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Initiatives in Transport Sector

- Abhay Damle,

Joint Secretary,

Ministry of Road Transport & Highways

Conserving Now, Preserving Future


Evolution of Emission Standards

Standard Equivalent Year Region

India 2000 Euro 1 2000 Nationwide

Bharat Stage II Euro 2 2001 - 2005 Phased Implementation

Bharat Stage III Euro 3 2005 - 2010 Phased Implementation

Bharat Stage IV Euro 4 2010 - 2017 Phased Implementation

Bharat Stage VI Euro 6 2020 Nationwide

Consumption of Fuel

Year Consumption in ‘000 MT)

MS HSD

2016-17 23765 76027

2015-16 21847 74647

2014-15 19075 69416

2013-14 17128 68364

2012-13 15744 69080

2011-12 14993 64750

2010-11 14192 60071

2009-10 12818 56242

2008-09 11258 51710

Year Consumption (in ‘000 MT )

MS HSD

2007-08 10332 47669

2006-07 9286 42897

2005-06 8647 40191

2004-05 8251 39650

2003-04 7897 37074

2002-03 7570 36645

2001-02 7011 36546

2000-01 6613 37958

Since 2000, the consumption of Gasoline and Diesel has doubled and quadrupled respectively.

Consumption of Fuel

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

80000

Co su ptio i ‘000 MT) MS

Co su ptio i ‘000 MT) HSD

Year Population of

Automobiles

2016-17 218621280

2015-16 204689710

2014-15 197243710

2013-14 184232230

2012-13 177937010

2011-12 173766240

2010-11 154813810

2009-10 122953970

Year Population of Automobiles

2008-09 97242430

2007-08 96544350

2006-07 101239880

2005-06 89064280

2004-05 78976290

2003-04 68105370

2002-03 59415350

2001-02 52252580

2000-01 46434220

Automobile Growth

Since 2000, the number of automobiles has more than quadrupled.

Since 2000, the number of automobiles has more than quadrupled.

0

5000000

10000000

15000000

20000000

25000000

Population of Automobiles

Leap Frogging from BSIV to BSVI

7 Conserving Now, Preserving Future


Pollution Control In India Fuel Quality In India

10 ppm entire country BSVI Nationwide-2020

50 ppm 2010 - 2017

350 ppm Sulphur 2005 - 2010

500 ppm Sulphur 2004 - 2005

2500 ppm Sulphur -1997 - 2000

5000 ppm Sulphur 1996 - 1997


BSVI- Overview for 2W, 3W And 4W

Year CO

g/km

HC + NOx

g/km

%

CO

% HC+NOx

1991 12 8 -- --

2017 1.403 1.18 88 85

2020 1.0 0.16 29 86

1/12 times

1/50 times



Year CO

g/km

HC + NOx

g/km

%

CO

%

HC+NOx

1991 12 8 -- --

2017 0.940 0.940 92 98

2020 0.440 0.435 53 54

1/27 times

1/18 times

3W Emission Norms SI



3W Emission Norms Diesel

Year CO

g/km

HC +

NOx

g/km

PM

g/km

% CO %

HC+NOx

% PM

1991 12 8 -- -- -- --

2017 0.380 0.380 0.0425 97 95 --

2020 0.220 0.200 0.025 42 47 41

1/6 times

1/55 times

1/40 times



4W Emission Norms Diesel

Year CO

g/km

HC +

NOx

g/km

HC

g/km

NOx

g/km

PM

g/km

PN

g/km

1991 14.3 4.7 -- -- -- --

2010 0.5 0.3 -- 0.25 0.035 --

2020 0.5 0.17 -- .08 0.0045 6.0X1011

1/29 times

1/28 times

1/31 times



4W Emission Norms SI vehicle

Year CO

g/km

HC + NOx

g/km

HC

g/km

NOx

g/km

PM

g/km

PN (GDI)

Numbers/km

1991 14.3 -- 2.0 -- -- --

2010 1.0 - 0.10 0.08 -- --

2020 1.0 0.17 0.10 0.06 0.0045 6.0X1011 1/14 times

1/19 times


BSVI- Overview for 2W, 3W And 4W-HDV

4W-HDV Emission Norms steady state cycle

1/9 times

1/45 times

1/36 times

Year CO

g/kWh

HC

g/kWh

NOx

g/kWh

PM

g/kWh

PN

Numbers/kW

h

1991 14 3.5 18 -- --

2010 1.5 0.46 3.5 0.02 --

2020 1.5 0.13 0.40 0.01 8.0X1011


BSVI- Overview for 2W, 3W And 4W-HDV

4W-HDV Emission Norms Transient cycle

Year CO

g/kW

h

HC

g/kWh

NOx

g/kWh

PM

g/kWh

PN

Numbers/k

Wh

2005 5.45 0.78 5.0 0.16 --

2010 4.0 0.46 3.5 0.03 --

2020 1.5 0.13 0.46 0.01 6.0X1011

1/1.5 times

1/12 times

1/10 times

BOOST TO

ALTERNATE FUELS


17

Alternate Fuels

Alternative fuels (specially Natural Gas), proved to be promising

alternate energy source from the point of view of

emission reduction

economics of operation

Indian regulations are being continuously upgraded Performance

and safety aspects are given equal importance

Gradual harmonization with International regulations .

Emphasis to be given on involving all the stake holders.

The real challenge ahead is to ensure the best safety practices and

continuous up gradation of technology in Alternate fuelled vehicles .


Ethanol & Ethanol Blended fuel

• Ethanol is a renewable, domestically produced alcohol fuel made from plant

material, such as corn, sugar cane

• E5 and E10 are blends of ethanol and gasoline

[number after the "E" indicates the percentage of ethanol]

• E85, also called flex fuel, is an ethanol-gasoline blend containing approx 85% (range

is 51% to 85% )ethanol and 15% petrol

• Govt has issued a regulation for E-85 as an automotive fuel

• ED95 Ethanol Blend; Compression-ignition (diesel operation) engine system; This

improves engine efficiency.

Govt has issued a regulation for ED95 as an automotive fuel


Bio-Diesel It is cleaner than conventional diesel; bio diesel produces significantly

less harmful emissions than regular petroleum diesel when burned in a combustion engine.

It can be burned in neat form (100% bio diesel) or it can be blended with regular petroleum diesel in any concentrations, such as 2% (B2), 5% (B5) and 20% (B20)

Govt has notified B-100 as an automotive fuel Di-Methyl Ether (DME)

• Cetane number of DME is more than 55, so it is a suitable fuel for Compression Ignition Engine

• Properties are similar to LPG

• Best fuel for CI engine



Methanol- CI Engine

• High hydrogen to Carbon ratio

• High octane blending component that allows for higher compression and decreases

CO emissions

• Fuel made from non petroleum feedstock such as natural gas, coal and

residue/biomass etc.

• Toxicity is an issue which is being addressed , by adding additives.

Hydrogen as a fuel

• Clean fuel with only NOx emissions.

• Can be used in IC engines and Fuel cells

• Safety is critical due to high flammability of the fuel.

• Metal Embrittlement tendency requires composite cylinders for storage.

• Hydrogen as auto fuel is notified for BS VI vehicles

Dual Fuel Combustion Technologies

• A Dual fuel engine is a CI engine

• Dual fuel engine runs on Diesel and Natural Gas (LNG/CNG/Bio CNG) simultaneously

• Small Pilot Injection of diesel ignites gas mixture

• Average substitution of Diesel by Gas is 60 – 85 %

• Engine can run on 100 % Diesel anytime

• Technology best suited for larger engines

Emission Reduction by 30-40 %

Regulations for the use of Dual Fuel Diesel-CNG

technology are under preparation


E-Rickshaw and Electric Mobility


E-Rickshaw- Salient Features

“E-rickshaw” means a special purpose battery operated vehicle having three

wheels and intended to provide last mile connectivity for transport of passengers for

hire or reward, provided:

i) Such vehicle is constructed or adapted to carry not more than four passengers,

excluding the driver, and not more than forty kilograms luggage in total;

ii) The net power of its motor is not more than 2000 W;

iii) The maximum speed of the vehicle is not more than 25km/h



Greening of Highways

• India intends to create an additional carbon sink of 2.5 to 3 billion tonnes of CO2 equivalents

through additional forests and tree cover by 2030 through national afforestation programmes and

large scale plantations schemes.

• The Green Highways Policy – 2015, Govt of India - to undertake afforestation in the form of median

and avenue plantation along 1 lakh KM National Highways network. This greening program has

potential of bringing around 4 lakh acres (1.62 lakh ha) area under green cover, thereby

contributing towards sequestration of 12 lakh MT of carbon annually.

• In last one year, plantation of around 10 lakh plants including median plantation have already been

undertaken along National Highways, with current year target of planting 20 lakh more trees.


Recycling in Road Construction

Recycling has been practiced on around 6000 lane Km so far.

Advantages:

• Engineering – Gradation, Geometry, Durability, Roughness Index, Quality revived

• Environment – Conservation of Aggregates & Bitumen by re-use of existing road material

• Economic- Saves to the extent of 10-30% with respect to conventional methodology

Environment Benefits =

Energy

Conservation + Resource

Preservation

Engineering = Profile

Geometry +

Durability

Economics - and Society

Benefits

THANK YOU


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