction is projected to occur in the wettest months and the annual rainfall is still projected to be over 1370 mm.
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4.3. Ecological Resources
4.3.1. Flora
105. Forests make up a major part of the country's natural resources. Hill evergreen, tropical rain and dry land evergreen forests are found in the humid coastal ranges, humid northeastern uplands, and the very humid to sub-humid low altitude areas. Freshwater inundated forests are found in the Tonle Sap Lake and in areas of the Mekong River. Mangrove forests are found along the coasts of Kaput and Kohl Kong provinces. In 1960 Cambodia's forests covered 73% of the total land area of the country. By 1998 the forest cover had decreased to 58% and at least until the mid-2000s it was estimated that Cambodia was losing forest cover at the rate of 2% per annum. The reduction has been attributed mainly to commercial logging, illegal logging (both large and small scale), large scale agricultural concessions, fuel wood collection, non-traditional shifting cultivation and the settlement of new villages. Secondary measures include forest fires and infrastructure development. Nevertheless, Cambodia still has substantial forest cover in comparison with other GMS countries with the exception of the Lao PDR.
Table 4-8: Forest Cover nationally and in Kampong Chhnang Province
No Forest Types Cambodia Country Kampong Chhnang
Area (ha) % Area (ha) %
1 Evergreen forest 2,973,903 16.4 17,329 3.3
2 Semi evergreen forest 1,108,320 6.1 5,508 1.0
3 Deciduous forest 3,480,532 19.2 75,865 14.3
4 Other Forest 1,422,409 7.8 47,313 8.9
5 Total Forest 8,985,164 49.5 146,015 27.6
6 Non Forest 9,175,510 50.5 383,446 72.4
7 Total Area 18,160,674 529,461
Source: Forest Statistics of Cambodia, FA 2015
106. Forests are divided into concession forests and protected forests. In the Project provinces, there are some protected forest areas and indigenous tree species (e.g. The Diptherocarpus species) that are protected by Cambodia’s Forestry Law of 1995. Community forests are managed by local residents who must abide by a management plan that is supervised by the Forestry Department. The community has access to the forest and may remove forest products and cut trees for their own use but they are prohibited from selling the trees. Timber harvesting for sale is only allowed from forest concessions. There are also non- timber forest products (NTFPs) that poorer households rely on such as bamboo, resins, wild fruits and vegetables, honey bees and other insects, and larger wildlife, although the collection of some NTFPs for commercial purposes are prohibited by Cambodian laws.
107. Vegetation around the subprojects sites largely consists of agricultural crops such as rice, while some areas have shrubs, grasses and sparse trees. Lowland rice cropping is the main activity but other crops grown include soybean, cassava, and cashew. Fruit and vegetables crop are also cultivated although primarily for domestic consumption.
108. As the main purpose of the project is increased rice production this is not surprising.
4.3.2. Fauna
109. Cambodia has a rich biodiversity. The forests, wetlands and other habitats support many species of flora and fauna, including 212 species of mammals, 536 species of birds, 240
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reptile species, 850 freshwater and 436 marine fish species and more than 2,300 plants (800 of these plants are used in for the local manufacture of traditional Khmer medicine).
110. In the Project area, fauna is mainly made up of the large and small livestock raised by some households. There are indigenous endangered species such as the Siamese Crocodile and a variety of monkeys (e.g. Silvered leaf monkey) and birds (e.g. white-shouldered Ibis) within legally protected areas but as no sub-project are located in core zones of protected areas adverse impacts to endangered species are not anticipated.
111. The main bird sanctuaries are located in the northern end of TLSB and are very popular with bird watchers.
4.3.3. Fishery
112. Fish is the most important source of animal protein in the diet of all Cambodians, constituting upwards of 75% of total animal protein input. Fish are also an important source of calcium and Vitamin A, especially for the rural poor. On average the countrywide consumption rate is 65.5 kg/capita/year. Each year, Cambodia’s combination of subsistence, middle-scale and large- scale commercial fishing harvests produce 300,000 to 430,000 tons of freshwater fish. This production ranks fourth in the world and is worth approximately US$300 million. However, there have been incremental declines in fish catches and it is now estimated that less than 250,000 tons of fish is being caught, consisting of approximately 105,000 tons of household fisheries, 75,000 tons of rice field fisheries and 68,000 tons of middle and large-scale fisheries (marine fisheries production account for an additional estimated 55,000 tons).
4.3.4. Ecologically Protected Areas
4.3.4.1. Tonle Sap Biosphere Reserve
113. The Tonle Sap Biosphere Reserve is protected by national legislation and is recognized by UNESCO under the MAB program. The Tonle Sap is the largest freshwater lake in the Greater Mekong Sub-Region with an area of 2,500-3,000 km2 in the dry season and 10,000 – 15,000 km2 in the wet season. The water depth ranges from 1 meter in the dry season to 10 meters in the wet season and it is home to nearly one-third of Cambodia’s population. In 1997 it was nominated as a Biosphere Reserve under the Man and the Biosphere Reserve Program of United Nations Education and Scientific Cooperation Organization (UNESCO). Biosphere reserves are nominated by governments and remain under their jurisdiction. Reserves are intended to fulfil three complementary functions: (i) a conservation function; (ii) a development function; and (iii) a logistic function.
114. The Tonle Sap Biosphere Reserve (TSBR) has the following zones: (i) Core areas are securely protected sites for conserving biodiversity, monitoring minimally disturbed ecosystems, and undertaking research and other low-impact uses such as education. The TSBR core areas cover a total of about 43,000 ha which are characterized by a flooded forest, streams and water bodies, and rich biodiversity. Nearly 100 water bird species are found there, a dozen of which are of global significance. The areas are also known for their fish, mammals, and reptiles.
115. (ii) The buffer zone covers about 541,482 ha and is used for cooperative activities compatible with sound ecological practices, including environmental education, recreation, ecotourism, and research. Its boundary corresponds to the outer boundary of the Tonle Sap Multiple-Use Area. The TSBR buffer zone surrounds the core areas up to the outer limit of the flooded forest.
116. (iii) The transition area is the outer zone which covers 899,600 ha. It is intended to be flexible and allows development in keeping with the needs of the local population. The transition area forms the interface between the TSBR and common land. The southern edge of TSBR transition zone forms a boundary with national road NR5. The flexible transition area
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is the integrated economic zone, which is managed for sustainable agriculture, human settlement and land uses, without having adverse effects on the flooded forest, water quality and soils of the region around the Tonle Sap Lake.
117. None of the sub-projects are located within the core and buffer zones zones of TSBR.
118. The sub-projects are located in the transition zone. This has been confirmed by detailed investigations and “ground truthing”.
119. Under the Royal Decree on the Protection of Natural Areas 1993 Article 3: Amendments “The protected natural areas may be modified or expanded in the future on the basis of scientific information involved in the conservation of ecology and the maintenance of the existing landscape in the Kingdom of Cambodia.”
120. The sub-projects can proceed with the prior permission of MOE.
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Figure 4-3: Works relative to TLSB Protected Sensitive Areas
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4.3.4.2. Phnom Aural Wildlife Sanctuary (PAWS)
121. The Phnom Aural wildlife sanctuary is located in western Cambodia and lies within the Cardamom Mountain range, covering parts of the three 3 provinces of Kampong Chhnang, Kampong Speu and Pursat. (11°54′45″N 104°03′42″E) It was created by Royal Decree in 1993 and is one of the oldest protected areas in Cambodia. It covers a large area of 2,500 square km (1,000 square miles) or 250,000 hectares.
122. The Phnom Aural wildlife sanctuary has been subject to a zoning process. Following consultation with local stakeholders and a series of ecological and socioeconomic surveys of the areas, a set of four zones was demarcated :
Core zone ─ access only for research. Conservation zone ─ small-scale community uses of Non Timber Forest Products
(NTFP) Sustainable use zone ─ community sustainable use of resources including NTFPs, fuel-
wood collection, timber cutting, fisheries, ecotourism and agro-forestry (outside of community protected area)
Community zone ─ in addition to the above, small animal trapping for subsistence use, agriculture, and livestock grazing for both subsistence and commercial objectives. No consumptive use of resources is permitted in more than 60% of the land area.
123. The zones are shown below Figure 4-4
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Figure 4-4: PAWS Zones
124. The topography is dominated by Mount Aural which at around 1,813m ASL is Cambodia's highest mountain. At elevations below 1,200m ASL the vegetation is dominated by lowland evergreen forest. Elevations between 1,200 and 1,500m ASL support lower montane evergreen forest, while elevations above 1,500m ASL support upper montane evergreen forest. The forest types are shown below.
Table 4-9: PAWS Types of Forest Cover (Forest Types in Phnom Aural Wildlife Sanctuary (PAWS) in 2003.)
Type Total in PAWS (ha)
Core zone (ha)
Conservation zone (ha)
Sustainable use zone (ha)
Community zone (ha)
Agriculture and bare soil.
5,493.24 41.13 206.17 653.74 4,592.20
Evergreen hill forest on dacite and rhyolite.
17,509.36 17,390.28 119.07 0.01
Evergreen hill forest on granite.
49,886.64 49,163.27 723.34 0.03
Evergreen hill forest on sandstone.
13,220.91 12,457.99 732.58 29.17 1.17
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High elevation woodland and grassland often with
pine.
295.24 295.24 ─ ─ ─
Highly disturbed forest with abundant bamboo.
1,519.85 774.54 570.07 154.31 20.93
Low elevation of woodland and
grassland.
126,953.25 46,711.81 51,573.18 19,835.31 8,832.95
Lowland forest: large crowned, low elevation
forest with high proportion of deciduous
tree species.
39,727.18 24,669.97 11,173.78 3,301.91 581.52
Montane forest. 428.54 428.54 ─ ─ ─
Grand total: 255,034.21 151,932.77 65,098.19 23,974.48 14,028.77
Source: Calculations by Ministry of Environment, Cambodia.
125. PAWS contains an IBA (Important Bird Area) which comprises all areas of evergreen and semi-evergreen forest above 400 m ASL, which is thought to be the lower altitudinal limit of the Chestnut-headed Partridge Arborophila cambodiana.
126. The IBA supports both restricted-range species found in the Cambodia-Thailand-Mountains Endemic Bird Area: Chestnut-headed Partridge and Cambodian Laughing thrush Garrulax ferrarius.
127. Within the IBA, hunting pressure on bird populations appears to be relatively low, and largely restricted to the snaring of ground birds for domestic consumption. Such snaring is mainly conducted by wood collectors. Another potential threat to biodiversity is selective logging, which can lead to habitat degradation and loss. This threat is, however, currently low, since no large-scale, commercial logging is taking place within the IBA, and small-scale, illegal logging is on the decline.
128. The sub-projects are located at a distance of 35 kms from PAWS.
4.3.4.3. Phnom Samkos Wildlife Sanctuary (PSWS)
129. The Phnom Samkos Wildlife Sanctuary was established in 1994 and is located in the Cardamom Mountains in western Cambodia, adjacent to the border with Thailand. (12°16′17″N 102°58′36″E) It is a mountainous area containing three peaks: Mount Samkos which is Cambodia's second highest mountain (1,717 m), Mount Khmaoch (1,496 m) and Mount Tumpor (1,250 m). The area includes an IBA.
130. The sub-projects are located at a distance of 180 kms from PSWS.
4.3.4.4. Cardamom Mountains Wildlife Sanctuaries Project
131. The Cardamom mountain range extends along a southeast-northwest axis from Koh Kong Province to Pursat Province. The highest elevation of the Cardamom Mountains is Phnom Aural. Dense tropical rain forest prevails on the wet western slopes, which annually receive from 3,800–5,000 mm of rainfall. By contrast only 1,000 to 1,500 mm fall in Kirirom National Park on the wooded eastern slopes in the rain shadow facing the interior Cambodian plain.
132. Threats to the biological diversity of the Cardamom Mountain Range include habitat loss due to illegal logging, wildlife poaching, and forest fires caused by slash-and-burn agriculture. The government has been increasing support for protected area management but still relies extensively on donor and NGO assistance for implementing effective management. Many international conservation organizations are working in the area including Wildlife Alliance, Conservation International, Fauna and Flora International and WWF. Sections of the area have been designated as protected areas, including Phnom Samkos Wildlife Sanctuary
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and Phnom Aural Wildlife Sanctuary. The level of active protection in all parks in the mountains has been criticized as being too low.
133. The Cardamom Mountains are an emerging tourist destination, with the opening of Wildlife Alliance's Chi-Phat eco-tourism area in the southern Cardamoms in 2008 followed by their second Cardamon Mountains eco-tourism site in Trapeang Roung.
134. The Phnom Aural and Phnom Samkos wildlife sanctuaries were established in 1993 under the Royal Decree on the Creation and Defining of Natural Protected Areas. They are located at the south-eastern end and north-western end, respectively, of the Cardamom Mountains. The two sanctuaries combined cover nearly 600,000 ha. Surveys carried out since 2001 have shown the special importance of the two sanctuaries for biodiversity conservation and environmental services. They have diverse geography, extensive forests, and many endemic and globally threatened species. Evergreen hill forest covers most of the two sanctuaries and the area is listed among the World Wildlife Funds Global 2000 Ecoregions as a priority for biodiversity conservation.
135. The two wildlife sanctuaries are home to about 30,000 people who rely on subsistence agriculture, cattle raising, and collection of non-timber forest products for their livelihoods. These communities are among the poorest in Cambodia. Under the Cardamom Mountains Wildlife Sanctuaries Project (CMWSP), a joint project of the Cambodian Ministry of Environment and Fauna and Flora International, zoning plans have been developed for both sanctuaries through participatory consultation with local stakeholders but the sanctuaries face threats from clearance of land by in-migrating settlers and the granting of economic concessions as in 2009 a decree was issued permitting limited economic development in PAWS.
136. The sub-projects are located at a distance of 160 kms from Cardamom Mountains.
4.3.4.5. Kirirom National Park
137. Kirirom National Park (11°18′37″N 104°03′04″E) is located mostly in Phnom Sruoch District, Kampong Speu Province, while a smaller section is in neighboring Koh Kong Province. It was established in 1993 and covers 350km2. The park extends over the eastern part of the Cardamom Mountains. It is located 112 km from Phnom Penh off National Highway 4 on the road to Sihanoukville. It is located at an altitude of 675m (2,215 ft.) above sea level and was Cambodia's first officially designated national park. Among the animals in the park are Asian elephant, deer, Gaur, Banteng, leopard, Spotted Linsang, Pileated Gibbon and tiger.
138. The sub-projects are located at a distance of 190 kms from Kirirom NP.
4.4. Socio-economic Profile
4.4.1. Population There are 9 communes namely: Chranouk, Dar, Kampong Hau, Phnov Tuk, Puo, Pralay Meas,
Samraong Saen, Svay Rumpear, and Trangel in Kampong Leaeng District. The total families
is 10,666 and total population is 50,319 with number of female headed households being
1,498 families.
Table 4-10: The population by commune in Kampong Leaeng District
No Commune Name Total population Total Family FHHs
1 Chranouk 7772 1741 259
2 Dar 6319 1585 189
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3 Kampong Hau 8361 1655 239
4 Phnov Tuk 3832 734 90
5 Pou 5249 1162 176
6 Pralay Meas 4664 921 90
7 Samraong Saen 1946 373 17
8 Svay Rumpear 6139 1256 188
9 Trangel 6037 1239 192
Figure 4-5: Population by Commune
Source: NCDD data book, 2011
4.4.2. Occupation
139. Discussions were held with local authorities including Kampong Leaeng District Governor, Dar and Chranouk commune authorities and reference made to existing data. Most people in subproject areas are farmers, the main occupation of these people is agricultural jobs (rice, farm crops/vegetable, fishing, livestock raising, and NTFP collection) other occupations are craft works, and trade services.
Table 4-11: The families with particular occupation (job) in Kampong Leaeng District
No Description % Number Family
1 Families whose main occupation in agricultural works (rice, crop,
vegetable, fishing, livestock, and NTFP)
91.50
9,764
2 Families whose main occupation in craft works (furniture crafts and other
production) 0.40 15
3 Families whose main occupation in services
(trade, repair, transport services, and other services) 1.15 123
4 Families whose main occupation is not clear 7.16 764
Source: NCDD data book, 2011
4.4.3. Land Use
140. The Kampong Leaneng District is an island in the Mekong River / Tonle Sap Basin. During the wet season almost all areas, rice fields, farms, and other fields (forest land and
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grass land) are flooded by Mekong flood. The land use in this district is forest land, cultivation land (rice and farm land), construction land (village area), and some others.
Table 4-12: Land Use Area in Kampong Leaeng District
Total land area
(ha) Forest land area (ha)
Cultivation land
area (ha)
Construction land
area (ha)
Other land
area (ha)
Total Flood
99,767 35,172 32,508 13,960 1.218 20,114
Source: district data book, NCDD, 2011
4.4.4. Cultural Resources and Minority
141. Based on site visits all the subprojects are located in rice fields far from village areas. There are no cultural heritage resource sites and pagodas located in and near the subproject areas. There are a few pagodas located in village areas but these are far from the sub-projects and will not be affected by the subproject activities. There are no ethnic / minority people living in Kampong Leaeng District, only Khmer Islamic: 03 families and Vietnamese: 83 families (NCDD, 2011)
4.5. Poverty
142. Cambodia is one of the least developed countries in Southeast Asia, and in the Asia-Pacific region, it ranks 131 of the 179 countries included in the UNDP’s Human Development Index (HDI). It has a total population of 14.3 million as of 2010 with an annual population growth rate of 1.6%. The country’s population in 2009 was 13.9 million and of this number, 51.23% are women. There were 2.9 million households with an average of 5 people and over 82% are in the rural areas. ADB mentioned in the Country Poverty Assessment for 2011 that based on the 2008 census, a quarter of Cambodian households (25.6%) are headed by women. The population is young, with more than half (56.1%) under the age of 25. The fertility rate has declined slightly but remains high. Rapid population growth from 1998–2008 at 1.54% per year is higher than the 1.3% average for Southeast Asia as a whole. Around 72% of the workforce is engaged in agriculture, forestry, and fishing. Urbanization is low, with just 19.5% of the population living in cities in 2008 and only a 1.3 percentage point increase over the previous decade (18.2% in 1998). While the annual growth rate of the rural population was 1.4% from 1998 to 2008, the urban population grew at 2.2% per year.
143. The country’s national poverty incidence in 2008 was 30.1% but rural areas have higher poverty rate of 34.7%. Cambodia ranked 33 in the “alarming” countries with high level of hunger and under nutrition, where 12% of the households were classified as food insecure due to increase in food prices (UNDP Poverty Reduction Report, 21 March 2011). The UN-WFP Cambodia reported that although the poverty rate in the country fell by 4.7% from 2004 to 2007, the 30.1% poverty level among the country’s total population was still high. The unemployment rate in Cambodia is projected to reach 20% by end of 2011. The poverty rate was 35% in Kampong Chhnang province according to the 2008 Census.
144. Agriculture is the primary source of income and food for the households. In Kampong Chhnang province 54% of the households owned less than 1 hectare of land and 8% do not own land for rice cultivation. Around 30%of the households in Kampong Chhnang have access to irrigation.
145. Based on the baseline survey conducted in June 2011, 26% of farmers who have land do not have legal land title. Absence of proof of land ownership makes the farmers vulnerable to losing land and inhibits them from investing long-term in agricultural production. Landless farmers and those with less than 1 hectare are included among the poor households in
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Cambodia. Based on the international poverty line (in 2006 purchasing parity terms), 40% of the population in Cambodia lived on less than $1.25 a day, and 68% on less than $2 a day.6
146. The poverty rates by commune in Kampong Leaeng District are given below.
Table 4-13: The poverty rates by commune in Kampong Leaeng District
No Commune name Poverty rate in 2009
1 Chranouk 38.10%
2 Dar 35.70%
3 Kampong Hau 36.50%
4 Phlov Tuk 44.20%
5 Pou 39.20%
6 Pralay Keas 41.80%
7 Samraong Saen 46.90%
8 Svay Rumpear 38.70%
9 Trangel 33.20%
Source: Ministry of Planning and NCDD, 2009
4.6. Gender
147. Women account for 52% of the population in the project areas. Female-headed households comprise 13% of the total households who were interviewed during the baseline survey conducted in June 2011. Of this number, 3% have children less than 5 years old. The country’s child mortality rate in 2010 was 350 per 100,000 live births. Kampong Chhnang has a high maternal mortality rates with more than 500 mothers who died within 1 month after giving birth in 2008.
6 A. Bauer et. al. 2008, World Bank’s New Poverty Data: Implications for ADB, Sustainable Working Development Working
Paper Series No. 2. Manila.
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5. Anticipated Environmental impacts and Mitigation Measures
5.1. Potential Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures
148. The aim of the initial environmental impact assessment study is to find out and determine environmental impacts on the natural and social resources that may occur during project design, before construction, during construction and at the operation-maintenance stage. The environmental study team undertook field investigations, consultations with local agencies-communities and assessed the potential impacts both negative and positive, so developing mitigation measures for negative impacts.
5.2. Potential Positive Environmental Impacts and Benefits
149. The sub-projects will provide several reservoirs/dikes and lakes for improving the irrigation and water management system within subproject areas by:
Providing significant positive impacts on the local people, communities and livelihood as the project will contribute directly to improving their livelihood and income generation during operation by providing water retention in reservoirs and lakes for irrigation of rice fields about 2,150 ha in 4 communes for about 6,220 families.
Providing indirectly livelihood and income / economic generation for local communities in Kampong Leaeng District for 10,666 families and in Kampong Chhnang Province.
Improving climate change resilience through climate change adaptation by providing a water irrigation system for the agricultural sector so a dry season rice crop can be grown so giving 2 rice crops per year in Kampong Leaeng District.
5.3. Pre-construction Stage
5.3.1. Unexploded Ordnance (UXO)
150. There may be UXO discovered when dredging the reservoirs. The project owner and contractors shall collaborate with local authority to make sure if UXOs are located in subproject sites, they will collaborate with Cambodia Mine Action Center (CMAC) to conduct a demining survey.
5.3.2. Land Acquisition and Land Use
151. The improvement of dikes and lake reservoirs can affect community lands in the subproject site. The widening and excavation of the dikes requires dumping of some material on rice fields next to the dikes. The project proponent must inform local affected people of project information, location, size and land acquisition needs in case there is impact on land use.
If compensation is necessary the compensation policy must be implemented before
construction starts.
5.3.3. Impacts of Dredging on Water Supply in Kampong Leaeng
152. Dredging of material may lower the water table and have adverse environmental impacts. Kampong Leaeng may involve groundwater abstraction. Previously concerns have been raised over arsenic content in the groundwater.
153. Naturally occurring arsenic was first confirmed in drinking water in Cambodia during the Cambodia Drinking Water Quality Assessment, conducted jointly by the Ministry of Rural Development (MRD) and the Ministry of Industry, Mines and Energy (MIME) between 1999 and 2000. This assessment screened approximately 94 urban and rural drinking water sources in 13 provinces for chemically hazardous elements and found elevated arsenic levels
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in approximately 11 per cent of the groundwater samples from 5 of the 13 studied, exceeding the WHO guideline value of 10 ppb.
Figure 5-1: Arsenic Risk Map Cambodia MRD / MIME 1999
The arsenic risk map for Kampong Chhnang is given below. This was extracted from the MRD main study. It includes results for Kampong Leaeng. (See below)
Figure 5-2: Arsenic Risk Map Kg Chhnang and Kg Leaeng
154. A standard of 50 Part Per Billion (ppb) for arsenic in drinking water was set by USEPA in 1975. In 2001 the USEPA revised this to 10 ppb for the USA. The WHO Standard for arsenic in drinking water is 5 ppb.
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155. The Cambodian standard for arsenic in drinking water is 50 ppb. This is similar to many other countries outside USA. The MRD study shows arsenic levels in groundwater in Kampong Leaeng to be between 11 to 50 ppb which, according to the MRD study, is considered “low risk”.
156. According to the tests previously conducted by MRD arsenic levels in groundwater in Kampong Leaeng are low risk and within the Cambodian Standard for drinking water.
157. It should be noted that the above data applies to groundwater. As arsenic is carried by river water before entering the groundwater there is a distinct correlation between results and standards for each. If tests are to be carried out on groundwater then tests should be carried out on both groundwater and river water to establish the baseline conditions. This should be done during the initial stages of construction supervision before any activities commence.
5.4. Construction Stage
5.4.1. Soil Erosion and Soil Quality
158. The soil erosion will be increase earthwork for grading ground surface, digging and excavating for improving lake and construction dikes, especially when the rain comes. On the other hand the dredging lake, construction dikes, and generating wastes from construction activities, especially hazardous waste could be a sensitive point for the changing soil quality. Some measures to mitigate these impacts are:
Adequate compaction of the dike is immediately implemented during filling activities and the construction activities plan to operate during dry season after rice harvesting
Grassing on the slope, growing vegetation on the dike and wrap-rock Concrete pavement and/or laterite on the road way after finishing construction work Quickly fill-up land after connection/installing/finish culverts/water gates All solid-liquid wastes should be collected and stored in safety containers and disposed of
in local licensed dumping sites or removed by licensed local subcontractor.
5.4.2. Hydrology and Water Quality
159. The proposed sub-projects are located near the Tonle Sap River and soil erosion may affect water quality due to increased turbidity. Liquid waste from construction materials, trucks and excavators may also cause water quality to deteriorate in terms of pH, BOD, COD, and TSS. Some measures to mitigate these impacts are:
Implement a construction plan to operate during dry season. Regular check and maintain construction machineries, trucks, vehicle and equipment Instruct all operators to clean construction machineries to prevent oil and grease leaking.
The wastes from construction machinery to be regularly collected and stored in secure containers. Do not discharge to nearby fields.
Try to minimize clearing the vegetation on project areas/slopes. If necessary, build temporary canals for open water flow to avoid flooding. Ensure silt traps are installed on rain water drains at all construction sites
5.4.3. Air and Noise Quality
160. The subproject areas are located in rural, so the air and noise quality are good condition. The construction of proposed sub-project will affect air quality and increasing noise around the project area. The emission air from the construction material and machineries, project generators, trucks, and transportation of soil from excavation for the project will exhaust gas such as dust/suspended particle (STP and PM10) and polluted air (NO2, SO2, CO), and then polluted the ambient air in the areas. However, the impact by air pollution is very small or insignificant. There are some measures to mitigate are:
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Using good quality construction machinery, generator and project trucks or vehicles with lowest emission of air pollution possible
Regularly monitor/check and maintain all construction equipment to ensure that the exhaust smoke, gas and noise comply with national standards
Cover truck especially those carrying soils during transport in and out from construction sites on public roads
Limit speed of trucks during operation in and out of the project site (follow traffic law), especially, where the trucks pass the village and sensitive areas.
No open burning is allowed on site. Dark smoke emissions can result in punishment.
5.4.4. Protected Area and Wildlife
161. The subprojects are located in agricultural development areas, mostly rice fields, and far from legally protected area. However, during construction the contractor will provide awareness on environmental management to project staffs and workers. They should collaborate with local agencies to enforcement environmental regulations and other relevant laws. Strictly control illegal logging as taking trees for firewood or hunting by construction workers is prohibited.
5.4.5. Forest Resources
162. There can be small impacts on flooded forest resources and vegetation located in the lakes and dike’s reservoirs during dredging and excavation. The mitigation measures are:
Try to reducing clearing vegetation in the subproject sites, as much as possible Do not cut big trees on the lake bank and alongside the dikes Breaking of the Forestry law and illegal logging of forestry resources is prohibited
5.4.6. Fish
163. The construction activities should have only no or very small impact on freshwater fishes in the subproject sites from dredging and excavation of the lakes and dikes. The disposal or discharge of solid waste and waste water from construction campsites must be controlled. The mitigation measures are:
Construction plan implemented during dry season so there is no water or very little water in lake or reservoir, so the impacts will be minimal
Try to reducing clearing forest and vegetation resources in the subproject sites which provide fish habitats
Manage properly all types of wastes from construction activities, store in secure tanks, dispose in local approved sites, do not discharge to fields and watercourses.
Illegal fishing for food by construction workers is prohibited, No cooking of fish on site.
5.4.7. Public Health and Safety
164. During construction wastes, noise, dust emission from construction equipment and traffic movement will increase and can impact on sanitation, public health, and community safety. Infectious diseases (malaria, diarrhea, and HIV/AIDS) can be transmitted from workers to workers come from many places. For public health and safety the mitigation proposed is:
Provide public health awareness program on HIV/AIDS, safety and infection prevention Provide training on construction heavy equipment operation to mitigate spill accidents Provide Personal Protection Equipment (PPE) to staffs and workers. Provide proper sanitation and waste disposal at construction campsite Campsites to be provided with proper latrines located at least 300m from water sources Limit driving speed of heavy trucks in villages and other sensitive areas
48
Emergency Response Plan to be prepared for working sites such as: location of health center, materials handling, and human resources.
Prepare transportation plan with road access and traffic controls to avoid road accidents
5.5. Operation and Maintenance Stage
165. The agricultural activities will increase after reservoirs are improved, the farmers will use more fertilizers for rice crops, especially chemical fertilizers. Soil quality in rice fields can change and affect rice production in the future. Soil erosion may occur from new dikes. Proposed mitigation measures are:
Awareness to farmers of use of natural fertilizers and composting Proper management of hazardous wastes such as plastic bags, bottles and containers of
pesticide or fertilizer, wastes not to be disposed in public field, rice field or water sources. Provide grass or tree planting on the slope of dikes for reducing soil erosion. Inform farmers that using fertilizers and pesticides shall comply with Law on Pesticides
and Fertilizers Management, MAFF, 2012. Establish farmer water user committee (FWUC) in each irrigated area to manage and
maintain water use and irrigated structures. Maintain watergates and water control structures
6. Analysis of Alternatives
166. This project was originally classified as Category B and this has been confirmed by this IEE. No Analysis of Alternatives is required.
49
7. Information Disclosure, Consultation and Participation
7.1. Executing Agency
167. Ministry Public Works and Transport (MPWT) is the Executing Agency (EA) of this project assisted by a Project Management Unit (PMU3) responsible for the project implementation, management and coordination. The Detailed Design and Implementation Supervision Consultant (DDIS) shall incorporate into the project design the environmental protection and mitigation measures identified in the EMP for the design/pre-construction stage. Qualified contractor(s) shall be selected through a transparent procurement process to properly implement the project on a timely basis in an environmentally-responsible manner.
7.2. Public Participation in Consultation
168. Public participation is the participation of all stakeholders concerned with the development project including ministries/institutions, local authorities, relevant departments, project owners, consulting companies, representatives of affected people and non-governmental organizations concerned with the project areas7.
The Ministry of Environment, following a request from the public, shall provide information on
activities and shall encourage public participation in environmental protection and natural
resource management. 8
7.3. Objective of the public consultation
169. The main objectives of the public consultation are:
Presenting or informing to the local residents of the study subproject sites in the district of PRIP Climate Change Output
Receiving the main issues or problems that may occur in the proposed sub-project areas from local people and local authorities.
Addressing potential social and environmental resources that will be affected from subproject proposals and activities.
Receiving issues, feedback, and comments from stakeholders or affected people concerning social, gender and environmental impacts at the proposed sites.
Modifying proposed mitigation measures or environmental management plan to respond to any concerns raised, if possible.
Open-ended questions were posed to guide discussions and information requests presented
to the stakeholders.
7.4. Consultation with Commune-Village Leaders and Affected Communities
170. On August 23, 2018 the study team: national environmental specialist and national resettlement specialist is collaborated with MPWT-PMU3, Kampong Leaeng District Governor, commune chiefs of subproject areas of Climate Change Resilience of PRIP were conducted field consultation meetings with local authorities and local people are affected and living around the proposed subprojects for: Dredging of Boeung Kros Lake, Ro Hal Dike, O Trav Dike, and Boeung Trav Dike in Kampong Leaeng District, Kampong Chhnang Province. The key points from the consultation meetings are given in the Annex 12.
7 Declaration of General Guideline for Developing IEE and full EIA Report, MoE, 2009 8 Article 16, Law on Environmental Protection and Natural Resources Management, MoE 1996
50
171. On November 3, 2018 the study team and MPWT-PMU3 conducted field consultation with commune-district authorities/agencies, Department of Environment (DoE), and Department of Public Works and Transport (DPWT) of Kampong Chhnang Province on rehabilitation of Boeung Kros Lake and Ro Hal, O Trav, and Boeung Trav Dikes. The meeting was conducted in the meeting room of Kampong Leaeng District Office. There was overwhelming support for the sub projects. No dissenting opinions were expressed. The key results of the meeting are given below and the full discussion given in the Annex 12.
Table 7-1: Summary Key Comments / Concerns received and Mitigation Measures
Key comments / concerns received from
affected people and other stakeholders
Modifications to Subprojects designs and
mitigation measures.
Farmers in Kampong Hav Commune were
happy with the design and offered to donate
land for the tipping area.
Farmers were thanked for the offer but said
it was not necessary.
Ms. Eal Saveoun, Commune Coucil of Tra
Ngel Commune said:
- No protected area or protected fishery
located in Ro Hal Dike area.
- Our people very happy and waiting for this
project, because they need water for
irrigation rice crops, if we have enough water
some fields can plant 2 time/year.
Opinion was noted.
Mr Hong Vanny, Chief Office, Department of
Environment, Kampong Chhnang,
Responsible in Kampong Leaeng District:
- We support this proposed project for
improving the irrigation for dry rice.
- There are not ecological protected or
conservation areas in and near the project
sites. The protected areas are far from
project site. No forest resources in this
areas, most are paddy fields.
- Small impact to environmental and social
resources in this area.
During project construct the contractor shall
collaborate with local authorities and
relevant departments to manage and
implement environmental monitoring of
project activities.
- A few forest (trees) are in the dike bank
should be kept, don’t cut or clear.
MPWT will conduct survey for forest and
trees location. The forest and trees will be
kept for dikes erosion projects. The project
also proposes planting grass or trees on the
bank of the lakes and slope of the dikes for
erosion protection.
51
Don’t excavate or dredge soil inside
reservoirs where have forest resources.
Mr. Mou Chan Theun, Chief Office of
Commune Project Supporting Office,
Kampong Leaeng District.
- This project is very good for climate change
resilience on irrigation system in our district.
The lakes and reservoirs are shallow and
shallow year to year, it will be affected on
agricultural activities in Kampong Leaeng
District.
- Boeung Kruos is low part of another area
for water flow out from the rice field in dry
season, so please don’t improve the dike too
high, it will impact to rice cultivation time in
upstream side.
- The design dike is not high, will rehabilitate
to existing condition.
- Dredging Lake should be studied and
build/improve the water gates, where we
should install water gates.
- The engineering team will contact residents
and survey where to build the water gates.
- If we build the dike around the lake, will be
impacted to some rice fields are close to the
dike on the lake bank.
- We will discuss with rice field owner are
located near the dike (around the lake).
- During construction may be increased air
and noise from construction activities, but is
not impact to our communities, because
construction site is outside and far from
residential area. There are very small issues
that people considers to traffic safety and
traffic movement from heavy trucks of
contractor, but it is temporary, during
construction stage.
- We instruct contractors to consider public
safety during construction stage.
Please provide irrigation canals (existing
canal) for providing water from Dike to
downstream rice fields are far from the Dike,
to mitigate the water use conflict, because
some time happen the conflict of limited
water use of upstream farmers with
downstream farmers.
- We will study this idea and see whether the
project can provide irrigation canal or
cannot, but including the land for a canal is
worth considering.
52
8. Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM)
8.1. Purpose of the Mechanism
172. The Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM) is used as a mean for persons seeking satisfactory resolution/response to any complaints on the environmental performance of all the subproject activities. The mechanism will ensure that:
(i) The basic rights and interests of every person adversely affected by the environmental
performance of the subproject are protected; and
(ii) Their concerns are effectively and timely addressed. It is notable that during site
preparation and construction phases, environmental performance related complaints of the
subproject activities may occur.
8.2. Proposed GRM
173. In Cambodia if there are any concerns and social complaints, the people go to relevant authority levels such as: village, commune, district, provincial, and to the court for all matters including environmental complaints. The MPWT, as the EA of the PRIP Climate Change Output will establish the GRM. The setup shall be made before commencement of site works and have members from the PMO, provincial level, district authority and commune councils. Grievances can be filed in writing or verbally with any member of the GRC. The committee will have 15 days to respond with a resolution. The PMO’s or Social and Environmental Office (ESO) environmental safeguard officer (ESO) of MPWT will oversee the implementation/observance of the mechanism and will be responsible for keeping the PMO informed. Access points will be set up at commune level.
174. The GRM will accommodate both informally and formally lodged, but eligible, grievances. Informally lodged grievances are those received by the contractor during construction. Formally lodged grievances are those received at district and commune offices. Commune councils evaluate complaints for eligibility and then report to PDPWT. The PDPWT and PMO maintain record of all grievances, informally and formally lodged, eligible and ineligible. The PMO will inform the MPWT, as necessary, and report on the observance/implementation of the GRM in the monthly progress reports and in the periodic Environmental Monitoring Report that will be submitted to the MPWT and MPWT resubmit to MoE.
175. In addition reporting should be submitted to ADB and MOE, as necessary, based on the MOE’s approval letter which ADB will get from MPWT before approving civil works.
176. The Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM) has four stages to resolve complaints/issues regarding PRIP for Climate Change Output implementation. These are: Commune level, District level, Provincial level (Grievance Redress Committee). If not resolved or no solution is found at these stages, people can take the complaint to the Provincial Court. The steps are illustrated in the flow chart below.
177. The results of the initial environmental examination (IEE) show that only minor environmental impacts are anticipated. Such impacts will be experienced during site works mainly due to soil and surface water quality dust, air, noise emissions, and public safety more concerning to local communities, but can be mitigated. None of the subproject sites traverses the buffer and core zones of ecologically protected areas and not protected forest and historical areas are located in and near the subproject sites.
53
Flow Chart of Grievance Redress Mechanism Procedural Steps
IX. Conclusions
178. According to the above finding and conclusions, although the sub-project may have limited environmental impacts, IEE preparation will be sufficient to identify and address these impacts. No further special study or detailed EIA needs to be undertaken to comply with the Safeguard Policy Statement of the ADB. Under government of Cambodia policy, the IEE Report for these subprojects are required for small projects. For this climate change resilience proposed project the size and capacity is under national IEE requirements of Annex of EIA sub-decree of the List, MoE 1999. The total actually proposed project of climate resilience for improvement irrigation system are: (i) The proposed dredging Boeung Krus Lake: 27,370 m3 (ii) The irrigated area of Boeung Krus Lake: 30 ha, (iii) The irrigated area of Ro Hal Dike: 171 ha, (iv) The irrigated area of O Trav Dike: 1,370 ha, (v) The irrigated are of Boeung Trav dike: 579 ha. There are not significant impacts environmental and social resources are found. However, in the EMP is provided detailed impacts mitigation and environmental monitoring plans, and the institutional responsibilities and capacity needs for the environmental management of the sub-projects for contractors and relevant agencies should be implemented.
54
9. Environmental Management Plan
9.1. Institution Requirement
179. Implementation of the EMP for the project will be carried out by the project owner, Ministry of Public Work and Transportation (MPWT) and Provincial Department of Public Work and Transportation (PDPWT), in cooperation with professional Ministry of Environment (MoE), Provincial Department of Environment (PDoE), Project Steering Committee (PSC), Project Implementation Unit (PIU), Project Manager (PM), Team’s Environmental Specialist, The ADB ‘s Project Design Consultant, Contractor, and local authorities. Environmental Management Unit (EMU) will responsible mainly on environmental monitoring through the project activities (before construction, construction, and operation-maintenance). EMU member had representative form Department of Environmental impact assessment of Ministry of Environment (MoE).
180. The monitoring and evaluation on social and environmental situation is happened at construction stage every the monthly or every weekly as urgent required by project executive agency (MPWT) and project donor (ADB). The monitoring system will operate and maintain every month or every three months or every six month. The EMU3 of MPWT will work closely with DDIS consultant as resources person to guide/build capacity on the environmental impact assessment (EIA) and Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is include monitoring skills. The related provincial department and contractor as describe above is play a vital role on daily monitoring and mitigation environmental issues.
9.2. Environmental Management Plan (EMP)
The EMP outlines the anticipated environmental and social impacts of the project it
demonstrates how the contractor will monitor and then manage those impacts including
mitigation measures to be undertaken to offset/mitigate the negative impacts at specific
locations and the time at which the measures will be implemented. Comply with sub-decree
on Environmental Impact Assessment Process, MoE, 1999 and Technical Environmental
Guideline, MPWT, 2008, the Environmental Management Plan and Environmental Monitoring
Plan is implemented by project owner is under monitor by consultant and MPWT/PMU and
MoE. So the project owner or contractor should have capable/experience staffs and budget to
manage and implement EMP during project operating activities. The PMU/SEO shall be
assisted by the DDIS to undertake EMP monitoring and to prepare corresponding semi-annual
monitoring reports for submission to ADB and the Ministry of Environment for review and
comments. The EMP implementation and responsibilities are showed in table below.
55
Table 9-1: EMP - Summary of Potential Impacts and Mitigation Measures
Activity Potential Impacts/issues Impact
Level
Mitigation Measures or Responses Cost estimate
$
Responsible Agencies
Implementer Monitor
Pre-construction
Unexploded Ordnance
(UXO)
The UXO is might fund/had in the subproject
site in the underground of the reservoirs or
dikes.
Very small - Collaborate with local authorities to make
sure not UXOs are located in subproject sites,
if necessary, should be collaborated with
Cambodia Maine Action Center (CMAC) to
conduct demining survey.
Cost to be
given when
determined if
necessary
Contractors
DDIS, PMU,
PDPWT, PDOE
Land Acquisition and
Land Use
The improvement of dikes and lake reservoirs
can be affected to community lands are in the
subproject site for improving widening and
high of the dikes will be impacted to land use
(rice fields) are located on and next to the
dikes. Some proper plans to response are:
Small - Conduct survey and consult with local
authorities and farmers. How the subprojects
condition can be improved
- Inform to affected people of project
information, location, size, land acquisition
needs.
- Consulted with affected people to involve
support, and donate to the project, if the
impact is minor/very small. If necessary the
compensation policy should be implemented
before construction.
Compensation
to be agreed
through
resettlement
plan.
Contractors and
Local authorities
DDIS, PMU,
PDPWT, PDOE
Construction Stage
Physical Resources
Soil Erosion and Soil
Quality
- The soil erosion will be increase earthwork
for digging and excavating for improving lake
and construction dikes, especially when the
rain comes.
- The dredging lake, construction dikes, and
generating wastes from construction activities,
especially hazardous waste could be a
sensitive point for the changing soil quality.
- Construction is immediately implemented
during filling activities and the construction
activities plan to operate during dry season.
- Grassing on the slope, growing vegetation
on the dike and wrap-rock.
- Concrete pavement and/or laterite on the
road way after finishing construction work.
Included in
contractors
overall works
costs
Contractor DDIS, PMU,
PDPWT, PDOE
56
- Quickly fill-up land after installing/finish of
culverts or water gates.
- Solid-liquid wastes should be collected and
stored in safety containers and dispose in
local license dumping sites or provide to
license subcontractor.
Hydrology and Water
Quality
- Will affect to water quality due to increase
wastes and soil erosion from construction
dikes construction.
- The water flow and water volume can be
changed from construction dikes, when project
will close and change direction of water flow
will be affected to water flow to the
downstream areas.
Small - The construction will operate during dry
season.
- Use good quality and regular maintenance
of construction machineries/trucks/vehicle
and heavy equipment
- Provided to all operators to clean all
construction machineries as oil and grease
leaking. The wastes from construction
machines are regularly collect and store in
safety containers, do not discharge to field.
- Try to minimize clearing the vegetation on
project areas/slopes.
- Will not close water flow during construction,
keep normal flow as existing condition, if
necessary, could be build temporary canals
for water flow.
Included in
contractors
overall works
costs
Contractor DDIS, PMU,
PDPWT, PDOE,
DOWRAM
Air and Noise Quality
- Will affect air and noise quality in the
subproject area cause from the emission air
from construction machineries, trucks, and
transportation, will exhaust gas such as
dust/suspended particle (STP and PM10) and
polluted air (NO2, SO2, CO), and then polluted
the ambient air in the areas.
Small - The sub-project areas are located far from
residential/village areas, so the affected of air
and noise is very minor.
- Using good quality of construction machines
and trucks/vehicles with lowest air emission.
- Regularly monitor/check and maintain all
construction machines to ensure that exhaust
smoke, gas and noise are complied with
national standards.
- Cover on the truck especially soil truck
during transport in and out from construction
site.
(v) Limit speed of trucks during operation in
and out of the sites (follow traffic law), where
Included in
contractors
overall works
costs
Contractor DDIS, PMU,
PDPWT, PDOE,
57
the trucks pass the village and sensitive
areas.
Ecological Resources
Protected area and
Wildlife
There are not impacted to any kinds of
protected areas and ecological conservation
areas, because the subprojects are located in
agricultural development areas (most rice
fields) and far come protected area.
No - Provide awareness on environmental
management plan to project staffs and
workers.
- Collaborate with local agencies to
enforcement environmental law and forestry
law. Strictly control and the illegal logging
forest and hunting from construction workers
is prohibited.
Needs
Environmental
Officer on
contractors
staff. This is
included in
contractors
overall works
costs.
However CSC
must appoint
ESO. Allow
USD50,000
Contractor
Local agency
DDIS, PMU,
PDPWT, PDOE
Forest Resources
Can be small impacted on flooded forest
resources and vegetation are located in the
lakes and dike’s reservoirs during dredging
and excavation lakes and dikes.
Small
- Proposed sites are existing subprojects and
the construction plan will follow to existing
condition.
- No flooded forest areas are in the subproject
sites. Almost impacts on forest resources are
very small.
- Try to reducing clearing vegetation is in the
subproject sites.
- Will not cut the big trees on the lake bank
and along the dikes.
- Forestry law enforcement and illegal
loggings forests resources is prohibited
Included in
contractors
overall works
costs
Contractor DDIS, PMU,
PDPWT, PDOE,
FA
Aquatic life (Fish)
Very small impact to freshwater fishes in the
subproject sites cause from dredging and
excavation lakes and dikes. Maybe some solid
waste and wastewater can dispose or
discharge water sources.
Small - Construction plan implement during dry
season, then no water or vary a few water in
lake or reservoir
- Try to reducing clearing forest and
vegetation resources are in the subproject
sites to provide for fish habitats.
Included in
contractors
overall works
costs
Contractor DDIS, PMU,
DPWT, PDOE,
FA
58
- Proper manage all wastes from construction
activities, store in the safety tanks, dispose in
local silence sites, and will not dispose and
discharge to filed and water sources.
- Fishery law enforcement and illegal fishing
from construction workers is prohibited
Socio Resources
Land Use (rice field)
- The dredging lakes and improving dikes will
be affected to land use of farmers are in and
next to dikes cause by disposed soil, and
widening dikes.
- Will be impacted to a few rice fields are
around and in the reservoirs areas.
Small - The construction will follow to the existing
condition
- Selecting deep, high, and widening of the
dikes can be improved for reduce these
impacts
- Collaborate with local authorities and
affected people to involve in construction
process for correct actions.
- Good communicate with affected people to
promote the supporting, and donation to the
subprojects.
Contractor DDIS, PMU,
DPWT, DOE, FA
Public health and Safety
- Can be occurred the infected diseases
(malaria, diarrhea, and HIV/AIDS) from
workers to workers come from many places.
- The wastes, noise, dust emission from
construction equipment, and traffic movement
will be increased, can be impacted to
sanitation, public health, and community
safety.:
Small
- Provide public health on HIV/AIDS, safety,
infection, prevention and waste management
awareness.
- Provide training on construction heavy
equipment operation to mitigate spill
accidents and provide the Personal
Protection Equipment (PPE) to staffs and
workers.
- Provide proper sanitation and waste
disposal at construction campsite.
- The campsites will be provided latrine and
will locate far from water sources.
- Limited driving speed of heavy trucks in
village areas and other sensitive areas.
- Emergency Response Plan is prepared in
working sites (materials facilities, and human
resources).
Contractor
must
implement
EHS plan in
CEMP.
Included in
contractors
overall works
costs but
should be
identified.
Allow
USD100,000
Contractor
Local hospital
DDIS, PMU,
DPWT, PDOE,
FA, DOH
59
Cultural resources There are not historical and cultural resources
are located in and near the subproject sites.
No
Construction Camp set
up and operation
Construction camps may need to be
constructed in the vicinity of the works. These
can lead to contamination from solid wastes,
liquid wastes and poor sanitation. If workers
are to live near the works site it is
recommended that local houses be rented
rather than building a camp with temporary
sanitation.
If sites are only to be used as a laydown area
then “Good Housekeeping” must be practised.
Maintenance of equipment or vehicles on site
is discouraged as oil spills may result
damaging adjacent rice fields.
Small - Consultation with residents to identify wells
or water sources within 50 m of the project
road.
- Sensitive water receptors which may be accidentally damaged during construction including wells shall be identified in advance of construction at each site and demarcated to ensure machinery does not encroach on them. - To limit the spill of materials into water bodies during dike construction, no materials will be stored within 50 m of a water course, including soil, spoil, aggregates, chemicals or other materials used during construction. - Temporary drainage provision shall be provided during construction to ensure that any storm water running off construction areas will be controlled around water bodies. This shall ensure that potentially contaminated water does not impact on sensitive receptors. Contaminated water shall be removed off-site for disposal in the facilities identified in the Construction Camp Management Plan - Enclosed drainage around chemical storage areas on construction sites and storage shall be on hard standing. - Develop and implement contingency plans for control of spills of oil and other hazardous substances (Spill Management Plan as specified in pre-construction actions); - Fuel storage, maintenance shop and vehicle cleaning areas must be placed at least 300 m away from the nearest water body and will include enclosed drainage to ensure contaminated water does not cause pollution and storage, maintenance and cleaning activities will be on hard standing. If possible, all vehicles should be refueled at commercial gas stations in Kamponh Chhnang to avoid storage of fuel on site. - Construction wastes and materials (e.g. fuel) shall be properly contained during construction and fuel tanks will be located in a
To be
included in
contractors
proposal.
Contractors
DDIS, PMU
60
bunded area which has a capacity of 110% of the fuel tank. Wastes are to be stored in a hard standing area which is protected from rain and wind and waste removed from site and taken to approved disposal facilities (as specified in the Waste Management Plan in pre-construction actions); - Water collection basins and sediment traps are to be installed in all areas where construction equipment is washed. - Contaminated water will be removed off-site for disposal in the facilities identified in the Construction Camp Management Plan; and - Effective septic treatment and disposal systems shall be installed at construction camps - separate toilets and showers should be provided for men and women - adequate cooking facilities and hygiene must be provided - adequate supplies of bottled drinking water
must be provided to workers
Construction camp
closure
Upon completion of the works all construction
camps and workers quarters must be removed
and site cleaned of debris.
All waste materials, unused containers, waste
oil (if any) and temporary septic tanks must
be removed.
The site must be returned to the owners in
the same condition as it was obtained.
Clearance must be to the Engineers
satisfaction. A 5% retention on final payments
will be withheld until the sites are cleared
satisfactorily.
5% of total
contract cost
to be included
in contractors
proposal.
Contractors
DDIS, PMU
Operation Stage
Physical Resources
Soil Quality and Soil
Erosion
- The agricultural activities will increase after
reservoirs improved, the farmers will use more
fertilizers for rice crops, specially using
chemical fertilizers. So the soil quality (rice
field) can be changed and will be affected to
rice production in the future.
Small
- Awareness or extension to farmers of use
natural fertilizers (composting).
- Proper manage the hazardous wastes
(plastic bag, bottle, and box of pesticide or
fertilizer) don’t dispose in public field, rice field
or water sources.
Needs public
awareness
campaign.
Allow
USD20,000
Contractor,
PDPWT, PDAFF
Local authority
Farmers
PMU, PDOE
61
- The soil erosion will happen from new dikes.
Some proposed mitigation measures are:
- Provide grass or tree planting on slop of the
dikes for reduce soil erosion
Surface Water Quality
During operation will be increase agricultural
activities in subproject areas, lead to increase
fertilizers and pesticides use for rice crops, so
the water quality can be changed and will
affected to water quality of natural water body
Small
- Provide extension and controlling of using
fertilizers and pesticides and shall be
complied with Law on Pesticides and
Fertilizers Management, MAFF, 2012.
- Provide proper hazardous wastes
management (bottle, box, and container of
pesticide/fertilizer) should be complied with
waste disposal rules in local authority. Don’t
dispose wastes into rice field and water
bodies
Monitoring
reqyured by
third party
monitoring
body. Allow
USD20,000
PDAFF,
Local authority
Farmers
PMU, PDOE
Ecological Resources
Aquatic Life
(fish resources)
Maybe happen the encroaching or clearing the
forest and grass land in these areas for rice
field, it can be affected to aquatic ecology for
fish habitats. Another hand the surface water
quality can be changed, cause of increasing
chemical fertilizers and pesticides use in rice
filed, will be impacted to fish population.
Small
- Collaborate with local agencies to
enforcement law and control activities of
flooded forest and grass land encroachment
for rice field.
- Provide proper hazardous wastes
management (bottles, boxes, and bags of
pesticides). All wastes will not dispose in
public field and water bodies.
- Provide extension of using natural fertilizers
(composting) and shall be complied with Law
on Pesticide and Fertilizer Management,
MAFF, 2012.
As above PDAFF,
Local authority
Farmers
PMU, PDOE
Social Resources
Water Use
Can be lack of water use for irrigate rice fields,
cause of increasing more rice fields and farm
fields in these areas. The increasing rice crops
in these irrigated fields and irrigated water flow
will be changed from upstream to downstream,
so can be conflicted of using water between
farmers and farmers operation/using. The
proposed mitigation plans are:
Small
- Well manage, maintain and control the used
water of irrigated systems and proper using
water for all members (farmers)
- Rice crop extension to farmer to grow early
and medium rice seed/ varieties which good
quality-yield and need small water.
Needs
cooperation
between water
users. Allow
USD20,000
for
cooperative
meetings
PDAFF,
Local authority
Farmers
PMU,P DOE,
DOWRAM
62
- Establish farmer water user committee
(FWUC) in each irrigated area to manage and
maintain water use and irrigated structures.
Public Health and
Sanitation
- Can be affected to community health, by
increasing of using chemical fertilizers and
pesticides for rice crops.
- Surface water quality will change, so can be
affected to public health and sanitation in case
of increasing hazardous wastes (bottles,
plastic boxes, and bags of pesticides) in these
areas.
- will affect to public health is considered to
farmers who use/spray chemical fertilizers and
pesticides with un-skill /un-safety equipment
use. Some mitigation or response plans are:
Small
- Public awareness for using legal chemical
and pesticides following to national
regulations.
- Aware skills to protect social health and
Environment, on using fertilizers and
pesticides.
- Public awareness the proper management
of hazardous wastes (bottles, boxes, and
bags of pesticides). All kinds of wastes will
not dispose into public field and water bodies.
- Waste management awareness to
communities for ensure hazardous wastes
will be manage and dispose in safety place
and should be complied to waste disposal
rules in local authority.
Needs Health
and Safety
campaign.
Allow
USD40,000
for
cooperative
meetings
PDAFF,
Local authority
Farmers
PMU, PDOE,
DOWRAM,
PDOH
63
9.3. Environmental Monitoring Plan
181. The environmental monitoring plans or activities is implementing by contractors and supervise and monitor by DDIS consultant and is under monitoring by MPWT/PIU. The environmental monitoring plan to be undertaken during various project phases. Monitoring of the contractor’s environmental performance in terms of implementation of mitigation measures for pre-construction and construction phases shall be undertaken by the detailed design and implementation consultant (DDIS). The DDIS shall also conduct ambient measurements (dust, noise and surface water quality) and shall assist the MPWT/PMU will prepare semi-annual environmental monitoring reports for submission to ADB for review. The monitoring plan and reports shall describe progress with the implementation of the EMP and compliance issues and corrective actions, if any. The key environmental aspects or parameters should be considered for monitoring are summed in table9.2
Table 9-2: Environmental Monitoring Plan
Environmental aspects /
parameters
Location Activity Frequency Cost
($)
Responsible
Preconstruction
Implementation of all
mitigation measures
specified in EMP of IEE
Phnom Penh Review of detailed
design documentation
Prior to
approval of
detailed
design
In contractors
civil works
costs
MPWT/PMU
UXO clearing in project sites Process of removal or
clearing UXO
Prior to start of
site works
Allow $50,000 MPWT/PMU,
CMAC. DDIS
Establishment of grievance
redress mechanism (GRM)
in project sites stablish and disclose
GRM
Prior to start
works
Allow 20-
$50,000
PMU/SEO, DDIS
Public information (affected
people)
in-around
project sites
Project schedule and
activities
Prior to start
works
Allow $35-
50,000
contractor, PMU
Construction
Air, noise, dust emission
(Comply with national
standards)
in project sites
and campsites
visual inspect the
emission air and noise
from construction
machines
every day Third party
monitoring
allow $50,000
Contractor,
DDIS, DoE,
DPWT
Air, dust emission
(if have complaints or
pollution)
1 in each of
sub-project
sites
Conduct air and noise
monitoring
1 time in dry
season
4 sites:
$3,500 each
Contractor,
DDIS, MoE/DoE
DPWT
Surface water quality
Comply with national
standards)
In project sites visual inspection
erosion and wastes
every day Allow $20,000 Contractor,
DDIS, DoE,
DPWT
surface water quality
(if, water is polluted)
1 in each of
sub-project
sites
conduct water
monitoring (testing)
pH, TSS, BOD, COD,
Oil & Grease
01 time in dry
season
Lab analysis
of sediments
in 3 sites
$3,000
Contractor,
DDIS, MoE/DoE
DPWT
Wastes generation and
management
in project
campsites
wastes/oil
management policy,
every day in construction
cost
Contractor,
DDIS, DoE,
64
collection, store, and
disposal
DPWT, sub-
contractor
HIV/DAI and safety prevent in campsites
and project
village areas
HIV/DAI and safety
awareness program to
workers and
communities
every month in construction
cost Allow
$5,000
contractor,
subcontractor,
DPWT, DoE,
DDIS, PMU
Table 9-3: Estimated cost for Environmental Monitoring (1 year)
Item (Expert and staff) Quantity (month) Unit (USD) Total (USD)
International expert (1 person) 1 20,000 20,000
National environmental expert (1 person) 4 3,000 12,000
Provincial Counterpart for DPWT (1 person) 6 400 2.400
Provincial Counterpart for DoE (1 person) 6 400 2.400
Air quality monitoring in 4 locations on subproject
sites, by MoE (if needed/polluted)
1 site for each
subproject
3,500
surface water quality testing in MoE laboratory
Phnom Penh (if polluted).
2 samples for
subproject
500
EMP awareness or building program to be
undertaken by DDIS for SEO, provincial
counterpart staffs (DPWT,DoE). Concerning to
during project construction and operation)
6,000
Sub-total 46,800
Contingency (10%) 4680
Total 51,480
65
10. Conclusion and Recommendations.
182. All potential environmental impacts have been identified. The project is confirmed as being Category B according to ADB guidelines.
183. Only minor environmental impacts are anticipated. Such impacts will be experienced during site works mainly due to dust and noise emissions as well as potential occupational and community health and safety risks, but can be mitigated. Some mitigation measures have been specified to control liquid spills into the Tonle Sap River.
184. The sites are over 14 kms away from the Protected Core Zones of Tonle Sap Biosphere Reserve.
185. The sites are inside the TLSB Transition zone and under Article 11 of Protected Areas Law, 2008 MPWT must seek the permission of MOE in order to proceed,
186. There will be no impacts from the project on TSBR.
187. The Sub-decree No 72 ANRK.BK. Date 11, August 1999 contains an annex “List of the projects that require an Initial Environmental Impact Assessment”. The construction of the dikes and the quantity of dredging id below the threshold values that trigger an IEE. According to MOE Legislation an IEE will not be required to be submitted to MOE.
188. To avoid or mitigate negative impacts arising from the project, an environmental management plan (EMP) detailing mitigation measures and monitoring activities has been prepared as part of the IEE.
189. Public consultations involving affected people and local officials have been conducted during the preparation of the IEE in compliance with ADB information disclosure and consultation requirements through focus group discussions and individual interviews in all project affected provinces. Environment was not seen as a major issue by those persons interviewed. All persons were strongly in favor of the water management projects.
190. Climate change adaptation was included in the project and is not seen as a major impediment to the project. In future higher temperatures and less irrigation water further justify the project going ahead.
191. Samples of the material to be dredged should be collected and analyzed for a range of environmental parameters including pesticides and heavy metals before construction begins. This can be carried out by an accredited laboratory in Cambodia.
192. This has been done previously for a similar nearby lake. No adverse chemicals were detected and the results for NPK show the material could be a useful fertilizer.
193. Water supply in Kampong Leaeng is based on groundwater abstraction. Some concerns have been raised over arsenic content in the groundwater. According to test previously conducted by MOWRAM arsenic levels in groundwater in Kampong Leaeng are low and within the Cambodian Standard for drinking water. However, it is recommended that this be confirmed by taking a water sample before construction begins and having a laboratory analysis conducted.
194. Temporary environmental impacts caused by the civil works have been identified and mitigation measures are given in the environmental management plan (EMP). The EMP (and EMMP) will be included in the IEE and will form part of the tender documents which becomes legally binding on the selected contractor.
195. To ensure that the project is carried out in accordance with the EMP requirements, MPWT will specify details of the implementation of the EMP in the tender documents and civil works contracts.
66
196. ESO (previously SEO) is operational but needs capacity building. The detailed design and implementation supervision consultant will provide on-the-job training to the field personnel of the ESO of MPWT to build their capacity in environmental management and monitoring.
197. There are no environmental considerations that preclude this project from going ahead.
67
11. Annex Rapid Environmental Assessment
Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) Checklist
Instructions:
(i) The project team completes this checklist to support the environmental classification of a project. It is
to be attached to the environmental categorization form and submitted to the Environment and
Safeguards Division (RSES), for endorsement by Director, RSES and for approval by the Chief
Compliance Officer.
(ii) This checklist focuses on environmental issues and concerns. To ensure that social dimensions are
adequately considered, refer also to ADB's (a) checklists on involuntary resettlement and Indigenous
Peoples; (b) poverty reduction handbook; (c) staff guide to consultation and participation; and (d)
gender checklists.
(iii) Answer the questions assuming the “without mitigation” case. The purpose is to identify potential
impacts. Use the “remarks” section to discuss any anticipated mitigation measures.
Country/Project Title:
Sector Division: Infrastructure
Screening Questions Yes No Remarks
A. Project Siting Is the Project area adjacent to or within any of the following environmentally sensitive areas?
Cultural heritage site
N None
Legally protected Area (core zone or buffer zone)
N
Wetland N None
Mangrove
N None
Estuarine
N None
Cambodia : Loan 2839-CAM (SF)/8254-CAM and Grant 0278-CAM: Provincial Roads
Improvement Project (PRIP)
Rehabilitation of Ro Hal Dike, O Trav Dike, Boeng Trav Dike and Dredging of Boeng Kruos
68
Screening Questions Yes No Remarks
Special area for protecting biodiversity
N The sites are in the transition zone of TLSB
where such works are permitted with prior
permission of MOE.
B. Potential Environmental Impacts Will the Project cause…
impairment of historical/cultural areas; disfiguration of landscape or potential loss/damage to physical cultural resources?
N None
disturbance to precious ecology (e.g. sensitive or protected areas)?
N No. The sites are over 14kms from the
nearest Core Zone which is a bird
habitat.
alteration of surface water hydrology of waterways resulting in increased sediment in streams affected by increased soil erosion at construction site?
N The works are dikes and reservoirs and
are intended to trap water but this will not
have adverse effects on water quality nor
cause soil erosion.
deterioration of surface water quality due to silt runoff and sanitary wastes from worker-based camps and chemicals used in construction?
N All workers camps will be strictly
controlled by conditions in the EMP.
increased air pollution due to project construction and operation?
N No. No open burning will be allowed on
site.
noise and vibration due to project construction or operation?
N No sources of noise or vibration on the
site.
involuntary resettlement of people? (physical displacement and/or economic displacement)
N None
disproportionate impacts on the poor, women and children, Indigenous Peoples or other vulnerable groups?
N None
poor sanitation and solid waste disposal in construction camps and work sites, and possible transmission of communicable diseases (such as STI's and HIV/AIDS) from workers to local populations?
N No. EMP lays down strict conditions for
sanitation in workers camps. Contractor
will be required to implement HIV
awareness campaign.
creation of temporary breeding habitats for diseases such as those transmitted by mosquitoes and rodents?
N No standing water will be allowed.
social conflicts if workers from other regions or countries are hired?
N No intention to import foreign workers.
large population influx during project construction and operation that causes increased burden on social infrastructure and services (such as water supply and sanitation systems)?
N None
69
Screening Questions Yes No Remarks
risks and vulnerabilities related to occupational health and safety due to physical, chemical, biological, and radiological hazards during project construction and operation?
N None
risks to community health and safety due to the transport, storage, and use and/or disposal of materials such as explosives, fuel and other chemicals during construction and operation?
N None
community safety risks due to both accidental and natural causes, especially where the structural elements or components of the project are accessible to members of the affected community or where their failure could result in injury to the community throughout project construction, operation and decommissioning?
N None
generation of solid waste and/or hazardous waste?
N Very small amount of construction waste
to be delivered to landfill.
use of chemicals?
N None
generation of wastewater during construction or operation?
N None
70
A Checklist for Preliminary Climate Risk Screening
Country/Project Title: Cambodia : Loan 2839-CAM (SF)/8254-CAM and Grant 0278-CAM:
Provincial Roads Improvement Project (PRIP)
Sector : Infrastructure
Subsector: Rehabilitation of Ro Hal Dike, O Trav Dike, Boeng Trav Dike and Dredging of
Boeng Kruos Lakes
Division/Department: SRES
Screening Questions Score Remarks9
Location and Design of
project
Is siting and/or routing of the project (or its components) likely to be
affected by climate conditions including extreme weather related
events such as floods, droughts, storms, landslides?
1 Works are
intended to
capture flood
waters of
Mekong river.
Would the project design (e.g. the clearance for bridges) need to
consider any hydro-meteorological parameters (e.g., sea-level, peak
river flow, reliable water level, peak wind speed etc)?
0 No bridges
Materials and
Maintenance
Would weather, current and likely future climate conditions (e.g.
prevailing humidity level, temperature contrast between hot summer
days and cold winter days, exposure to wind and humidity hydro-
meteorological parameters likely affect the selection of project inputs
over the life of project outputs (e.g. construction material)?
0 All works using
local soils. Not
affected by
climate change.
Would weather, current and likely future climate conditions, and
related extreme events likely affect the maintenance (scheduling and
cost) of project output(s) ?
0 Design
essentially
maintenance
free.
Performance of
project outputs
Would weather/climate conditions, and related extreme events likely
affect the performance (e.g. annual power production) of project
output(s) (e.g. hydro-power generation facilities) throughout their
design life time?
0 No. Water
capture for use in
drought is key
aspect of design.
Options for answers and corresponding score are provided below:
Response Score
Not Likely 0
Likely 1
Very Likely 2
9 If possible, provide details on the sensitivity of project components to climate conditions, such as how climate parameters are
considered in design standards for infrastructure components, how changes in key climate parameters and sea level might affect the siting/routing of project, the selection of construction material and/or scheduling, performances and/or the maintenance cost/scheduling of project outputs.
71
Responses when added that provide a score of 0 will be considered low risk project. If adding all responses will result
to a score of 1-4 and that no score of 2 was given to any single response, the project will be assigned a medium risk
category. A total score of 5 or more (which include providing a score of 1 in all responses) or a 2 in any single response,
will be categorized as high risk project.
Result of Initial Screening (Low, Medium, High): Medium
Other
Comments:__________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
__
Prepared by: DG Lees
72
12. Annex Public Consultations
12.1. Consultation list with district authority and provincial departments
73
12.2. Consultation with commune authorities and provincial agencies
Issues/Comments/Suggestions raised by the Stakeholders Response or Answer
(i) Ms. Koy Channy, chief of Kampong Hav Commune:
- For dredging Boeung Krous, we informed to farmers and they are
very happy and will donation a few affect land, if project needs.
Boeung Kros is small lake as reservoir for irrigating dry rice and the
lake becomes shallow year to year, so the water is not enough for
our rice field.
- There are a few rice fields are near the dike, but the dredging
Boeung Krous is in the middle of lake, so the impact of this rice
fields are very small. No forest resources ae in this subproject area
is near the district urban area.
(ii) Mr. Sum Phan, village chief, Chra Nouk Commune:
- In Boeung Trav Dike/Reservoir are not forest area and protected
area near the dike. A few degraded and small kinds of flooded
forest resources in reservoir and on the dike bank/slope we plan to
keep its protection dike erosion.
- There are some farmers grow rice in reservoir on upland side of
reservoir without permitting (about 20 families) we inform to them,
they known and they will support to this project. After this dike is
improved these farmers can still grow rice in reservoir, maybe will
delay 2-3 weeks, waiting for water in reservoir recesses. All these
farmers have rice field outside the reservoir.
(iii) Ms. Eal Saveoun, Commune Coucil of Tra Ngel Commune
- No any protected area or protected fishery are located in Ro Hal
Dike area.
- Our people very happy and waiting for this project, because they
need water for irrigation rice crops, if we have enough water some
fields can plant 2 time/year.
- I think the affect to environment and social near the project area
maybe not or very small, because the project will construct in dry
season and this site is far from village, is surrounding by paddy and
farm field.
(iv) Mr. Phay Phon, Chief of Dar Commune
- O Trav Dike is a reservoir that all most our farmers use water from
O Trav for irrigating dry rice, so the rehabilitation this Dike is very
important for economic improvement of Dar commune, because all
most people are farmers and first income is rice production. No any
fishery and forestry conservation areas are in or near this project
area.
- The lake area is
5.22ha, we propose to
dredging in center of the
lake is about 3.6ha, so
the impact to rice field
near the dike is
mitigated.
- The soil for fill-up bank
area is in front of district
area, inside district
office.
74
- We informed to our farmers about this project, they are happy and
will support to the project. A few field fields are in the O Trav revoir,
but they still cultivate after the reservoir water recesses, they think,
the crop calendar inside the reservoir will be delay about 2 weeks.
(v) Hong Vanny, Chief Office, Department of Environment,
Kampong Chhnang, Responsible in Kampong Leaeng District:
- We support this proposed project for improving the irrigation for
dry rice. We know these areas very well. The DoE staffs came to
visit the areas in 2016, when the commune councils proposed
these project to DoE, but don’t have fund or can’t find the funds.
- There are not ecological protected or conservation areas in and
neat the project sites. The protected areas are far from project site.
No forest resources in this areas, most are paddy fields.
- The lakes and existing dikes, are old structures reservoirs that the
people use to irrigating the dry rice, these reservoirs are become
shallow and shallow, so the reservoir rehabilitation is important for
communities in this district.
- I think is small impacted to environmental and social resources in
this area, because the project can construct only in dry season (no
water) and project sites are far from village areas and cultural
resources (pagoda). I think during project construct the contractor
shall collaborate with local authorities and relevant departments to
manage and implement environmental monitoring of project
activities.
- A few forest (trees) are in the dike bank should be keep, don’t cut
or clear its. And don’t excavate or dredge soil inside reservoirs
where have forest resources.
(vi) Mr. Mou Chan Theun, Chief Office of Commune Project
Supporting Office, Kampong Leaeng District.
- There are not any sensitive environmental resources will impact
from this project, in this project areas most are paddy fields, farms
irrigated reservoirs, village gardens.
- The affect form noise and air is very small (not big problem) only
shot team during construction.
- This project is very good for climate change resilience on irrigation
system in our district. The lakes and reservoirs are shallow and
shallow year to year, it will be affected on agricultural activities in
Kampong Leaeng District.
- Boeung Kruos is low part of another area for water flow out from
the rice filed in dry season, so please don’t improve the dike too
high, it will impact to rice cultivation time in upstream side.
- Will conduct survey for
forest and trees
location. the forest and
trees will keep as for
dikes erosion projects.
The project also
proposes to grass
planting or trees
planting on the bank of
the lakes and slope of
the dikes for erosion
protection.
75
- The soil from dredging is not problem, will fill up district park,
district office area, and somewhere in residential areas, people in
this area very need.
- The design dike is not
high, will rehabilitate as
a existing condition.
- The lake will dredge
about 1 m deep and the
soil plan to fill up district
park, district office area.
(no fill for dike).
12.3. Pictures of consultation with provincial departments and district authority
Site visit of Boeung Krous Lake, proposed sub-project
12.4. Attendance list of consultation with departments and district level
No Name Se
x
Institution Position Phone
1 Mr. Keo Vith M PDPWT Chief Office 098 353 906
2 Mr. Yon Kimsron M Kg. Leaeng District District Officer
3 Mr. Mou
Chantheun
M District supported
office
Deputy office 097 312
0096
4 Ms. El Saveoun F Tra Ngel commune Commune council 097 917
6124
5 Ms. Koy Channy F Kampong Hav
commune
Commune leader 096 230
9464
76
6 Mr. Phai Phon M Dar commune Commune leader 096 877
8523
7 Mr. But Born M -- Deputy commune
leader
031 437
6916
8 Mr. Sim Mon M Trapaeng Meas
village
Deputy village chief 096 819
9597
9 Mr. Ham
Bunheng
M -- Village assistant
10 Ms. Ouch
Sophal
F Keng Tasok village Village member 016 240 898
11 Mr. Chea Lorn M -- Village chief 092 708 648
12 Mr. Kem Koun M Prasath village Village chief 097 336
6191
13 Mr. Tong Sophal M Chroloung village Deputy village chief 012 457 549
14 Mr. Sum Phan M Chra Nouk commune Village chief 097 779
2903
15 Ms. Sok
Leakana
F Kampong Boeung
village
Village member 097 915
7954
16 Mr. Pen Chheun M -- Deputy village cheif 096 996
0091
17 Mr. Soung San M -- Village chief 096 440
1484
18 Mr. Meas Than M Erleach village Village chief 097 516
5074
19 Ms. Vong Hath F -- Village assistant
20 Mr. Chhorn
Chheun
M Kandal village Village cheif 088 854
0832
21 Ms. Kong
Chantha
F Kg. Leaeng district Deputy administration
office
078 382 069
22 Mr. Hing Vanny M PDoE Chief office,
responsible for Kg.
Leaeng district
012 307 370
23 Mr. Sar Vutha M MPWT/PMU Project Manager
24 Mr. Yim
Chamnan
M KCI consultant Environmental
specialist
25 Mr. Seung Hun M Consultant EGIS specialist
77
12.5. Consultation with commune-village leaders and affected communities
On August 23, 2018 the study team: national environmental specialist and national
resettlement specialist is collaborated with MPWT-PMU3, Kampong Leaeng District Governor,
commune chiefs of subproject areas of Climate Change Resilience of PRIP were conducted
field consultation meetings with local authorities and local people are affected and living
around the proposed subprojects for: Dredging of Boeung Kros Lake, Ro Hal Dike, O Trav
Dike, and Boeung Trav Dike in Kampong Leaeng District, Kampong Chhnang Province. The
key points from the consultation meetings are summary below.
12.6. Consultation in Kampong Hau Commune for Dredging Boeung Kruos Lake
Issues/Comments/Suggestions raised by the Stakeholders Response or Answer
- Boeung Kruos Lake is important for farmers in Kampong Hau
commune and is about 96 families are planting dry rice around this
Lake.
- The lake is food during raining season from August-October and
the people use as a retained reservoir.
- The Lake provides water for irrigate to dry rice filed, (only 01
time/year by pumping). The lake’s water is limited is affected to dry
rice crop production.
- If this lake will improve, the water is enough for rice crop and
maybe some areas we can grow 02 times/year if depend on volume
of water.
- If we build the dike around the lake, will be impacted to some rice
fields are close to the dike on the lake bank.
- There are not protected and conservation areas near the lake. Is
small lake as irrigated reservoir for dry rice crops
- This lake/reservoir is existing subproject and no important forest
resources are in project area. Around the lake is rice field and other
agricultural crops during dry season, so the impact on forest
resources are very small.
- Can be increase air and noise during construction, but is
temporary and minor no main issue, because lake is far from village
areas. The impacts will be caused from movement construction
equipment and heavy trucks
- The dike should be built only 01 m high, because if we build high
will be impacted to rice field in the upstream (Boeung Phneas), the
dike will block water runoff from Boeung Phneas rice field.
- Dredging Lake should be studied and build/improve the water
gates, where we should install water gates.
- The engineering team
will contact survey,
where we build the
water gates and will
design we need dike or
not? If need dike how
high will be not
impacted to other rice
field.
- We will discuss with
rice field owner are
located near the dike
(around the lake).
- The construction plan
to operate in dry season
only, so no impact on
water quality and
agriculture activities.
- The soil from dredging
the authority plan to fill
up the bank and public
park in the district. Don’t
worry to put in the field.
78
- The soil from dredging lake, where will put? Don’t use all soil for
big dike, because it will be affected to rice field is near the dike.
About 19 families have rice files near the dike (around the lake)
12.7. Consultation with communities in Tra Ngel Commune for Ro Hal Dike
Issues/Comments/Suggestions raised by the Stakeholders Response or Answer
- More than 90% of people in Tra Ngel commune are farmers and
most of farmers are plating rice (more areas is dry rice field) and
can plant only 1time/year.
- Ro Hal Dike is important dike for retention water to irrigate dry rice
field in this downstream, but all most very year the water in
Dike/reservoir is not enough to irrigate rice field about 171 ha.
- Ro Hal Dike is very important for our community in Tra Ngel
commune: receive enough water for improve dry crops, some field
can plant dry rice 2 times/year, and improve livelihoods of local
people.
- The farmers use to plant short rice crop 2.5-3 months and start
from November. We need water for improve dry rice crop
- There are very a few farmers plant rice in reservoir of Dike (7
families is about 1.5 ha, said by Tra Ngel Commune Chief), but they
also have rice field in the Ro Hal Dike irrigation system. When the
Dike will improve the a few rice fields in the Dike reservoir still
cultivate, because the water in Ro Hal Dike reservoir will recess
cause of flow out to irrigate downstream rice fields and the rice
fields in the reservoir are in sallow areas. So improvement of Ro
Hal Dike is not impacted of flooded to rice fields in reservoir. The
rice cultivation time may be delayed.
- There are not protected area and forest resources conservation
areas located in and near the Ro Hal Dike. Most areas are covered
by rice field
- The proposed area is far from villages and far from cultural
resources (pagoda), schools.
- It is an existing Dike project and we will improve follow to existing
condition, so the impact on ecological environment (forest
resources) is very small
- The air and noise quality can be impacted during construction
only, but may be not impacted to communities, because the site is
far from villages. The negative affect to communities may be
caused from movement equipment and construction trucks will
pass village areas.
- Engineering team will
come to study and
design plan, how big
and high of the Dike as
much as condition can
build for mitigation the
impacts to other
resources.
- They will design where
will install water gates or
improve the existing
water gates.
79
- Please provide the high Dike for store more water in dry season
we can plant 2 times/year
- There are 5 old existing water gates, please check and improve
these water gates.
- Should build suitable Dike for use as local rural road to transport
agricultural products
12.8. Consultation with communities in Dar Commune for O Trav Dike
Issues/Comments/Suggestions raised by the Stakeholders Response or Answer
- All most people in Dar Commune plant the dry rice is the main job
in our commune for improvement their livelihoods others jobs are
farming fishing, and local businesses/services.
- The improvement of O Trav Dike id very important for our people
who are planting rice in O Trav irrigated field is bout 1,370ha.
- The O Trav Dike is like retaining Reservoir use for irrigation dry
rice field in the downstream.
- In our commune the farmers use to cultivate dry rice after the flood
recesses by using water from O Trav Reservoir, but water from
Reservoir is limited for irrigation rice crop 01time/year, sometime
water is not enough these rice fields.
- I think, if O Trav Dike will improve will retain much/enough water
we plant rice 2 time/yeas for some rice fields are near the reservoir.
- There are not farmers plant rice within the reservoir. A few farmers
plant rice on the band of reservoir, where is shallow field. But when
this Dike/reservoir will be improved, they can still plant the rice in
this area, because the water in reservoir generally recessed day by
day from flow out to irrigate dry rice in the downstream areas, So
no affect to rice field in reservoir.
- There are not protected areas, protected forests, tourist site, and
cultural resources are located in and near the subproject site. The
pagodas, school, and health center are in village and urban area
far from project site.
- There are rice filed degraded forest and grass field are near the
subproject site, most is dry rice fields. So the negative affect of
project construction on ecology hope is no significant or no
problem.
- During construction may be increased air and noise from
construction activities, but is not impact to our communities,
- We don’t sure, when
the construction starts,
now is under study, if
MPWT and ADB
approve, I think next dry
season.
- The engineer will study
when and how many
water gates will
install/build and will
design how big and high
of Dike can be
improved.
- We comment to
contractors to consider
on public safety during
construction stage.
80
because construction site is outside and far from residential area.
There are very small issues that people considers to traffic safety
and traffic movement from heavy trucks of contractor, but it is
temporary, during construction stage.
- This Dike has 5 existing water gates, but are not enough, please
provide 2 water gates more for improve our irrigation system.
- When this subproject will construct? Please study and provide
suitable Dike for storing/retention enough water for irrigate rice field
can be plant rice 2 times/year.
12.9. Consultation with communities in Chranouk Commune for Boeung Trav Dike
Issues/Comments/Suggestions raised by the Stakeholders Response or Answer
- Boeung Trav Dike is small existing lake is located in Chranouk
Commune. The Boeung Trav Dike is look like retention reservoir
that farmers use to irrigate dry rice filed is about 579ha.
- All most every water year the capacity of water is not enough for
irrigating all rice fields, usually impact to rice yield production.
- The improving Boeung Trav Dike is important for our farmers in
Chranouk Commune for improving their agricultural activities.
- The main income of people in Chranouk is rice production and
others are farming, fishing, and business/services.
- Then the Boeung Trav Dike improves, we will receive enough
water, will improve rice production, and can plant dry rice
2times/year, if possible.
- There are a few farmers are cultivating rice (about 6ha) in the
lake/reservoir bank in shallow area, the project will be not impacted
to them, they still plant, after water in reservoir is recessed. We
think is normal condition of reservoir‘s water regime or may be
delay the harvesting time a few weeks.
- There are not protected areas and protected forest in and near
the project site. The project area most covered by rice filed, grass
field, and a few degraded forest.
- Not impact from air, noise, and vibration form construction
activities, because project site is far from village areas.
Please provide irrigation canals (existing canal) for providing water
from Dike to downstream rice fields are far from the Dike, to
mitigate the water use conflict, because some time happen the
conflict of limited water use of upstream farmers with downstream
farmers.
- The engineer with
conduct study and
design, how the Dike
will build for receive the
enough water for rice
fields and no
impact/flood to rice field
in reservoir too.
- They will study, the
project can provide
irrigation canal or can’t,
but the land for canal is
considering
81
12.10. Field Consultation Pictures
12.10.1. Consultation in Kampong Hau Commune for Dredging Boeung Kruos Lake
12.10.2. Consultation in Tra Ngel Commune for Ro Hal Dike
12.10.3. Consultation in Dar Commune for O Trav Dike
12.10.4. Consultation in Chranouk Commune for Boeung Trav Dike
82
12.11. Attendance List of Participants
12.11.1. Consultation in Kampong Hau Commune for Boeung Kruos Lake No Name Se
x
Institution Position Phone
1 Siv Som ouen M Kengtasok Village Villager 086 096 898
2
2 Lun Sopha - Tra Ngel Village Villager 081 969 455
3 Pech Chhouen F Ondong Ronuk
Village
-
4 Long Sokkha M Kengtasok Village - 010 315 625
5 Chhuon Sina F Kampong Beng
Village
- 097 680 909
4
6 Va Lay M - - 015 242 280
7 Lok Lita F - - 017 790 818
8 Chhin Mith M - - 077 454 420
9 Khib Burong - Ondong Ronuk
Village
-
10 Morb Sopheap - Kampong Beng
Village
-
11 Sem Savy - Tra Ngel Village -
12 Tit Bunsong - Kampong Beng
Village
- 089 613 235
13 Chea
Chheangheng
- - - 089 643 710
14 Meas Nat - Tra Ngel Village - 096 762 023
3
15 Seb Vuthy - Kengtasok Village - 097 653 290
3
16 Rith Sokhary F Kampong Bbeng
Village
-
17 Hem Tum - Ondong ronuk
Village
-
18 Sorn Sophal - Kengtasok Village -
19 Im Moa - Kampong beng
Village
-
20 Kim Sary - - -
21 Chhun Neang - - -
83
22 Prum Kan - Ondong Ronuk
Village
-
23 Kev Sokhom - - -
24 Thou Vannary - Kampongbeng
Village
-
25 Em Sokkhin - Tra Ngel Village -
26 Chin Saret - - -
27 Yim Chrorn M Kampongbeng
Village
-
28 Nuv Sopheap - Ondong Ronuk
Village
-
29 Kong Somnourn - Kengtasok Village -
30 Chan Kimyeng F Kampongbeng
Village
-
31 Chit Virak M Tra Ngel Village -
32 Teng Yon - - -
33 Chit Saream F - -
34 Tim San - - -
35 Chin Sara - - -
36 Nou Nakry - - -
37 Mom Sitharith M Kampongbeng
Village
- 097 918 916
0
38 Seang Mach F Tra Ngel Village Vice of village
chief
097 923 397
4
39 Pheang Sopheap M Kengtasok Village -
40 Som Buong - Ondong ronuk
Village
-
41 Som Sopheang - Kampongbeng
Village
- 010 616 229
42 Pheng Sokea - - - 012 213 569
43 Yim Thouen - Kampong Hau
Commune
Deputy Commune 011 284 883
44 Sok Vin - - Villager 092 915 736
45 Kong Sophak - - Clerk of
Commune
089 418 449
46 Nem Saven - - Commune
Assistant
087508 360
84
47 Seng Cheng F - Villager
12.11.2. Consultation in Tra Ngel Commune for Ro Hal Dike No Name Se
x
Institution Position Phone
1 Ou Kimthy M Tra Nhel Commune Chief of
Commune
017 624 015
2 Moa Sarorng - - Clerk of
Commune
097 617 795
0
3 Pech Sombath F Trataing Meas
Village
Chief of Village
4 Sim Mon M - Vice of Village
5 Hum Bun Ann - - Villager
6 Sim Seak - - -
7 Thlang Lorn - - -
8 Suos Cheng - - -
9 Suy Sophal F - -
10 Sim Sokhouen - - -
11 Pen Sova - - -
12 Nhin Sarith - - -
13 Neal Theary - - -
14 Thlang Set - - -
15 Lach Sary - - -
16 Chheang Srey - - -
17 Sim Moa - - -
18 Un Somaly - - -
19 Im Ut - - -
20 Bun Phally - - -
21 Chum Channy - - -
22 Chhuon Sin - - -
23 Soue In - - -
24 Nang Heak - - -
25 Mon Koueng - - -
26 Kheng Bunthorn M - -
27 Kheng Him F - -
85
28 Mut Savy M - -
29 Sim Sarat - - -
30 Ven Chomrouen F - -
31 Lim Dib M - -
32 Morb Thon - - -
33 Pring Somphors F - -
34 Pring Socheat - - -
35 Sok Veassna - - -
36 Non Chantha M - -
37 Him Mach F - -
38 Yorn Nhim - - -
39 Meas Sophanny - - -
40 Mon Vet - - -
41 Chheng Yim - - -
42 Nhin Sarim - - -
12.11.3. Consultation in Chra Nouk Commune for Boeung Trav Dike No Name Se
x
Institution Position Phone
1 Sum Phan M Kandal Village,
Chanouk
Chief of Village
2 Din Dorn - - Villager
3 Sim Nai F Chranouk Commune Deputy of
Commune
4 Thek Thea M Chranouk Village Villager
5 Tum Phal - - -
6 Man Mouen - - -
7 Ut Vorn - - -
8 Kheng Nhanh F - -
9 Net Souen - - -
10 Duch Nit - - -
11 Seang Chheang - - -
12 Tim Hon - - -
13 Phuong Houen - - -
86
14 Heng Nouen - - -
15 Heng Un - - -
16 Vin Han - - -
17 Nhuon Yan - - -
18 Hom Yet - - -
19 Be Nim - - -
20 Din Leang - - -
21 Chea Ouen - - -
22 Khul Sorn - - -
23 Nhik Him M - -
24 Khuon Heab F - -
25 Seng Sivut - - -
26 Chung Sihuot - - -
27 Vin Han - - -
28 Neang Kimnai - - -
29 Sorn Soleang - - -
30 Phong Som aul M - -
31 Ky Ik - - -
32 Hok Hom - - -
33 Phat Yum F - -
34 Ken Kort M Elech village, Chra
Nouk
-
35 Tea Eng - - -
36 Meas My - - -
37 Mon Sarum - - -
38 Rin Saram F - -
39 Chhorn Huoy - - -
40 Huon Lai I - - -
41 Sum Hoy - - -
42 Mouen Men - - -
43 Horm Im - - -
44 Souen Srun - - -
45 Phok Ly - - -
46 Toum Nhork - - -
87
47 My Som At - - -
48 But Heb - - -
49 Sun Houe - - -
50 Chorn Cham M - -
51 Van Khorn - - -
12.11.4. Consultation in Dar Commune for O Trav Dike No Name Sex Institution Position Phone
1 Som Chanthorn M Kampong Hav
District
District Governor 097 996
0703
2 Yim Chamnan - Consultant Environment
Specialist
3 Ea Sophy - Consultant Resettlement
Specialist
4 Em Sereivuth - MPWT-PMU3 Counterpart 016 988
908
5 Sea Hom F Dar Commune Villager
6 Mon Ros M - -
7 Phai Phun - - Chief of Dar
Commune
8 Chim Chon - - 1st Deputy of
Commune
9 But Thorn - - 2nd Deputy of
Commune
10 Nhib Vuthea - - Clerk of Commune 092 637
441
11 Chay Chuy - - Assistant
12 Tong Sophal - Chror lorng Village Vice of Village
13 Kem Kuon - Brasat Village Chief of Village
14 Tun Moa - - Vice of Village
15 Suong San - Koy Village Chief of Village
16 Ea Chum - - Vice of Village
17 Heng Heang - - Villager
18 Lean Robare - Chror lorng Village -
19 Han Hein - Brasat Village -
20 Chin Phea - - -
88
21 Phorn Uon - - -
22 Chen Chhet - - -
23 Chay Chet - - -
24 Khit Komsort - - -
25 Choa Them - - -
26 Yun Thim - - -
27 Mom Mon - - -
28 Orng Chrim - - -
29 En Leang - - -
30 Norn Ny - - -
31 Pea Pov - - -
32 Nhorn Chhim - - -
33 Ty Tem - - -
34 Han Lut F - -
35 Nhim Ol M - -
36 Bun Sambath - - -
37 Lim Lot - - -
38 Horn Uon - - -
39 Chay Ty - - -
40 Yi Moa F - -
41 Dim Vet M Koy Village -
42 Sin Seang - - -
43 Nov Pok - - -
44 Chhem Chheang - - -
45 Sin Ly F - -
46 Thim Khim - - -
47 Ho Im - - -
48 Sim Sok - - -
49 Mon Seang - - -
50 Ngim Vy - - -
51 Norn Neang M - -
52 Khin Khon - Chror Lorng Village -
53 Nem Sory - - -
89
54 Yin Vin - - -
55 Khai Khorn - - -
56 Yan Phally - - -
57 Pum Pon - - -
58 Nhil Thouen - - -
59 Phorn Heak - - -
60 Youen Rom - - -
61 Thlork Phon F - -
62 Sok Sophorn - - -
63 Phai Then M - -
64 Lam Sok F - -
65 Kev Ho - - -
66 Mang Sophal - - -
67 Chey Kunthea - - -
68 Ho Rom - - -
69 Chin Mab - - -
70 Chhon Thai - - -
71 Lach Yeng - - -
72 Mon Mot M - -
90
13. Annex : Surface Water Quality Standards
1. Effluent standard for pollution sources discharging wastewater to public water areas
or sewer
No Parameters Unit Allowable limits for pollutant substance discharging
to
Protected public water
area
Public water area and
sewer
1 Temperature 0C < 45 < 45
2 pH 6 – 9 5 - 9
3 BOD5 ( 5 days at 200 C ) mg/l < 30 < 80
4 COD mg/l < 50 < 100
5 Total Suspended Solids mg/l < 50 < 80
6 Total Dissolved Solids mg/l < 1000 < 2000
7 Grease and Oil mg/l < 5.0 < 15
8 Detergents mg/l < 5.0 < 15
9 Phenols mg/l < 0.1 < 1.2
10 Nitrate (NO3 ) mg/l < 10 < 20
11 Chlorine ( free ) mg/l < 1.0 < 2.0
12 Chloride ( ion ) mg/l < 500 < 700
13 Sulphate ( as SO4 ) mg/l < 300 < 500
14 Sulphide ( as Sulphur ) mg/l < 0.2 < 1.0
15 Phosphate ( PO4 ) mg/l < 3.0 < 6.0
16 Cyanide ( CN ) mg/l < 0.2 < 1.5
17 Barium ( Ba ) mg/l < 4.0 < 7.0
18 Arsenic ( As ) mg/l < 0.10 < 1.0
19 Tin ( Sn ) mg/l < 2.0 < 8.0
20 Iron ( Fe ) mg/l < 1.0 < 20
21 Boron ( B ) mg/l < 1.0 < 5.0
22 Manganese ( Mn ) mg/l < 1.0 < 5.0
23 Cadmium ( Cd ) mg/l < 0.1 < 0.5
91
24 Chromium ( Cr )+3 mg/l < 0.2 < 1.0
25 Chromium ( Cr )+6 mg/l < 0.05 < 0.5
26 Copper ( Cu ) mg/l < 0.2 < 1.0
27 Lead ( Pb ) mg/l < 0.1 < 1.0
28 Mercury (Hg ) mg/l < 0.002 < 0.05
29 Nickel ( Ni ) mg/l < 0.2 < 1.0
30 Selenium ( Se ) mg/l < 0.05 < 0.5
31 Silver ( Ag ) mg/l < 0.1 < 0.5
32 Zinc ( Zn ) mg/l < 1.0 < 3.0
33 Molybdenum ( Mo ) mg/l < 0.1 < 1.0
34 Ammonia ( NH3 ) mg/l < 5.0 < 7.0
35 DO mg/l >2.0 >1.0
36 Polychlorinated
Byphemyl mg/l <0.003 <0.003
37 Calcium mg/l <150 <200
38 Magnesium mg/l <150 <200
39 Carbon tetrachloride mg/l <3 <3
40 Hexachloro benzene mg/l <2 <2
41 DTT mg/l <1.3 <1.3
42 Endrin mg/l <0.01 <0.01
43 Dieldrin mg/l <0.01 <0.01
44 Aldrin mg/l <0.01 <0.01
45 Isodrin mg/l <0.01 <0.01
46 Perchloro ethylene mg/l <2.5 <2.5
47 Hexachloro butadiene mg/l <3 <3
48 Chloroform mg/l <1 <1
49 1,2 Dichloro ethylene mg/l <2.5 <2.5
50 Trichloro ethylene mg/l <1 <1
51 Trichloro benzene mg/l <2 <2
52 Hexaxhloro
cyclohexene mg/l <2 <2
Remark: The Ministry of Environment and the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery
shall collaborate to set up the standard of pesticides which discharged from pollution sources.
92
2. Water Quality Standard in public water areas for bio-diversity conservation
a) River
Parameter Standard
Unit Value
■ pH mg/l 6.5 – 8.5
■ BOD5 mg/l 1 – 10
■ mg/l 25 – 100
■ Dissolved Oxygen mg/l 2.0 - 7.5
■ Suspended Solid MPN/100ml < 5000
b) Lakes and Reservoirs
Parameter Standard
Unit Value
■ pH mg/l 6.5 – 8.5
■ COD mg/l 1 – 8
■ Suspended Solid mg/l 1 – 15
■ Dissolved Oxygen mg/l 2.0 - 7.5
■ Coliform MPN/100ml < 1000
■ Total Nitrogen mg/l 1.0 – 0.6
■ Total Phosphorus mg/l 0.005 – 0.05
C) Coastal water
Parameter Unit Standard Value
pH mg/l 7.0 – 8.3
COD mg/l 2 – 8
Dissolved Oxygen mg/l 2 - 7.5
Coliform MPN/100ml < 1000
Oil content mg/l 0
Total Nitrogen mg/l 1– 1.0
93
Total Phosphorus mg/l 0.02 – 0.09
Source: Sub-decree No. 42 ANRK.BK on Water Pollution Control, MOE, 1999.
3. Water Quality Standard in public water areas for public health protection
No Parameter Unit Standard Value
1 Carbon tetrachloride µg/l < 12
2 Hexachloro-benzene µg/l < 0.03
3 DDT µg/l < 10
4 Endrin µg/l < 0.01
5 Diedrin µg/l < 0.01
6 Aldrin µg/l < 0.005
7 Isodrin µg/l < 0.005
8 Perchloroethylene µg/l < 10
9 Hexachlorobutadiene µg/l < 0.1
10 Chloroform µg/l < 12
11 1,2 Trichloroethylene µg/l < 10
12 Trichloroethylene µg/l < 10
13 Trichlorobenzene µg/l < 0.4
14 Hexachloroethylene µg/l < 0.05
15 Benzene µg/l < 10
16 Tetrachloroethylene µg/l < 10
17 Cadmium µg/l < 1
18 Total mercury µg/l < 0.5
19 Organic mercury µg/l 0
20 Lead µg/l < 10
21 Chromium, valent 6 µg/l < 50
22 Arsenic µg/l < 10
23 Selenium µg/l < 10
24 Polychlorobiohenyl µg/l 0
25 Cyanide µg/l < 0.005
94
Annex 3: Air and Noise Disturbance Standards
(1) Ambient Air Quality Standards
■ Parameter Averaging Period Standard
Unit Value
■ Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) 24 ours mg /m3 0.1
■ Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) 24 hours mg /m3 0.3
■ Carbon Monoxide (CO) 24 hours mg /m3 20
■ PM 2.5 24 hours -
■ PM 10 24 hours -
Source: Sub-decree No. 42 ANRK.BK on Air Pollution Control and Noise Disturbance, MoE
2000.
(2) Ambient Noise Standards
Areas Time Period
(24 hours)
Standard
Unit Standard Value
■ Area is not
identify
Day time
■ (from 6:00am to
6:00pm)
Noise Level
dB(A)
70.0
Evening Time
■ (from 6:00pm to
11:00pm)
Noise Level
dB(A)
65.0
Night time
■ (from 11:00pm
to 6:00am)
Noise Level
dB(A)
50.0
Source: Sub-decree No. 42 ANRK.BK on Air Pollution Control and Noise Disturbance, MoE ,
2000.
95
14. Annex Sediments Analysis Khset lake, Kampong Chhnang
96
97
98
99