innocent passage through territorial sea

7/24/2019 Innocent Passage Through Territorial Sea

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INNOCENT PASSAGETHROUGH TERRITORIAL

SEA

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SECTION 3. INNOCENT PASSAGE IN THE TERRITORIAL SEASUBSECTION A.

RULES APPLICABLE TO ALL SHIPS

Article 17

Right of innocent passage

Subject to this Convention, ships of!! Sttes, "hethe# cost! o# !n$%!oc&e$, enjo' the #i(ht of innocentpss(e th#ou(h the te##ito#i! se)

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Article 18Meaning of passage

1) Pss(e +ens nvi(tion th#ou(h the te##ito#i! sefo# the pu#pose of

-. t#ve#sin( tht se "ithout ente#in( inte#n! "te#s o#c!!in( t #o$ste$ o# po#t fci!it' outsi$e inte#n!

"te#s/ o#-b. p#ocee$in( to o# f#o+ inte#n! "te#s o# c!! t such

#o$ste$ o# po#t fci!it')

*) Pss(e sh!! be continuous n$ e0pe$itious)Ho"eve#, pss(e inc!u$es stoppin( n$ ncho#in(, buton!' in so f# s the s+e #e inci$ent! to o#$in#'nvi(tion o# #e #en$e#e$ necess#' b' force majeureor distress o# fo# the pu#pose of #en$e#in( ssistnce tope#sons, ships o# i#c#ft in $n(e# o# $ist#ess)


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The Co#fu Chnne! Cse -Unite$ 2in($o+ ofG#et 3#itin n$ No#the#n I#e!n$%A!bni.

The Co#fu Chnne! Cse -Unite$ 2in($o+ of G#et 3#itin n$No#the#n I#e!n$%A!bni. #ose f#o+ inci$ents tht occu##e$ onOctobe# **n$, 1456, in the Co#fu St#it t"o 3#itish $est#o'e#s st#uc&+ines in A!bnin "te#s n$ su7e#e$ $+(e, inc!u$in( se#ious !ossof !ife) The Unite$ 2in($o+ 8#st sei9e$ the Secu#it' Counci! of the

Unite$ Ntions "hich, b' Reso!ution of Ap#i! 4th

, 145:, #eco++en$e$the t"o Gove#n+ents to sub+it the $ispute to the Cou#t) The Unite$2in($o+ cco#$in(!' sub+itte$ n App!iction "hich, fte# nobjection to its $+issibi!it' h$ been #ise$ b' A!bni, "s thesubject of ;u$(+ent, $te$ , in "hich the Cou#t$ec!#e$ tht it possesse$ ju#is$iction) On the s+e $' the t"oP#ties conc!u$e$ Speci! A(#ee+ent s&in( the Cou#t to (iveju$(+ent on the fo!!o"in( ?uestions)

Is A!bni #esponsib!e fo# the e0p!osions@

In its ;u$(+ent the Cou#t $ec!#e$ on the 8#st ?uestion, b' 11 votes(inst =, tht A!bni "s #esponsib!e)

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ONE O THE RECOBERE


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The fcts #e s fo!!o"s

On Octobe# **n$, 1456, t"o 3#itish c#uise#s n$t"o $est#o'e#s, co+in( f#o+ the south, ente#e$ theNo#th Co#fu St#it) The chnne! the' "e#e fo!!o"in(,"hich "s in A!bnin "te#s, "s #e(#$e$ s

sfe it h$ been s"ept in 1455 n$ chec&%s"ept in145=) One of the $est#o'e#s, the Saumarez, "heno7 S#n$, st#uc& +ine n$ "s (#ve!'$+(e$) The othe# $est#o'e#, the Volage, "s

sent to he# ssistnce n$, "hi!e to"in( he#, st#uc&nothe# +ine n$ "s !so se#ious!' $+(e$)o#t'%8ve 3#itish oDce#s n$ si!o#s !ost thei# !ives,n$ fo#t'%t"o othe#s "e#e "oun$e$)

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The oligations incument upon the Alanianauthorities consisted in notif!ing, for the ene"t of

shipping in general, the e#istence of a mine"eld inAlanian territorial $aters and in $arning theapproaching %ritish $arships of the imminentdanger to $hich the mine"eld e#posed them& Sucholigations are ased, not on the 'ague

(on)ention of 1*+7, o& VT--, $hich is applicale intime of $ar, ut on certain general and $ell.recognized principles, namel!/ elementar!considerations of humanit!, e)en more e#acting in

peace than in $ar 0 the principle of the freedom ofmaritime communication 0 and e)er! Statesoligation not to allo$ 2no$ingl! its territor! to eused for acts contrar! to the rights of other States&3

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The Inte#ntion! Cou#t of ;ustice#u!in( in the cse estb!ishe$ p#ece$ent #e(#$in( "hethe# vio!tion of te##ito#i! sove#ei(nt' is

justi8e$ inte#vention) The Unite$

2in($o+ c!i+e$ it "s justi8e$ inente#in( A!bnin te##ito#i! "te#son 1* n$ 1 Nove+be# 1456 to

secu#e evi$ence nee$e$ to suppo#tits cse) The IC; #espon$e$,

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FThe Cou#t cnnot ccept such !ine of $efence) The Cou#t cnon!' #e(#$ the !!e(e$ #i(ht of inte#vention s the +nifesttion of po!ic' of fo#ce, such s hs, in the pst, (iven #ise to +ost se#ious

buses n$ such s cnnot, "hteve# be the p#esent $efects ininte#ntion! o#(nistion, 8n$ p!ce in inte#ntion! !")Inte#vention is pe#hps sti!! !ess $+issib!e in the p#ticu!# fo#+ it"ou!$ t&e he#e/ fo#, f#o+ the ntu#e of thin(s, it "ou!$ be #ese#ve$fo# the +ost po"e#fu! Sttes, n$ +i(ht esi!' !e$ to pe#ve#tin( the$+inist#tion of inte#%ntion! justice itse!f) The Unite$ 2in($o+

A(ent, in his speech in #ep!', hs fu#the# c!ssi8e$ FOpe#tion Reti!F+on( +etho$s of se!f%p#otection o# se!f%he!p) The Cou#t cnnotccept this $efence eithe#) 3et"een in$epen$ent Sttes, #espect fo#te##ito#i! sove#ei(nt' is n essenti! foun$tion of inte#ntion!#e!tions) The Cou#t #eco(nises tht the A!bnin Gove#n+entsco+p!ete fi!u#e to c##' out its $uties fte# the e0p!osions, n$ the

$i!to#' ntu#e of its $ip!o+tic notes, #e e0tenutin(ci#cu+stnces fo# the ction of the Unite$ 2in($o+ Gove#n+ent) 3utto ensu#e #espect fo# inte#ntion! !", of "hich it is the o#(n, theCou#t +ust $ec!#e tht the ction of the 3#itish Nv' constitute$ vio!tion of A!bnin sove#ei(nt')F

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Article 1*

Meaning of innocent passage1) Pss(e is innocent so !on( s it is

not p#eju$ici! to the pece, (oo$

o#$e# o# secu#it' of the cost!Stte) Such pss(e sh!! t&e p!cein confo#+it' "ith this Conventionn$ "ith othe# #u!es of inte#ntion!

!")

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*) Pss(e of fo#ei(n ship sh!! be consi$e#e$ to bep#eju$ici! to the pece, (oo$ o#$e# o# secu#it' of the

cost! Stte if in the te##ito#i! se it en((es in n'of the fo!!o"in( ctivities

-. n' th#et o# use of fo#ce (inst the sove#ei(nt',te##ito#i! inte(#it' o# po!itic! in$epen$ence of thecost! Stte, o# in n' othe# +nne# in vio!tion of

the p#incip!es of inte#ntion! !" e+bo$ie$ in theCh#te# of the Unite$ Ntions/

-b. n' e0e#cise o# p#ctice "ith "epons of n' &in$/

-c. n' ct i+e$ t co!!ectin( info#+tion to the

p#eju$ice of the $efence o# secu#it' of the cost!Stte/

-$. n' ct of p#op(n$ i+e$ t 7ectin( the$efence o# secu#it' of the cost! Stte/

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-e. the !unchin(, !n$in( o# t&in( on bo#$ of n'i#c#ft/

-f. the !unchin(, !n$in( o# t&in( on bo#$ of n' +i!it#'

$evice/

-(. the !o$in( o# un!o$in( of n' co++o$it', cu##enc' o#pe#son cont##' to the custo+s, 8sc!, i++i(#tion o#snit#' !"s n$ #e(u!tions of the cost! Stte/

-h. n' ct of "i!fu! n$ se#ious po!!ution cont##' to thisConvention/

-i. n' 8shin( ctivities/

-j. the c##'in( out of #ese#ch o# su#ve' ctivities/

-&. n' ct i+e$ t inte#fe#in( "ith n' s'ste+s of

co++uniction o# n' othe# fci!ities o# inst!!tions ofthe cost! Stte/

-!. n' othe# ctivit' not hvin( $i#ect be#in( onpss(e)

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The ON p#o(#+

The ON p#o(#+ "s $esi(ne$ toch!!en(e n' ntions tte+pt to e0ten$thei# $o+in of the se be'on$ tht

7o#$e$ the+ b' inte#ntion! !")The Unite$ Sttes #ee$o+ of Nvi(tionp#o(#+ ch!!en(es te##ito#i! c!i+s onthe "o#!$s ocens n$ i#spce tht #e

consi$e#e$ e0cessive b' the Unite$Sttes, usin( $ip!o+tic p#otests n$o#b' ch!!en(e)

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So+e cost! sttes +&e c!i+s thtthe Unite$ Sttes see s inconsistent"ith inte#ntion! !", "hich, ifunch!!en(e$, "ou!$ !i+it nvi(tion!f#ee$o+s of the vesse!s n$ i#c#ft of

the U)S) n$ othe# count#ies)On seve#! occsions, U)S) #+e$fo#ces hve con$ucte$ ope#tions in

#es c!i+e$ b' othe# count#ies,such s nv! ope#tions in the Gu!f ofSi$# in the 14>s)

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Th#ou(hout the 'e#s U)S) fo#ces hve beenpe#fo#+in( F#ee$o+ of Nvi(tionope#tions in the st#it of Gib#!t#, St#it ofHo#+u9, St#its of


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Gu!f of Si$# Inci$ents 14>1 M 14>4

-Lib'% US.

In 14:, Lib' c!i+e$ the Gu!f of Si$# s c!ose$ b' n$ p#t of its te##ito#i! "te#s)Lib' c!i+e$ +uch of the Gu!f of Si$# s

its te##ito#i! "te#s n$ subse?uent!'$ec!#e$ F!ine of $ethF, the c#ossin( of"hich "ou!$ invite +i!it#' #esponse)

This p#o+pte$ the Unite$ Sttes to con$uct

#ee$o+ of Nvi(tion -ON. ope#tions inthe #e since the c!i+ $i$ not +eet thec#ite#i estb!ishe$ b' Inte#ntion! L"

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Gu!f of Si$#

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Black Sea Bumping Incident and!eed"m "# Na$igati"n %&''

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14>4USA %USSR ;OINT STATE6, #ep#esenttives of the Unite$ Sttes of A+e#ic n$ theUnion of Soviet Soci!ist Repub!ics hve been con$uctin( f#ien$!'n$ const#uctive $iscussions of ce#tin inte#ntion! !e(! spectsof t#$ition! uses of the ocens, in p#ticu!# nvi(tion)

The Gove#n+ents #e (ui$e$ b' the p#ovisions of the 14>* Unite$

Ntions Convention on the L" of the Se, "hich, "ith #espect tot#$ition! uses of the ocens, (ene#!!' constitute inte#ntion!!" n$ p#ctice n$ b!nce fi#!' the inte#ests of !! Sttes) The'#eco(ni9e the nee$ to encou#(e !! Sttes to h#+oni9e thei#inte#n! !"s, #e(u!tions n$ p#ctices , "ith those p#ovisions)

The Gove#n+ents consi$e# it usefu! to issue the ttche$ Uni#"!mInte!p!etati"n "# t(e Rule) "# Inte!nati"nal La* G"$e!ningInn"cent Pa))age) 3oth Gove#n+ents hve (#ee$ to t&e thenecess#' steps to confo#+ thei# inte#n! !"s, #e(u!tions n$p#ctices "ith this un$e#stn$in( of the #u!es)

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1) The #e!evnt #u!es of inte#ntion! !" (ove#nin(innocent pss(e of ships in the te##ito#i! se #estte$ in the 14>* Unite$ Ntions Convention onthe L" of the Se -Convention of 14>*.,

p#ticu!#!' in P#t II, Section )*) A!! ships, inc!u$in( "#ships, #e(#$!ess of c#(o,

#++ent o# +ens of p#opu!sion, enjo' the #i(htof innocent pss(e th#ou(h the te##ito#i! se in

cco#$nce "ith inte#ntion! !", fo# "hichneithe# p#io# noti8ction no# utho#i9tion is#e?ui#e$)

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)A#tic!e 14 of the Convention of 14>* sets out inp#(#ph * n e0hustive !ist of ctivities tht"ou!$ #en$e# pss(e not innocent) A ship pssin(th#ou(h the te##ito#i! se tht $oes not en((e in

n' of those ctivities is in innocent pss(e)5) A cost! Stte "hich ?uestions "hethe# the

p#ticu!# pss(e of ship th#ou(h its te##ito#i!se is innocent sh!! info#+ the ship of the #eson

"h' it ?uestions the innocence of the pss(e, n$p#ovi$e the ship n oppo#tunit' to c!#if' itsintentions o# co##ect its con$uct in #esonb!'sho#t pe#io$ of ti+e)

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=) Ships e0e#cisin( the #i(ht of innocent pss(e sh!!co+p!' "ith !! !"s n$ #e(u!tions of the cost!Stte $opte$ in confo#+it' "ith #e!evnt #u!es ofinte#ntion! !" s #eecte$ in A#tic!es *1, **, *

n$ *= of the Convention of 14>*) These inc!u$e the!"s n$ #e(u!tions #e?ui#in( ships e0e#cisin( the#i(ht of innocent pss(e th#ou(h its te##ito#i! se touse such se !nes n$ t#Dc sep#tion sche+es sit +' p#esc#ibe "he#e nee$e$ to p#otect sfet' of

nvi(tion) In #es "he#e no such se !nes o# t#Dcsep#tion sche+es hve been p#esc#ibe$, shipsneve#the!ess enjo' the #i(ht of innocent pss(e)

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6) Such !"s n$ #e(u!tions of the cost! Stte+' not hve the p#ctic! e7ect of $en'in( o#i+pi#in( the e0e#cise of the #i(ht of innocentpss(e s set fo#th in A#tic!e *5 of the Convention

of 14>*):) If "#ship en((es in con$uct "hich vio!tes

such !"s o# #e(u!tions o# #en$e#s its pss(e notinnocent n$ $oes not t&e co##ective ction upon

#e?uest, the cost! Stte +' #e?ui#e it to !evethe te##ito#i! se, s set fo#th in A#tic!e of theConvention of 14>*) In such cse the "#ship sh!!$o so i++e$ite!')

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>) ithout p#eju$ice to the e0e#cise of#i(hts of cost! n$ ( Sttes, !!$i7e#ences "hich +' #ise

#e(#$in( p#ticu!# cse ofpss(e of ships th#ou(h thete##ito#i! se sh!! be sett!e$

th#ou(h $ip!o+tic chnne!s o# othe#(#ee$ +ens)

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Article 4+Sumarines and other under$ater )ehicles

In the te##ito#i! se, sub+#inesn$ othe# un$e#"te# vehic!es #e#e?ui#e$ to nvi(te on the su#fce

n$ to sho" thei# ()

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Article 41

5a$s and regulations of the (oastal State

relating to innocent passage

1) The cost! Stte +' $opt !"s n$#e(u!tions, in confo#+it' "ith thep#ovisions of this Convention n$ othe##u!es of inte#ntion! !", #e!tin( to

innocent pss(e th#ou(h the te##ito#i!se, in #espect of !! o# n' of thefo!!o"in(

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-. the sfet' of nvi(tion n$ the #e(u!tion of+#iti+e t#Dc/

-b. the p#otection of nvi(tion! i$s n$ fci!ities n$

othe# fci!ities o# inst!!tions/

-c. the p#otection of cb!es n$ pipe!ines/

-$. the conse#vtion of the !ivin( #esou#ces of the se/

-e. the p#evention of inf#in(e+ent of the 8she#ies !"s

n$ #e(u!tions of the cost! Stte/-f. the p#ese#vtion of the envi#on+ent of the cost!

Stte n$ the p#evention, #e$uction n$ cont#o! ofpo!!ution the#eof/

-(. +#ine scienti8c #ese#ch n$ h'$#o(#phic su#ve's/

-h. the p#evention of inf#in(e+ent of the custo+s,8sc!, i++i(#tion o# snit#' !"s n$ #e(u!tions of

the cost! Stte)

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*) Such !"s n$ #e(u!tions sh!! not pp!' tothe $esi(n, const#uction, +nnin( o#

e?uip+ent of fo#ei(n ships un!ess the' #e(ivin( e7ect to (ene#!!' ccepte$inte#ntion! #u!es o# stn$#$s)

) The cost! Stte sh!! (ive $ue pub!icit' to

!! such !"s n$ #e(u!tions)5) o#ei(n ships e0e#cisin( the #i(ht of

innocent pss(e th#ou(h the te##ito#i! sesh!! co+p!' "ith !! such !"s n$

#e(u!tions n$ !! (ene#!!' ccepte$inte#ntion! #e(u!tions #e!tin( to thep#evention of co!!isions t se)


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Article 44Sea lanes and tra6c separation schemes in the territorial sea

1) The cost! Stte +', "he#e necess#' hvin(#e(#$ to the sfet' of nvi(tion, #e?ui#e fo#ei(nships e0e#cisin( the #i(ht of innocent pss(eth#ou(h its te##ito#i! se to use such se !nes n$

t#Dc sep#tion sche+es s it +' $esi(nte o#p#esc#ibe fo# the #e(u!tion of the pss(e ofships)

*) In p#ticu!#, tn&e#s, nuc!e#%po"e#e$ ships n$

ships c##'in( nuc!e# o# othe# inhe#ent!'$n(e#ous o# no0ious substnces o# +te#i!s +'be #e?ui#e$ to con8ne thei# pss(e to such se!nes)

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) In the $esi(ntion of se !nes n$ thep#esc#iption of t#Dc sep#tion sche+es un$e#this #tic!e, the cost! Stte sh!! t&e intoccount

-. the #eco++en$tions of the co+petentinte#ntion! o#(ni9tion/

-b. n' chnne!s custo+#i!' use$ fo# inte#ntion!nvi(tion/

-c. the speci! ch#cte#istics of p#ticu!# shipsn$ chnne!s/ n$

-$. the $ensit' of t#Dc)5) The cost! Stte sh!! c!e#!' in$icte such se!nes n$ t#Dc sep#tion sche+es on ch#ts to"hich $ue pub!icit' sh!! be (iven)

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Article 4

oreign nuclear.po$ered ships and shipscarr!ing nuclear or other inherentl!dangerous or no#ious sustances

o#ei(n nuc!e#%po"e#e$ ships n$ shipsc##'in( nuc!e# o# othe# inhe#ent!' $n(e#ouso# no0ious substnces sh!!, "hen e0e#cisin(the #i(ht of innocent pss(e th#ou(h the

te##ito#i! se, c##' $ocu+ents n$ obse#vespeci! p#ecution#' +esu#es estb!ishe$fo# such ships b' inte#ntion! (#ee+ents)


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Article 49:uties of the coastal State

1) The cost! Stte sh!! not h+pe#the innocent pss(e of fo#ei(n shipsth#ou(h the te##ito#i! se e0cept in

cco#$nce "ith this Convention) Inp#ticu!#, in the pp!iction of thisConvention o# of n' !"s o#

#e(u!tions $opte$ in confo#+it'"ith this Convention, the cost!Stte sh!! not

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-. i+pose #e?ui#e+ents on fo#ei(n ships "hichhve the p#ctic! e7ect of $en'in( o#

i+pi#in( the #i(ht of innocent pss(e/ o#-b. $isc#i+inte in fo#+ o# in fct (inst theships of n' Stte o# (inst ships c##'in(c#(oes to, f#o+ o# on beh!f of n' Stte)

*) The cost! Stte sh!! (ive pp#op#itepub!icit' to n' $n(e# to nvi(tion, of "hichit hs &no"!e$(e, "ithin its te##ito#i! se)

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Article 4;Rights of protection of the coastal State

1) The cost! Stte +' t&e the necess#'steps in its te##ito#i! se to p#eventpss(e "hich is not innocent)

*) In the cse of ships p#ocee$in( to inte#n!"te#s o# c!! t po#t fci!it' outsi$einte#n! "te#s, the cost! Stte !so hsthe #i(ht to t&e the necess#' steps to

p#event n' b#ech of the con$itions to"hich $+ission of those ships to inte#n!"te#s o# such c!! is subject)

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) The cost! Stte +', "ithout$isc#i+intion in fo#+ o# in fct+on( fo#ei(n ships, suspen$te+po##i!' in speci8e$ #es of itste##ito#i! se the innocent pss(e

of fo#ei(n ships if such suspension isessenti! fo# the p#otection of itssecu#it', inc!u$in( "epons

e0e#cises) Such suspension sh!! t&ee7ect on!' fte# hvin( been $u!'pub!ishe$)

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Article 4

SUBSECTION B RULES APPLICABLE TO


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SUBSECTION B. RULES APPLICABLE TO+ERCHANT SHIPS AN, GO-ERN+ENT SHIPS

OPERATE, OR CO++ERCIAL PURPOSES

Article 47

(riminal jurisdiction on oard a foreign ship

1) The c#i+in! ju#is$iction of the cost! Stte shou!$ not bee0e#cise$ on bo#$ fo#ei(n ship pssin( th#ou(h thete##ito#i! se to ##est n' pe#son o# to con$uct n'investi(tion in connection "ith n' c#i+e co++itte$ on bo#$

the ship $u#in( its pss(e, sve on!' in the fo!!o"in( cses-. if the conse?uences of the c#i+e e0ten$ to the cost! Stte/

-b. if the c#i+e is of &in$ to $istu#b the pece of the count#' o#the (oo$ o#$e# of the te##ito#i! se/

-c. if the ssistnce of the !oc! utho#ities hs been #e?ueste$ b'

the +ste# of the ship o# b' $ip!o+tic (ent o# consu!#oDce# of the ( Stte/ o#

-$. if such +esu#es #e necess#' fo# the supp#ession of i!!icitt#Dc in n#cotic $#u(s o# ps'chot#opic substnces)

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*) The bove p#ovisions $o not 7ect the #i(ht ofthe cost! Stte to t&e n' steps utho#i9e$b' its !"s fo# the pu#pose of n ##est o#

investi(tion on bo#$ fo#ei(n ship pssin(th#ou(h the te##ito#i! se fte# !evin( inte#n!"te#s)

) In the cses p#ovi$e$ fo# in p#(#phs 1 n$ *,

the cost! Stte sh!!, if the +ste# so #e?uests,notif' $ip!o+tic (ent o# consu!# oDce# ofthe ( Stte befo#e t&in( n' steps, n$ sh!!fci!itte contct bet"een such (ent o# oDce#

n$ the ships c#e") In cses of e+e#(enc' thisnoti8ction +' be co++unicte$ "hi!e the+esu#es #e bein( t&en)

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5) In consi$e#in( "hethe# o# in "ht +nne# n##est shou!$ be +$e, the !oc! utho#ities sh!!hve $ue #e(#$ to the inte#ests of nvi(tion)

=) E0cept s p#ovi$e$ in P#t II o# "ith #espect tovio!tions of !"s n$ #e(u!tions $opte$ incco#$nce "ith P#t B, the cost! Stte +'not t&e n' steps on bo#$ fo#ei(n shippssin( th#ou(h the te##ito#i! se to ##est n'pe#son o# to con$uct n' investi(tion inconnection "ith n' c#i+e co++itte$ befo#e theship ente#e$ the te##ito#i! se, if the ship,

p#ocee$in( f#o+ fo#ei(n po#t, is on!' pssin(th#ou(h the te##ito#i! se "ithout ente#in(inte#n! "te#s)

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SS Lotus Cse

=rance )s Tur2e!>0 ?ear of the decision/ 1*47

(ourt/ @(-&

A co!!ision occu##e$ on the hi(h sesbet"een #ench vesse! n$ Tu#&ishvesse!) Bicti+s "e#e Tu#&ish ntion!sn$ the !!e(e$ o7en$e# "s #ench)

Cou!$ Tu#&e' e0e#cise its ju#is$ictionove# the #ench ntion! un$e#inte#ntion! !"@

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cts of the cse

A co!!ision occu##e$ on the hi(h ses bet"een #ench

vesse! Q Lotus Q n$ Tu#&ish vesse! Q 3o9%2ou#t) The 3o9%2ou#t sn& n$ &i!!e$ ei(ht Tu#&ish ntion!s on bo#$ theTu#&ish vesse!) The 1 su#vivo#s of the 3o9%2ou#t -inc!u$in(its cptin. "e#e t&en to Tu#&e' on bo#$ the Lotus)

In Tu#&e', the oDce# on "tch of the Lotus -e+ons., n$ thecptin of the Tu#&ish ship "e#e ch#(e$ "ith +ns!u(hte#)e+ons, #ench ntion!, "s sentence$ to > $'s ofi+p#ison+ent n$ 8ne) The #ench (ove#n+ent p#oteste$,$e+n$in( the #e!ese of e+ons o# the t#nsfe# of his

cse to the #ench Cou#ts)Tu#&e' n$ #nce (#ee$ to #efe# this $ispute on the

ju#is$iction to the Pe#+nent Cou#t of Inte#ntion! ;ustice-PCI;.)

5


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ue)ti"n) /e#"!e t(e C"u!t0

i$ Tu#&e' vio!te inte#ntion! !""hen Tu#&ish cou#ts e0e#cise$

ju#is$iction ove# c#i+e co++itte$b' #ench ntion!, outsi$e Tu#&e'@

If 'es, shou!$ Tu#&e' p'co+penstion to #nce@

T(e C"u!t1) ,eci)i"n0

Tu#&e', b' institutin( c#i+in!p#ocee$in(s (inst e+ons, $i$ notvio!te inte#ntion! !")

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C!iminal 2u!i)dicti"n0 Te!!it"!ial2u!i)dicti"n

#nce !!e(e$ tht the ( Stte of vesse!"ou!$ hve e0c!usive ju#is$iction ove#o7ences co++itte$ on bo#$ the ship in hi(hses) The PCI; $is(#ee$) It he!$ tht #nce,

s the ( Stte, $i$ not enjo' e0c!usivete##ito#i! ju#is$iction in the hi(h ses in#espect of co!!ision "ith vesse! c##'in(the ( of nothe# Stte -p#s :1 Q >5.) The

Cou#t he!$ tht Tu#&e' n$ #nce both hveju#is$iction in #espect of the "ho!e inci$ent

i)e) the#e is concu##ent ju#is$iction)

5=


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The PCI; he!$ tht ship in the hi(h ses isssi+i!te$ to the te##ito#' of the ( Stte) This

Stte +' e0e#cise its ju#is$iction ove# the ship,in the s+e "' s it e0e#cises its ju#is$ictionove# its !n$, to the e0c!usion of !! othe# Sttes)In this cse, the Cou#t e?ute$ the Tu#&ish

vesse! to Tu#&ish te##ito#') In this cse, thePCI; he!$ tht the o7ence p#o$uce$ itse7ects on the Tu#&ish vesse! n$ conse?uent!' in p!ce ssi+i!te$ to Tu#&ish te##ito#' in "hichthe pp!iction of Tu#&ish c#i+in! !" cnnot bech!!en(e$, even in #e(#$ to o7encesco++itte$ the#e b' fo#ei(ne#s) Tu#&e' h$ju#is$iction ove# this cse)

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-f, therefore, a guilt! act committed on thehigh seas produces its eCects on a )essel

D!ing another Dag or in foreign territor!, thesame principles must e applied as if theterritories of t$o diCerent States $ereconcerned, and the conclusion must

therefore e dra$n that there is no rule ofinternational la$ prohiiting the State to$hich the ship on $hich the eCects of theoCence ha)e ta2en place elongs, from

regarding the oCence as ha)ing eencommitted in its territor! and prosecuting,accordingl!, the delinEuent&3

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The oCence for $hich 5ieutenant :emonsappears to ha)e een prosecuted $as an

act F of negligence or imprudence F ha)ingits origin on oard the 5otus, $hilst itseCects made themsel)es felt on oard the%oz.Gourt& These t$o elements are, legall!,

entirel! inseparale, so much so that theirseparation renders the oCence non.e#istentH -t is onl! natural that each shoulde ale to e#ercise jurisdiction and to do so

in respect of the incident as a $hole& -t istherefore a case of concurrent jurisdiction&3

5>


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The 8#st p#incip!e of the Lotus cse si$ thtju#is$iction is te##ito#i!

A Stte cnnot e0e#cise its ju#is$iction "ut)ide it)te!!it"! un!ess n inte#ntion! t#et' o#custo+#' !" pe#+its it to $o so) This is "ht "ec!!e$ the 8#st Lotus P#incip!e)

o$ the "rst and foremost restriction imposed !

international la$ upon a State is that F failing thee#istence of a permissi)e rule to the contrar! F itma! not e#ercise its po$er in an! form in theterritor! of another State& -n this sense jurisdiction iscertainl! territorial0 it cannot e e#ercised ! a Stateoutside its territor! e#cept ! )irtue of a permissi)erule deri)ed from international custom or from acon)ention&3-p# 5=.

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The secon$ p#incip!e of the Lotuscse

4it(in it) te!!it"!, Stte +'e0e#cise its ju#is$iction, on n'+tte#, even if the#e is no speci8c#u!e of inte#ntion! !" pe#+ittin( itto $o so) In these instnces, Stteshve "i$e +esu#e of $isc#etion,

"hich is on!' !i+ite$ b' thep#ohibitive #u!es of inte#ntion! !")

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14=>, CONBENTION ON THE HIGH SEAS

A#tic!e 11

1) In the event of co!!ision o# of n' othe# inci$ent of nvi(tionconce#nin( ship on the hi(h ses, invo!vin( the pen! o#$iscip!in#' #esponsibi!it' of the +ste# o# of n' othe# pe#sonin the se#vice of the ship, no pen! o# $iscip!in#' p#ocee$in(s+' be institute$ (inst such pe#sons e0cept befo#e the

ju$ici! o# $+inist#tive utho#ities eithe# of the ( Stte o#of the Stte of "hich such pe#son is ntion!)

*) In $iscip!in#' +tte#s, the Stte "hich hs issue$ +ste#sce#ti8cte o# ce#ti8cte of co+petence o# !icence sh!! !onebe co+petent, fte# $ue !e(! p#ocess, to p#onounce the"ith$#"! of such ce#ti8ctes, even if the ho!$e# is not

ntion! of the Stte "hich issue$ the+)) No ##est o# $etention of the ship, even s +esu#e of

investi(tion, sh!! be o#$e#e$ b' n' utho#ities othe# thnthose of the ( Stte)

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THE 4IL,ENHUS CASE

Bo!u+e 1* of the I&S& Supreme (ourtReports, 1>>:, t p(e 1

hi!e 3e!(in vesse! "s $oc&e$ in the

po#t of ;e#se' Cit', Ne" ;e#se' in 1>>6, 3e!(in c#e" +e+be# fou(ht n$ &i!!e$nothe# 3e!(in c#e" +e+be# on bo#$the vesse!) The ;e#se' Cit' po!ice bo#$e$

the ste+e# n$ ##este$ i!$enhus) The'then co++itte$ hi+ to ji! in Ne" ;e#se',pen$in( t#i! fo# +u#$e#)

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The 3e!(in consu! sou(ht "#it of hbes co#pus toobtin the #e!ese of the 3e!(in ntion!) The consu!#e!ie$ upon > t#et' bet"een the Unite$

Sttes n$ 3e!(iu+) A#tic!e I p#ovi$e$ tht consu!#oDci!s Fsh!! !one t&e co(ni9nce of !! $i7e#ences"hich +' #ise, eithe# t se o# in po#t, bet"een thecptins, oDce#s, n$ c#e"s, "ithout e0ception )))) The

!oc! utho#ities sh!! not inte#fe#e, e0cept "hen the$iso#$e# tht hs #isen is of such ntu#e s to$istu#b the t#n?ui!it' n$ pub!ic o#$e# on sho#e, o# inthe po#t, o# "hen pe#son of the count#' o# notbe!on(in( to the c#e", sh!! be conce#ne$ the#ein)F

The U)S) Ci#cuit Cou#t #efuse$ to $e!ive# the p#isone#sto the consu! n$ #e+n$e$ the+ to ji!) This cse isn ppe! to the U)S) Sup#e+e Cou#t)

=


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1) In this cse, "hich stte hs #i(htfu!ju#is$iction@ The Unite$ Sttes o# 3e!(iu+@

*) In this cse, on "ht !e(! bsis is ju#is$ictionto be $ete#+ine$@

) Ho" is the !n(u(e of the U)S)%3e!(in T#et'to be inte#p#ete$@ ht is speci8c!!' +ent b'

F$iso#$e#F tht F$istu#bs the t#n?ui!it' n$pub!ic o#$e# on sho#e, o# in po#t@F

5) In cses invo!vin( $istu#bnces of thet#n?ui!it' of the po#t, ho" is ju#is$iction to be$ete#+ine$@

=) ht F$iso#$e#sF so F$istu#b the t#n?ui!it'n$ pub!ic o#$e# on sho#e, o# in po#tF s to (ivethe !oc! stte ju#is$iction@

=5


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;UG


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The Unite$ Sttes has ju#is$iction in this cse) 3) U)S) ju#is$ictionis bse$ on the Ft#n?ui!it' of the po#tF p#incip!e)

1) This (ene#! p#incip!e of inte#ntion! !" is bse$ on Fco+it')F

*) The p#incip!e p#ovi$es tht F!! +tte#s of $iscip!ine n$ !!thin(s $one on bo#$ "hich 7ecte$ on!' the vesse! o# thosebe!on(in( to he#, n$ $i$ not invo!ve the pece o# $i(nit' of thecount#', o# the t#n?ui!it' of the po#t, shou!$ be !eft b' the !oc!(ove#n+ent to be $e! "ith b' the utho#ities of the ntion to"hich the vesse! be!on(e$) 3ut if c#i+es #e co++itte$ on bo#$

of ch#cte# to $istu#b the pece n$ t#n?ui!it' of the count#'to "hich the vesse! hs been b#ou(ht, the o7en$e#s hve neve# b'co+it' o# us(e been entit!e$ to n' e0ception f#o+ the ope#tionof the !oc! !"s fo# thei# punish+ent, if the !oc! t#ibun!s see 8tto sse#t thei# utho#it')F

) T#eties hve been ente#e$ into "hich co$if' the Ft#n?ui!it' ofthe po#tF p#incip!e in o#$e# to Fp#event the inconvenience tht+i(ht #ise f#o+ tte+pts to e0e#cise conictin( ju#is$ictions)F

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FIt is not alone the publicity ofthe act, or the clamor which

attends it, that axes thenature of the crime, but the actitself. If it is of a character to

awaken public interest when itbecomes known, it is a 'disorder'the nature of which is to aect

the community at large, andconsequently to invoke thepower of the local government)F

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FP#!e+ent 3e!(eF -1>>.

It invo!ve$ co!!ision bet"een this ship @arlement %elgen$ 3#itishtu(, n$ the c!i+ fo# $+(es b#ou(ht b' the !tte# vesse! befo#e theP#obte, ivo#ce n$ A$+i#!t' $ivision of the Hi(h Cou#t)

The @arlement %elgebe!on(e$ to the 2in( of 3e!(ins n$ "s use$s c#(o bot) u#in( the cse, the Atto#ne' Gene#! inte#vene$ tostte tht the cou#t h$ no ju#is$iction ove# the vesse! s it "s thep#ope#t' of the 3e!(in


59/65

T(e Sc(""ne! E5c(ange $. +cadd"n%'%6

T"o A+e#icns - P. !i$ c!i+s of o"ne#ship n$ entit!e+entsto the schoone# E0chn(e)

T"o A+e#icns -P. c!i+e$ the' o"ne$ n$ "e#e entit!e$ tothe schoone# E0chn(e the' sei9e$ on the hi(h ses) Thec!i+ "hich the Unite$ Sttes Atto#ne' -. put fo#"#$ fo#

the p#evention of the ship !evin( "s tht, the ship "hich"s o"ne$ b' the E+pe#o# of #nce h$ been fo#ce$ toente# the po#t of Phi!$e!phi $ue to b$ "ethe# con$itions)At this point in ti+e, the U)S n$ #nce "e#e on f#ien$!'te#+s) The Unite$ SttesJ -. #e?uest fo# the $is+iss! of

o"ne#ship n$ #e!ese of the ship "s (#nte$ b' the $ist#ictcou#t) Ho"eve#, this ju$(+ent "s #eve#se$ b' the ci#cuitcou#t n$ this $i$ not p#event the Unite$ Sttes -. f#o+ppe!in( to the U)S) Sup#e+e Cou#t)

=4

Issue A#e Ntion! ships of "# vie"e$ s been


60/65

Issue) A#e Ntion! ships of "# vie"e$ s beene0e+pte$ b' the consent of the po"e# of the

f#ien$!' ju#is$iction "hose po#t the ship ente#s@

Chief ;ustice ;ohn


61/65

C(ung C(i C(eung -). T(e 7ing

AIR 144 PC 64

On 11th ;nu#' 14: the ccuse$ shot n$ &i!!e$ the cptin)He then "ent up the !$$e# to the b#i$(e n$ shot t n$"oun$e$ the ctin( chief oDce#, n$ then "ent be!o" n$shot n$ "oun$e$ hi+se!f) The ctin( chief oDce# s soon s

he "s "oun$e$ $i#ecte$ the bots"in to p#ocee$ toHon(&on( t fu!! spee$ n$ hi! the po!ice !unch) He "nte$,he si$, he!p to ##est the ccuse$ f#o+ the Hon(&on( po!ice)

ithin coup!e of hou#s the !unch of the Hon(&on( "te#po!ice c+e !on(si$e in ns"e# to the c#uise#s si(n!) The

po!ice too& the "oun$e$ oDce# n$ the ccuse$ to hospit!)The' too& possession of the t"o #evo!ve#s "ith "hich theccuse$ h$ #+e$ hi+se!f, of the spent #evo!ve# bu!!ets n$e0pen$e$ she!!s, n$ of so+e une0pen$e$ c#t#i$(es)

61

O *=th b t $iti $i


62/65

On *=th eb#u#', e0t#$ition p#ocee$in(s"e#e co++ence$ (inst the ccuse$ on the#e?uisition of the chi#+n of the P#ovinci!

Gove#n+ent of 2"n(tun( !!e(in( +u#$e#n$ tte+pte$ +u#$e# on bo#$ the ChineseCusto+s c#uise# F"ithin the ju#is$iction ofChin "hi!e the si$ c#uise# "spp#o0i+te!' one +i!e o7 utu+un -3#itish"te#s.)FThis ppe#s to be n !!e(tion thtthe vesse! h$ not t the ti+e #eche$ 3#itishte##ito#i! "te#s) The fct tht the c#i+e "sin #e!it' co++itte$ "ithin 3#itish "te#s isnot no" in $ispute)

6*


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Afte# +n' $jou#n+ents the


64/65

The ppe!!nt "s convicte$ of the +u#$e# of ou(!sLo#ne C+pbe!! n$ "s sentence$ to $eth) The+u#$e# "s co++itte$ on bo#$ the Chinese


65/65

App!'in( these consi$e#tions to the p#esent cse, it ppe#sto thei# Lo#$ships s p!in s possib!e tht the ChineseGove#n+ent once the e0t#$ition p#ocee$in(s "e#e out of

the "', consente$ to the 3#itish Cou#t e0e#cisin(ju#is$iction) It is not on!' tht "ith fu!! &no"!e$(e of thep#ocee$in(s the' +$e no fu#the# c!i+, but t t"o $i7e#ent$tes the' pe#+itte$ fou# +e+be#s of thei# se#vice to (iveevi$ence befo#e the 3#itish Cou#t in i$ of the p#osecution)

Tht the' h$ o#i(in!!' c!!e$ in the po!ice +i(ht not be+te#i! if on consi$e#tion the' $eci$e$ to c!i+ ju#is$ictionthe+se!ves) 3ut the ci#cu+stnces, stte$ to(ethe# "ith thefct tht the +te#i! inst#u+ents of conviction, the #evo!ve#bu!!ets, etc) "e#e !eft "ithout $e+u# in the hn$s of theHon(&on( Po!ice +&e it p!in tht the 3#itish Cou#t cte$

"ith the fu!! consent of the Chinese Gove#n+ent)

It the#efo#e fo!!o"s tht the#e "s no v!i$ objection to theju#is$iction n$ the ppe! fi!s)

innocent passage through territorial sea

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