innate immunology

8/17/2019 Innate Immunology

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Immunology (Part 1)

CAPE Biology Unit 2R.Wint


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Objectives

1. Defne immunity

2. Explain, citing examples, the i!e"ence #et$een innate immunity anadaptive immunity

3. Describe the lines of defence of innate immunity, including normalmicrobiota

%. &enti'y the types o' g"anulocytic $hite #loo cells( #asophils,

neut"ophils, eosinophils,) an ag"anulocytic $hite #loo cells(mac"ophages, monocytes, *+ cells, - Blymphocytes).

. /utline the p"otecti0e "oles o' the $hite #loo cells.

. /utline the gene"al p"ocess o' phagocytosis

. Desc"i#e the outcomes o' phagocytosis

1. Antigen p"esentation

2. &n3ammato"y "esponse4 signs o' in3ammation histamine p"ouction

5. Desc"i#e the complement system

6. Desc"i#e ho$ complement p"oteins e!ect an immune "esponse

1. Enhance phagocytosis

2. 7istamine p"ouction

8. Cytolysis o' in0aing cell

19./utline classical path$ay o' complement "esponse


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Immune System

• he immune system o' animals se"0es top"otect the o"ganism '"om in0aing cells:'o"eign su#stances.

•

&t is an ela#o"ate an coo"inate system thatto gene"ate an eno"mous 0a"iety o' cells anmolecules capa#le o' specifcally "ecogni;ingan eliminating an appa"ently limitless 0a"ietyo' 'o"eign in0ae"s.

• Animal &mmune system is efne 'o" its a#ilityo' recognition , efector response anmemory


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Immunity

•

Immunity is ou" a#ility to $a" o!iseases cause #y pathogens o" thei"p"oucts an to p"otect againsten0i"onmental agents.

• he"e a"e t$o gene"al types o' immunity4• Innate Immunity: "e'e"s to e'ences that

a"e p"esent at #i"th, oes not elicit a

specifc "ecognition o' pathogen, no" oesit ha0e a memo"y "esponse

• Adaptive Immunity: a specifc "esponseto a specifc mic"o#e (slo$e") an it has a

memo"y component


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Immunity Map (y!"#I$%)Immunity

Adaptive Innate

&ellMediate

d

'umoral(Antibody

)

Anatomic

Pagocytosis

&omplem

ent

Inammati

on*

ActivePassive

$atural Arti+cial Arti+cial$atural


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&**AE &


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Innate Immunity

•

&nnate immunity a"e the e'ences that a"ep"esent since #i"th.

• &nnate immunity is ou" f"st line o' e'ence

against in0aing mic"o#es an 'o"eign agents

• &nnate immunity se"0es to p"o0ie a "api

"esponse.• &nnate immunity is non-speci+c recognition

meaning that the same "esponse is mounteagainst i!e"ent in0ae"s


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na om c ys caarriers

• Anatomic barriers a"e the physical

#oy pa"ts:sec"etions that act as ou"f"st line o' e'ence against in'ection.

• Physical Boy Pa"ts (s>in, mucus

mem#"anes, lac"imal appa"atus)• ?ec"etions:Chemical ( sali0a, s$eat,

se#um, tea"s, gast"ic @uice)

• U"ine 3ushes #acte"ia '"om u"ina"yt"act


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Anatomical arriersody Part /e0ensive !ole

Sin • Epie"mal cells a"e closely pac>e,•

D"yness o' >e"atinise epie"mis inhi#itmic"o#ial g"o$th,• pe"ioic sheing o' s>in "emo0es

mic"o#es,

Mucus membrane (lines

many internal organs)

• ?ec"ete thic> mucus that t"ap in0ae"s,

• &illiary aparatus "emo0e mucus $ithin0ae"s '"om t"act

2acrimal Apparatus(produce tears)

• ea"s $ash a$ay mic"o#es, ust etc• Eye#"o$s:lash t"ap some pa"ticles an

mic"o#es

Sebum (sin oilglands)

• Aciic p7 iscou"age some mic"o#ialg"o$th

S3eat • Contains lyso4yme that is"upts#acte"ial cell $all

5astric 6uice • 7ighly aciic to est"oy many #acte"ia


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%ypes o0 #ite lood&ells

• White #loo cells a"e p"ope"ly te"meleucocytes

• White #loo cells o!e" the seconline o' e'ence $hen physical#a""ie"s a"e #"eache

• 2 types4 5ranulocytes (staineg"anules can #e seen une" lightmic"oscope) an Agranulocytes


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2ympatic System

• ymphatic ?ystem4 lymph noes,spleen, thymus, #one ma""o$, lymph0essels, lymph 3ui

• ymphatic system is $he"e stemcells a"e p"ouce ("e #one ma""o$)an matu"e into $hite #loo cells(thymus, spleen)


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2ympatic System


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5ranulocytes

1"$eutropil: nucleus has 2 lo#es,most a#unant in #loo (9)

unction4 'igly pagocytic,

p"esent initial stage o' in'ection, canmig"ate '"om #loo to amagetissue


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5ranulocytes

7"asopil 4 (9.1)

8unction: in3ammato"y an alle"gic"esponse, p"ouce histamine


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5ranulocytes

9"osinopils: (2%)

unction4 p"ouces toxic p"oteinsagainst pa"asitic $o"ms

ittle phagocytosis


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Agranulocytes

Monocytes (mature into Macropages)• unction4 Phagocytosis

/endritic cells:• Phagocytosis 'o" antigen presentation

•

Initiates adaptive immunity responseT-lymphocytes:

• unction4 responsible for cell-mediated adaptiveimmunity

-2ympocytes:• unction: p"ouce anti#oies 'o" humo"al immunity

$atural ;iller 2ympocytes:• &mmunologic su"0eillance

•

a"gets an est"oys 'o"eign:cance"ous:tumo" cells


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Agranulocytes

• 2ympocytes ave very 2argeround nucleus

•

/endritc


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Pagocytosis•

Pagocytosis: the ingestion an igestiono' a mic"oo"ganism:e#"is #y a cell.

• Pagocytes: $hite #loo cells that ca""yout phagocytosis. (neut"ophils,mac"ophages, en"itic cells, eosinophils) – Possess te ability to migrate 0rom blood

to site o0 in0ection

• Du"ing in'ection4 the"e is an inc"ease#loo count in f"st neut"ophils an thenmac"ophages)


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Pagocytosis

• 7o$ oes a phagocyte "ecognise anin0ae" cell '"om a self cell

• Phagocytes possess %oll-liereceptors %2! on thei" plasmamem#"anes that #in to PAMPS 'oun

the su"'ace o' mic"o#es o" 'o"eignmate"ials

• PAMPS: Patogenic AssociatedMolecular Patterns


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Steps in Pagocytosis

1" &emota


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Mecanism o0Pagocytosis


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Pagocytosis


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Inammatory !esponse

• Damage to the #oyFs tissue t"igge" anothe" 'o"mo' innate immunity >no$n as inammation"

• = signs o0 inammation:

Pain

S3elling

!edness

'eat.8ever

8 stages o' in3ammato"y "esponse41) Hasoilation 2) Phagocyte mig"ation 8 issue

Repai"


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1" ?asodilation -'istamine

• ?asodilation: this inc"eases #loo 3o$ toamage a"ea

• Bloo 0essels ilate an #ecome mo"e

pe"mea#le so that phagocytes can escape#loost"eam an ente" tissue 3ui at in@u"ysite.

• asopils an mast cells sec"ete

istamine $hen tissues a"e amage• 'istamine #ins to nea"#y capilla"ies an

0essels causing 0asoilation an inc"easepe"mea#ility


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7" PagocyteMigration.Pagocytosis

• *o$ that #loo 0essels ha0e ilate an the$alls a"e mo"e pe"mea#le, phagocytes(neut"ophils) can ente" the amage tissue.

• Phagocytes a"e a#le to locate the in@u"ea"ea #y chemotaxis

• Phagocytes ca""y out phagocytosis to"emo0e sou"ce o' in'ection an amagetissue


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9" %issue !epair

• he fnal stage o' in3ammato"y"esponse is tissue repair $hich isthe "eplacement o' amage o" ea

tissue.

issue "egene"ation

• ?ome tissues lac> the a#ility to

"egene"ate so sca" tissue is 'o"me


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Inammatory !esponse


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&omplement System

• he complement system is an a"mo' innate immunity that consists o'o0e" 89 p"oteins p"ouce #y the

li0e" an othe" tissues

• Complement p"oteins enhance o"

complement the "esponse o' theimmune cells in eliminatingpathogens


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&omplement Activation: &lassicPat3ay

1" Inactive &9 splits into C8a an C8#

7" &9b #ins to su"'ace o' mic"o#es #y coating themic"o#e G opsonisation. /psonisation enhancesphagocytosis

9" &9b splits inacti0e &> into Ca an C#. C#"ec"uits C, C, C5, C6 to 'o"m a membraneattac comple< MA& that pe"'o"ates cellmem#"ane o' mic"o#e "esulting in cytolysis

%. C8a an Ca #in to mast cells, stimulatingthem to "elease histamine 'o" in3ammato"y"esponse


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&omplement Activation @&lassical Pat3ay


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Re'e"ences

• o"to"a .Microbiology , 19th Eition

• Kuby Immunology ("eally gooimmunology text#oo>)

innate immunology

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