1. Inner class, Static class,Multithreading, JavaBeans 9/3/2012 1

2. Why Inner classes? New feature available in Java and D language. Different from Nested class and Composition. Provides better code hiding. Logically related classes can be made as Inner classes. Classes implemented through Multiple Inheritance in C++ can be implemented using Inner classes in Java. 9/3/2012 2

3. Inner Class Inner classes are classes defined within other classes. The class that includes the inner class is called the outer class Inner classes can be hidden from other classes in the same package. They can be nested to any depth 9/3/2012 3

4. Inner Class An inner class definition is a member of the outer class in the same way that the instance variables and methods of the outer class are members An inner class is local to the outer class definition The name of an inner class may be reused for something else outside the outer class definition If the inner class is private, then the inner class cannot be accessed by name outside the definition of the outer class. 9/3/2012 4

5. Structurepublic class Outer{ private class Inner { // inner class instance variables // inner class methods } // end of inner class definition // outer class instance variables // outer class methods} 9/3/2012 5

6. TYPESThere are four categories of inner classes in Java: 1.Inner classes (non-static) 2.Static inner classes 3.Local classes (defined inside a block of Java code) 4.Anonymous classes (defined inside a block of Java code) 9/3/2012 6

7. Non-Static Inner Classes Non-static inner classes are defined without the keyword static. An instance of a non-static inner class can only exist with an instance of its enclosing class. Methods of a non-static inner class can directly refer to any member of any enclosing class (including private members). Accessibility : public,package/default,protected or private. 9/3/2012 7

8. Non-Static Inner ClassesAccessing the members of the inner class: Need to instantiate an object instance of an inner class first. An Inner class object can access the implementation of the object that created it including private fields 9/3/2012 8

9. Inner Class CreationInner classes can be created as follows: outerObj = new (arguments); . innerObj = outerObj.new (arguments); 9/3/2012 9

10. Example InnerExample variables; methods(); InnerClass variables; methods() ; InnerClass i= new innerClass(); InnerExample2 OuterClass outer = new OuterClass(); outer.new InnerClass().welcome(); OuterClass InnerClass welcome(); 9/3/2012 10

11. Example //A named inner class is used. // This is used to show that it can access non-local variables in the enclosing object. public class InnerExample { static String msg= "Welcome"; public static void main(String[] arg) { class InnerClass { public void doWork() { System.out.println(msg); } } InnerClass i = new InnerClass(); i.doWork(); } } 9/3/2012 11

12. // Access inner class from outsidepublic class InnerExample2{ public static void main(String[] args) { OuterClass outer = new OuterClass(); outer.new InnerClass().welcome(); }}class OuterClass{ public class InnerClass { public void welcome() { System.out.println("Welcome fromInnerClass()"); } }} 9/3/2012 12

13. Access Inner and outer class has access to each others private members Within the definition of a method of an inner class: It is legal to reference a private instance variable of the outer class It is legal to invoke a private method of the outer class The inner class has a hidden reference to the outer class 9/3/2012 13

14. Cont.. Within the definition of a method of the outer class It is legal to reference a private instance variable of the inner class on an object of the inner class It is legal to invoke a (nonstatic) method of the inner class as long as an object of the inner class is used as a calling object Within the definition of the inner or outer classes, the modifiers public and private are equivalent 9/3/2012 14

15. The .class File for an Inner Class Compiling any class in Java produces a .class file named ClassName.class Compiling a class with one (or more) inner classes causes both (or more) classes to be compiled, and produces two (or more) .class files Such as ClassName.class and ClassName$InnerClassName.class 9/3/2012 15

16. Nesting Inner Classes It is legal to nest inner classes within inner classes The rules are the same as before, but the names get longer Given class A, which has public inner class B, which has public inner class C, then the following is valid: A aObject = new A(); A.B bObject = aObject.new B(); A.B.C cObject = bObject.new C(); 9/3/2012 16

17. Advantages They can make the outer class more self-contained since they are defined inside a class. Both of their methods have access to each others private methods and instance variables. Using an inner class as a helping class is one of the most useful applications of inner classes If used as a helping class, an inner class should be marked private 9/3/2012 17

18. Static Class 9/3/2012 18

19. An Intro to Static Class In order to understand the use of the static keyword in class declaration, we need to understand the class declaration itself. We can declare two kinds of classes: top-level classes and inner classes. The static keyword does not do to a class declaration what it does to a variable or a method declaration.

20. Inner Class We define an inner class within a top-level class An inner class is associated with an instance of its enclosing class and has direct access to that objects methods and fields. Also, because an inner class is associated with an instance, it cannot define any static members itself.

21. To instantiate an inner class, you must first instantiate the outer class. Then, create the inner object within the outer object with this syntax: OuterClass.InnerClass innerObject = outerObject.new InnerClass();

22. An inner class can be one of the following four types:1. Local2. Member3. Nested

23. Local Class Local classes are the same as local variables, in the sense that theyre created and used inside a block. Once you declare a class within a block, it can be instantiated as many times as you wish within that block. Like local variables, local classes arent allowed to be declared public, protected, private, or static.

24. Member Class Member classes are defined within the body of a class. You can use member classes anywhere within the body of the containing class. You declare member classes when you want to use variables and methods of the containing class without explicit delegation.

25. The member class is the only class that you can declare static. When you declare a member class, you can instantiate that member class only within the context of an object of the outer class in which this member class is declared. If you want to remove this restriction, you declare the member class a static class. When you declare a member class with a static modifier, it becomes a nested top-level class and can be used as a normal top-level class

26. Nested Top-level Class A nested top-level class is a member classes with a static modifier. A nested top-level class is just like any other top-level class except that it is declared within another class or interface. Nested top-level classes are typically used as a convenient way to group related classes without creating a new package.

27. Nested classes are divided into two categories: static and non- static. Nested classes that are declared static are simply called static nested classes. Non-static nested classes are called inner classes. Static nested classes are accessed using the enclosing class name: Outer Class. Static Nested Class For example, to create an object for the static nested class, use this syntax: Outer Class.StaticNestedClass nested Object = new Outer Class.StaticNestedClass();

28. Static Nested Classes As with class methods and variables, a static nested class is associated with its outer class. And like static class methods, a static nested class cannot refer directly to instance variables or methods defined in its enclosing class it can use them only through an object reference.

29. Note: A static nested class interacts with the instance members of its outer class (and other classes) just like any other top-level class. In effect, a static nested class is behaviorally a top-level class that has been nested in another top-level class for packaging convenience. It is a way of logically grouping classes that are only used in one place.It increases encapsulation.Nested classes can lead to more readable and maintainable code.

30. Multithreading

31. Multithreading A thread is part of process in execution Two or more threads executed concurrently is multithreadingAdvantage of Multithreading Maximum CPU Utilization

32. Thread in JAVA By default every JAVA program has a main thread. How to access main thread Thread t = Thread.currentThread();

33. Methods in Thread ClassMethod MeaninggetName() Obtain threads namegetPriority() Obtain threads priorityisAlive() Determine if a thread is alivejoin() Wait for a thread to terminaterun() Entry point of the threadsleep() Suspend for few timesstart() start a thread by calling run().

34. Life Cycle of Thread Thread t = new Thread(this) t.Start()Wait() t.sleep(1000)Notify()

35. Creating a Thread Two ways Runnable Extending thread interface class

36. Thread Using Runnable Interfaceclass NewThread implements Runnable {Thread t;NewThread() {t = new Thread(this, "Demo Thread");System.out.println("Child thread: " + t);t.start(); // Start the thread}public void run() {try {for(int i = 5; i > 0; i--) {

37. Thread Using Runnable InterfaceSystem.out.println("Child Thread: " + i);Thread.sleep(500);}} catch (InterruptedException e) {System.out.println("Child interrupted.");}System.out.println("Exiting child thread.");}} 9/3/2012 37

38. class ThreadDemo {public static void main(String args[]) {new NewThread(); // create a new threadtry {for(int i = 5; i > 0; i--) {System.out.println("Main Thread: " + i);Thread.sleep(1000);} } catch (InterruptedException e) {System.out.println("Main thread interrupted.");}System.out.println("Main thread exiting.");}

39. Output Child thread: Thread[Demo Thread,5,main] Main Thread: 5 Child Thread: 5 Child Thread: 4 Main Thread: 4 Child Thread: 3 Child Thread: 2 Main Thread: 3 Child Thread: 1 Exiting child thread. Main Thread: 2 Main Thread: 1 Main thread exiting.

40. Using Extending Thread class NewThread extends Thread { NewThread() { // Create a new, second thread super("Demo Thread"); System.out.println("Child thread: " + this); start(); // Start the thread } // This is the entry point for the second thread. public void run() { try {

41. Using Extending Thread for(int i = 5; i > 0; i--) { System.out.println("Child Thread: " + i); Thread.sleep(500); } } catch (InterruptedException e) { System.out.println("Child interrupted."); } System.out.println("Exiting child thread."); } } 9/3/2012 41

42. class ExtendThread {public static void main(String args[]) {new NewThread(); // create a new threadtry {for(int i = 5; i > 0; i--) {System.out.println("Main Thread: " + i);Thread.sleep(1000);} } catch (InterruptedException e) {System.out.println("Main thread interrupted."); }System.out.println("Main thread exiting."); } }

43. Multiple Threadingclass NewThread implements Runnable {String name;Thread t;NewThread(String threadname) {name = threadname;t = new Thread(this, name);System.out.println("New thread: " + t);t.start();}public void run() {

44. try {for(int i = 5; i > 0; i--) {System.out.println(name + ": " + i);Thread.sleep(1000);}} catch (InterruptedException e) {System.out.println(name + "Interrupted");}System.out.println(name + " exiting.");}}

45. class MultiThreadDemo {public static void main(String args[]) {new NewThread("One"); // start threadsnew NewThread("Two");new NewThread("Three");try {Thread.sleep(10000);} catch (InterruptedException e) {System.out.println("Main thread Interrupted");}System.out.println("Main thread exiting."); } }

46. OutputNew thread: Thread[One,5,main] Two: 3New thread: Thread[Two,5,main] One: 2New thread: Thread[Three,5,main] Three: 2One: 5 Two: 2Two: 5 One: 1Three: 5 Three: 1One: 4 Two: 1Two: 4 One exiting.Three: 4 Two exiting.One: 3 Three exiting.Three: 3 Main thread exiting.

47. isAlive() Final boolean isAlive() Join()Final void join()

48. Thread Priority Low priority to high priority Numbered from 1 to 10

49. Final void setPriority(int level) Arguments in constants MIN_PRIORITY NORM_PRIORITY MAX_PRIORITY Final int getPriority()

50. A Java Bean is a reusable software component that can be manipulated visually in a builder tool. 9/3/2012 50

51. Introduction JavaBeans brings component technology to Java. JavaBeans lets you write Beans, that you can visually manipulate within application builder tools. Beans are classes written in the Java programming language conforming to a particular convention. They are used to encapsulate many objects into a single object (the bean), so that they can be passed around as a single bean object instead of as multiple individual objects. 9/3/2012 51

52. Introduction A Beans methods are no different than Java methods, and can be called from other Beans or a scripting environment Beans can be used with both builder tools, or manually manipulated by text tool through programmatic interfaces. Compact and Easy Portable Leverages the Strengths of the Java Platform Flexible Build-Time Component Editors Multithreading Security 9/3/2012 52

53. Convention A JavaBean is a Java Object that is serializable It allows applications and frameworks to reliably save, store, and restore the beans state has a 0-argument constructor The class must have a public default constructor. This allows easy instantiation within editing and activation frameworks. and allows access to properties using getter and setter methods 9/3/2012 53

54. package sunw.demo.simple; public void setColor(Color newColor)Example import java.awt.*; {color = newColor; repaint(); } import java.io.Serializable; public class SimpleBean public void paint(Graphics g) { extends Canvas g.setColor(color); implements Serializable g.fillRect(20, 5, 20, 30); } { private Color color = public SimpleBean(){ Color.green; setSize(60,40); public Color getColor(){ setBackground(Color.red); } return color; } } 9/3/2012 54

55. In addition to the Beans Development Kit (BDK) version 1.0, you will need the Java Development Kit (JDK) version 1.1. http://www.mediafire.com/?4hn81bgt83m29dg 9/3/2012 55

56. Builder tool A builder tool maintains Beans in a palette or toolbox. The user can select a component from the toolbox and place it into a container, choosing its size and position. None of these require a single line of code to be written by the application developer. The application development tool does that. This is accomplished through a set of standard interfaces provided by the component environment that allow the components to publish, or expose, their properties. 9/3/2012 56

57. BeanBox The BeanBox is an application for testing Beans, and serves as a simple demonstration for how more sophisticated Beansaware builder tools should behave. The BeanBox is also a nice tool for learning about Beans. The BDK1.1beanbox. directory contains Windows (run.bat) and Unix (run.sh) scripts that start the BeanBox. When started, the BeanBox displays three windows: The BeanBox, ToolBox, and the Properties sheet. 9/3/2012 57

58. Creating Your Bean Save the program and compile it using javac programname.java Create a file called manifest.tmp using edit manifest.tmp The file manifest.tmp should contain Name: programname.class Java-Bean: True Create the jar file using jar cfmv jarfilename.jar manifest.tmp programname.class Copy the jar file in BDK1.1jars folder 9/3/2012 58

59. Loading bean When the BeanBox is started, it automatically loads all the Beans it finds within the JAR files contained in the BDK1.1jars directory. You can also load Beans Using the File|LoadJar menu. The ToolBox contains the Beans available for use by the BeanBox.To add a Bean to the BeanBox Click on the bean name in the ToolBox. The cursor will change to a crosshair. Click within the BeanBox. The Bean will appear and will be selected. 9/3/2012 59

60. JavaBean Concepts- Properties Properties are attributes of a Bean that are referenced by name. These properties are usually read and written by calling methods on the Bean specifically created for that purpose. A programmer would set or get the value of this property through method calls, while an application developer using a visual development tool would manipulate the value of this property using a visual property editor. 9/3/2012 60

61. Edit Properties The Properties sheet displays each propertys name and its current value. You can edit the property value by clicking on a property within the Properties sheet. 9/3/2012 61

62. JavaBean Concepts- Events Beans use events to communicate with other Beans. A Bean that wants to receive events (a listener Bean) registers its interest with the Bean that fires the event (a source Bean). Builder tools can examine a Bean and determine which events that Bean can fire (send) and which it can handle (receive). To see which events a Bean can send, choose the Edit|Events BeanBox menu item. A list of events, grouped by interface, will be displayed. Under each interface group is a list of event methods. These are all inherited from Canvas. 9/3/2012 62

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64. Hooking Up Events in the BeanBox In this example you will use two OurButton bean instances to stop and start an instance of the animated Juggler bean. You will label the buttons "start" and "stop"; Make the start button, when pressed, invoke the Juggler beans start method. Make the stop button, when pressed, invoke the Juggler beans stop method. 9/3/2012 64

65. JavaBean Concepts- Persistence A Bean persists by having its properties, fields, and state saved and restored to and from storage. The mechanism that makes persistence possible is called serialization. When a Bean instance is serialized, it is converted into a data stream and written to storage. Serialization done by implementing the java.io.Serializable interface Select the File|Save SerializeComponent menu item. 9/3/2012 65

66. Bean Introspection Reports Introspection is the process of discovering a Beans designtime features You can generate a Bean introspection report by choosing the the Edit|Report menu item. The report lists Bean events, properties, and methods, and their characteristics. By default Bean reports are sent to the java interpreters standard output. 9/3/2012 66

67. Using the BeanBox to Generate Applets Choose File|Make Applet to bring up the MakeApplet dialog. Use the default JAR file and applet name for this example. Press the OK button. The generated files were placed in the beanbox/tmp/myApplet directory. 9/3/2012 67

68. Merits and Demerits Write once, run anywhere. The configuration settings of a Bean can be saved in a persistent storage and can be restored at a later time. A Bean may register to receive events from other objects and can generate events that are sent to it. A class with a null constructor is subject to being instantiated in an invalid state. The developer might not realize that. The compiler cant detect such a problem. This can be used in web based application also. 9/3/2012 68

69. Interface Description Methods in this interface are used to initializeAppletInitializer Beans that are also applets. This interface allows the designer to specifyBeanInfos information about the events, methods and properties of a Bean. This interface allows the designer to provide aCustomizer graphical user interface through which a bean may be configured. Methods in this interface determine if a bean isDesignMode executing in design mode. A method in this interface is invoked when anExceptionListener exception has occurred. A method in this interface is invoked when aPropertyChangeListener bound property is changed. Objects that implement this interface allow thePropertyEditor designer to change and display property values. A method in this interface is invoked when aVetoableChangeListener Constrained property is changed. Methods in this interface allow a bean to executeVisibility in environments where GUI is not available. 9/3/2012 69

70. References Using the Beans Development Kit1.0, September1997, A Tutorial, Alden DeSoto. http://inside.mines.edu/~crader/cs443/Chapters/Chap06.html http://web.mit.edu/1.124/LectureNotes/JavaBeans.html http://java.sun.com/developer/onlineTraining/Beans/JBeansAPI /Magercises/BeansDevelopmentKit/index.html 9/3/2012 70

71. Thank yu! 9/3/2012 71