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INNOVATIONS IN GENETIC, VALUE CHAIN AND ALIMENTATION OF
SMALL RUMINANTS IN MAGHREB REGION
Bengoumi M.1, Boughalmi A.1 and Ben Salem H.2
1FAO Subregional Office for North Africa, Tunis, Tunisia 2IRESA, Tunis, Tunisia
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Outilne Main innovations in small ruminant
sector
Introduction
Conclusions
Genetic level Value chain level Feeding level
2
Introduction Main innovations in small ruminant sector Conclusions &
recommandations
3 Sustainable & resilient agriculture / Food & nutrition security
Natural resources protection / Adaptation to Climate Change
Solving the problems of Vulnerability & low efficiency of production systems
Introduction Main innovations in small ruminant sector Conclusions &
recommandations
4
4
ICARDA 2014
Based on IPCC Scenario A1B, Average of 21 GCMs (1980/99 to 2080/99)
Relative Change in Mean Annual Precipitation
4 Facing CC-induced water shortage in WANA region
Local breeds + Large numbers + Local know-how + Pastoral resources + Vast rangelands
Food Security + Income Security + Job Creation ...
Introduction Main innovations in small ruminant sector Conclusions &
recommandations
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Issues
Mutations
Performances
Productivity
Environmental Sustainability
Transformation
Creation of Add Value
Competitivity
Productions Consumer
Requirements
•Successor availability • Households' Settlement
•Rangelands’ degradation •Water scarcity •Climate changes
•Feeding strategies •Flock’s mobility •Exotic breeds’ farming
Technique
Environment
Social
Introduction Main innovations in small ruminant sector Conclusions &
recommandations
Small ruminant industries
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Innovations
Social decreasing
interest
Product's quality non
valorized
Poor performances (productivity,
competitivity...)
Main Agricultural Activity for the Rural
Population
Great potential (local breeds,
numbers, trails, know-how ...)
Introduction Main innovations in small ruminant sector Conclusions &
recommandations
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• Genetic diversity: Molecular-genetic-analysis
• Genetic dilution of local breeds through crossbreeding
• Eg: (Rembi +Berber )x Ouled-Djellal (sheep breed, Algeria)
Genome-wide analysis
• Molecular genetic identification and characterization of local breeds (≠phenotypic method)
• Eg: sheep Genetic structure’s update (Algerian)
Autosomal microsatellites analysis
• Relationship between local breeds in the Maghreb region
• Eg: Hamra + Béni Guil (Algerian +Moroccan sheep breed )
Microsatellites markers
• Genetic biodiversity • High amount of genetic variability in indigenous goat
populations (Tunisia and Morocco)
DNA sequence polymorphisms
Introduction Main innovations in small ruminant
sector Conclusions &
recommandations
Genetic level Value chain level Feeding level Genetic level
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• Genetic improvement : Reproductive biotechnologies tools
Artificial insemination (AI)
Seed production and conservation
Ultra-sonography (diagnosis of gestation)
Are not operative yet
Introduction Main innovations in small ruminant
sector Conclusions &
recommandations
Genetic level Value chain level Feeding level
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• Value addition to small ruminant local breeds: Eg: Sicilo-Sarde cheese (Tunisia) , Protected Geographical Indications”
(PGI) of the Beni Guil meat (Morocco) • Professionals organization creation: Eg: Agricultural Development Group of Sicilo-Sarde breeders(Tunisia); National Association for Sheep and Goat Breeders (Morocco); Small Ruminants’ Producers’ Association Union in Maghreb region • Information and communication technology tools: Eg: Virtual Extension, Research and Communication Network
(VERCON) (FAO)
Introduction Main innovations in small ruminant
sector Conclusions &
recommandations
Genetic level Value chain level Feeding level
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Introduction Main innovations in small ruminant
sector Conclusions &
recommandations
Genetic level Value chain level Feeding level
• Forage production
• Better use of crop residues & agroindustrial by-products
• Food wastes
• Balanced feeding
• Alternative local feed sources
• Seed legumes as natural additives
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Introduction Main innovations in small ruminant
sector Conclusions &
recommandations
Genetic level Value chain level Feeding level
Species Adaptation (rainfall, mm)
Lathyrus sativus <300, moderate cold
Vicia sativa >300, moderate cold
V. sativa ssp. amphicarpa 250, cold, marginal
V. narbonensis <300, moderate cold
V. ervilia >300, cold
V. pannonica >300, high elevation, severe cold
In areas where annual rainfall is <300 mm, the use of Lathyrus spp. is common, whereas in higher rainfall areas there are large areas of common vetch (V. sativa L.).
Annual legumes- Vetches and lathyrus
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Introduction Main innovations in small ruminant
sector Conclusions &
recommandations
Genetic level Value chain level Feeding level
Bi-annual legume - Hedysarum coronarium
153
111
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
- PEG + PEGBen Youssef & Ben Salem
(Unpublished)
Lamb’s growth rate (g/day)
• Rainfall > 500 mm/Yr • High biomass • Positive effect of tannins on sheep’s growth • New variety release adapted to sheep grazing (Sulla chatra)
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Introduction Main innovations in small ruminant
sector Conclusions &
recommandations
Genetic level Value chain level Feeding level
14 Winter cereals Feed legumes
Yield of forage crops used as compared to weedy fallows in Tunisia
under CA system
Farmer Forage type Forage
Weedy
fallow Pr > F SE
Biomass (t DM ha-1)
T. Ben Ameur Sulla 6.2 2.2 0.001 0.67
T. Ben Ameur Vetch 3.5 1.4 0.05 0.61
M. Makhzoumi Vetch-triticale mixture 3.2 1.4 0.08 0.65
M. Makhzoumi Vetch-triticale mixture 2.9 1.4 0.05 0.45
J. Sahli Oat-vetch mixture 4.9 3.0 0.05 0.53
J. Sahli Vetch 4.3 4.0 0.10 0.80
Serkan et al. (2015)
Introduction Main innovations in small ruminant
sector Conclusions &
recommandations
Genetic level Value chain level Feeding level
Dual purpose management of winter cereals • Green barley grazing (Livestock)
• Grain production (Men, Livestock)
• Straw production (Livestock)
• Stubble grazing (Livestock, Soil mulch) • Potential to decrease feed gap and the pressure on the rangelands
• High biomass & nutritive value forage at tillering stage
• Need for the development of dual purpose cereal and legume cultivars in the Maghreb region
New variety release in Tunisia Barley (Lemsi)
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Introduction Main innovations in small ruminant
sector Conclusions &
recommandations
Genetic level Value chain level Feeding level
Agro-industrial by-products - Making better use through feed block & pelleting technologies
34 a
77 b
66 b
0
10
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60
70
80
90
B-Luz B-Fèv B-Soja
Lambs growth rate (g)
Alfalfa pellets
OC-faba bean pellets
OC soybean meal pellets Ben Salem (2011)
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Introduction Main innovations in small ruminant
sector Conclusions &
recommandations
Genetic level Value chain level Feeding level
10
Date palm by-products in livestock feeding Wasted dates Foliage Floral stems
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Introduction Main innovations in small ruminant
sector Conclusions &
recommandations
Genetic level Value chain level Feeding level
Options for better use of Date palm by-products
Urea treatment
Feed block Ensiling
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Introduction Main innovations in small ruminant
sector Conclusions &
recommandations
Genetic level Value chain level Feeding level
Promising “lesser known” plant species
• Cactus (Opuntia spp.)
• Moringa oleifera
• Nigella sativa, etc.
• Multipurpose use
• Economical, social & environmental roles
• Adaptation to semiarid areas 19
Introduction Main innovations in small ruminant
sector Conclusions &
recommandations
Genetic level Value chain level Feeding level
Cactus – Evergreen fodder bank – Reservoir of water
• Welcomed by farmers in
Maghreb region
• Low water demanding
species
• Easy to establish
• High fodder biomass
• Alternative feed
supplement
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Introduction Main innovations in small ruminant
sector Conclusions &
recommandations
Genetic level Value chain level Feeding level
Multipurpose use
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Introduction Main innovations in small ruminant
sector Conclusions &
recommandations
Genetic level Value chain level Feeding level
Average WF of common feeds in Tunisia (liter /kg)
Ibidhi & Ben Salem (2015)
Water footprint of local feed sources
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Introduction Main innovations in small ruminant
sector Conclusions &
recommandations
Genetic level Value chain level Feeding level
Energy Barley Barley Cactus Cactus
Nitrogen
Soyabean Atriplex Soybean Atriplex
Growth (g/d) 108 a 59 c 119 a 81 b
Ben Salem et al. (2004)
Complementary role of shrub species in the diets for lamb
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Introduction Main innovations in small ruminant
sector Conclusions &
recommandations
Genetic level Value chain level Feeding level
Good distribution of watering points is an effective tool to encourage livestock mobility and alleviate grazing pressure – Cactus can take this role
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Introduction Main innovations in small ruminant
sector Conclusions &
recommandations
Genetic level Value chain level Feeding level
From farmer perspective
From national society
From global perspective
Rangelands (B) 549 465 465
Barley rainfed (B) 607 122 122
Cactus (A) 1792 909 1165
Cactus in alley with forage (A)
2247 874 1130
Cactus in alley with barley (A)
2457 1038 1294
Daly et al. (2017)
The integrated Livestock-barley-cactus system is more climate
resilient than crop production
Cactus Added value: Net Present Value (NPV in TND. ha-1) between baseline
(B) and adaptation options (A)
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Introduction Main innovations in small ruminant
sector Conclusions &
recommandations
Genetic level Value chain level Feeding level
0
500
1000
1500
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2500
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4000
Gross margin/household (TND/year)
The net benefit per sheep increases with cactus incorporated in the diet (26 sheep per household in the region of Sidi Bouzid in Tunisia)
( - ) Cactus
( + ) Cactus
Daly & King (2014) 26
Introduction Main innovations in small ruminant
sector Conclusions &
recommandations
Genetic level Value chain level Feeding level
Economicadvantages
Environmentaladvantages
Stubbleretention
Minimalsoildisturbance
Crop• earlysowing• higheryieldpotential• savings- time,machinery,
fuel
Soil• bettersoilstructure(OM)• bettersoil-waterdynamics(porosity)• betternutrientrecycling(NPK)
• improvedtrafficability
Environment• lesspollution• lesserosion• Csequestration
(1%C=33t/ha)
Highproduction,profit,sustainabilitybenefits
CAcropping
Conservation agriculture
Take half biomass for animals and leave half for soil 27
Introduction Main innovations in small ruminant
sector Conclusions &
recommandations
Genetic level Value chain level Feeding level
(R1) Alternate grazing of vetch in the morning and wheat stubbles in the afternoon during 65 days in summer is one further option that was tested against: (R2) full grazing of vetch (R3) full grazing of wheat stubbles
Alternative CA based summer feed in Tunisia: vetch grazing
Average daily growth - Lamb (g)
R1 R2 R3
145a 138a 66b
More than 2.5 T DM ha-1 were left on the ground after completion of the grazing period in consistence with application of the CA package
Abidi et al. (in press) 28
Introduction Main innovations in small ruminant
sector Conclusions &
recommandations
Genetic level Value chain level Feeding level
29
Cactus-barley under Conservation Agriculture
Producing more while saving water
Introduction Main innovations in small ruminant
sector Conclusions &
recommandations
Genetic level Value chain level Feeding level
Moringa oleifera at a glance – recently introduced in Tunisia
Moringaceae family
• Small tree (up to 12 m)
• Drought tolerant
• Fast growing
• Survives on poor soil
Native to sub-Himalayan tracts
Multipurpose Moringa
•Water purification (seeds)
•Oil extraction (47%)
•Human nutrition (quality proteins)
•Quality forage 30
Introduction Main innovations in small ruminant
sector Conclusions &
recommandations
Genetic level Value chain level Feeding level
Soybean
meal
Moringa seed
meal (daily)
Moringa seed
meal
(intermittent
supply 3 days)
SEM Prob.
Initial BW (kg) 20,6 21,8 20,9 1,01 0,719
Final BW (kg) 27,4 27,8 27,2 1,11 0,976
Growth rate
(g/day) 138,5 118,2 126,2 6,80 0,141
Replacing soybean meal with Moringa seed meal in lamb’s diet
Jellali & Ben Salem (2014) 31
Introduction Main innovations in small ruminant
sector Conclusions &
recommandations
Genetic level Value chain level Feeding level
32
60
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Control + 45 g FG
Hay + concentrate
Daily gain of lambs (g)
H. Ben Salem (unpublished)
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Control + 45 g FG
Ben Salem & Othmane (unpublished)
Ewes Milk (ml/day)
Barley silage + hay + concentrate
Fenugreek seeds – Natural additives
Introduction Main innovations in small ruminant
sector Conclusions &
recommandations
Genetic level Value chain level Feeding level
Rest technique to rehabilitate degraded rangelands Farmers’ association in charge of collective rangelands management: First experience in Tunisia
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2135
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Control Rest
Biomass (kg DM/ha)
Ouled Belgacem et al. (2008) 33
Introduction Main innovations in small ruminant
sector Conclusions &
recommandations
1. Small ruminant production main source of income of rural
population in Maghreb region
2. Increasing vulnerability of SR-based production systems that is
exacerbated by the CC
3. Appropriate Technical, institutional and policies options should be
developed
4. Research has come up with many SR production targeted
technologies & innovations (genetic, value chain, alimentation, etc.)
5. Limited transfer and weak adoption rate of research outputs by
farmers
6. Appropriate approaches and models of transfer involving all actors
(alliance) is a must to protect production systems and improve their
efficiency & profitability
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Thank you for your attention !
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