innovations, industrialization and urbanization -...

Innovations, Industrialization and Urbanization

TEKS/SE Objectives

11A- Analyze how physical characteristics of the environment influenced population distribution, settlement patterns, and economic activities in the United States during the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries. 13B- Identify the economic factors that brought about rapid industrialization and urbanization. 27A- Explain the effects of technological and scientific innovations such as the steamboat, the cotton gin, and interchangeable parts. 27B- Analyze the impact of transportation and communication systems on the growth, development, and urbanization of the United States. 27C- Analyze how technological innovations changed the way goods were manufactured and marketed, nationally and internationally. 27D- Explain how technological innovations brought about economic growth such as how the factory system contributed to rapid industrialization and the Transcontinental Railroad led to the opening of the west. 28B- Identify examples of how industrialization changed life in the United States.

Instructional Activities

Activity 1: Vocabulary Acquisition – Industrialization, Urbanization, Efficient, Interchangeable Parts, Labor, Agriculture, Access, Innovation, Transcontinental

A. Survival Words (See Instructional Strategies Handbook) B. Frayer Model (See Instructional Strategies Handbook)

Activity 2: Reading Comprehension-Free-Enterprise Modeling: Colonies Independent Practice: North and South

Activity 3: Reading Comprehension: Using the provided passages, students will identify the impact of new technologies on the United States.

Modeling: Erie canal, Mechanical Loom Independent Practice: Complete Graphic Organizer

Activity 4: Critical Thinking: Using the provided passages, students will identify the impact of new technologies on the United States.

Modeling: ―The Impact of Technology‖. Independent Practice: Mechanical Reaper, King Cotton, Water Transportation, Overland Transportation

Essential Question What are the economic benefits of science and technology?

Enduring Understanding

Historically, technological innovations make the production of goods more efficient, the cost of goods cheaper, and creates greater access to more efficient travel.

Free-Enterprise and Sectionalism I. Introduction

The colonists practiced mercantilism--an economic theory whereby the use of protective tariffs, trade monopolies, and a balance of exports can strengthen a nation’s economy instead of relying on imports –under European rule. However, colonists came to the New World because of a powerful economic incentive – i.e. personal profit.

The Founding Fathers expressed this incentive in the Declaration. They meant by ―pursuit of happiness‖ the freedom to pursue reasonable economic goals, free of government restrictions—such as mercantilism. The U.S. Constitution led to the development of a free enterprise system of economics by allowing for interstate trade and citizens having the same privileges and immunities in all states. Under free enterprise, businesses operate free from government involvement with private ownership of the means of production. II. Modeling - Colonies

Directions: Read the article carefully. Use four colored pencils or highlight pens to identify the characteristics of free enterprise: Land, Labor, Capital, Entrepreneurship. Complete the key using your pencils.

In the Middle Colonies, they had milder climates, good ports, land suitable for growing crops like wheat and corn and raising dairy animals; fresh water supply, fewer trees, open land. The area grew as a center for trade, manufacturing iron, and agriculture (medium-sized family farms which spread along rivers). Major port cities included Philadelphia and New York City.

The Southern Colonies had richer soil, mild climate, tidewater regions, large expanses of

unclear land, and accessibility to large navigable rivers. Crops such as tobacco, rice, and indigo were raised on plantations spread along rivers. Ports were along fall lines (Baltimore, Richmond). Indentured servants and enslaved individuals were used extensively for plantation labor.

Key Land Capital

Labor Entrepreneurship

Independent Practice – North and South Directions: Read the passage carefully. Use four colored pencils or highlight pens to identify the characteristics of free enterprise: Land, Labor, Capital, Entrepreneurship. Complete the key using your pencils.

The Northeast had cold winters and rocky soil. Because they were near the Atlantic Ocean, they had lots of coastline, fish, and forests. In New England, land did not give more than subsistence farming. Colonists developed other industries based on resources. Most cities were ports (Boston). Most people lived in villages and towns. Fishing, shipbuilding, trading (triangular trade), and whaling were ways of making a living. The climate and landforms in the Northeast limit farming and a high number of rivers provide waterpower for factories. Excellent locations for port cities encouraged shipping. During the Industrial Revolution the North developed an industrial economy with abundant waterpower (for powering machinery), ships for transportation, and an available labor force —women, children, and immigrants.

The spinning and weaving machines in cotton mills created the demand for cotton. The Northeast became connected to the West through roads, canals (Erie Canal), and railroads. Protective tariffs and embargoes protected new American industry from competition with the more advanced British.

The South has broader plains for farming and an excellent climate. The South developed a thriving economy based on commercial agriculture, supported by the labor of enslaved Africans. This plantation economy was based on cash crops of tobacco, rice, indigo, and cotton - which were all labor intensive. Broad, navigable rivers minimized the need for roads, canals, railroads, or major ports. However, Robert Fulton’s Steamboat helped connect the South to the North. The invention of the cotton gin by Eli Whitney changed the South by making cotton a profitable crop. This triggered a westward movement for new land and the South evolved into a one-crop economy with slaves providing the necessary labor force.

Key Land Capital

Labor Entrepreneurship

Industrialization and Urbanization

Directions: read the passage and complete the Graphic Organizer that follows.

Improved transportation systems in the North encouraged industrial expansion. Businesses shipped goods on rivers, the Great Lakes, and the growing networks of canals, roads and railroads between the North and the West. A canal is a channel dug and filled with water to allow ships to cross a stretch of land. Goods were shipped along canals on barges. The Erie Canal built by DeWitt Clinton provided a link between the Atlantic Ocean and the Great Lakes.

Turnpikes were paved toll roads where travelers paid a fee to use them. Once the toll was paid, the pike was turned or lifted and the vehicle was allowed to pass through. The National Road was the first federal road that linked Cumberland, Maryland with Wheeling, Virginia and later west to Vandalia, Illinois. It is sometimes called the Cumberland Road.

Changes in agriculture helped industrial development in the North. Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin. The cotton gin is a machine for quickly separating the cotton fibers from the seeds. The efficiency of the cotton gin created a greater need for cheap labor, and therefore created a need for more slave labor. Whitney also was the first to develop and apply the principle of interchangeable parts in manufacturing. Interchangeable parts are parts manufactured to be nearly identical to each other. This allowed for the quick manufacture and repair of machinery.

Improved steel plows, the cotton gin, and the grain-reaping machine helped farmers in the West and South produce more agricultural goods. These raw goods were then shipped along railroads and waterways to towns where the meatpacking plants, flour mills, and textile factories turned them into finished products. Robert Fulton invented the first steamboat, The Clermont. Steamboats cut travel time and the cost of moving goods and people. The invention of steamboats further helped connect the North and the South using rivers and waterways. People living in cities along steamboat routes benefited from the access to markets and from need for new businesses created by the steamboats.

The farm products began to support the populations of large urban, industrial areas in the North where factory workers could not produce their own food. Several entrepreneurs and inventors contributed to the development of the factory system. Samuel Slater brought the idea for a mechanical loom from England. Francis Cabot Lowell built a model textile factory in Massachusetts.

The cotton gin also supplied cotton to an ever-expanding textile factory system that utilized waterpower and then the steam engine for power to run the mills. The factories used the spinning jenny to spin thread, the power loom to weave cloth, and the sewing machine to stitch clothing. The factory system was a form of production in which many supervised workers tended machines under one roof. But sadly, child labor was used during this time to meet demands for labor.

Another increased demand was for iron engines and rails so that iron mining and smelting increased, as well. The need for metal to withstand higher temperatures under stress led to the development of the Bessemer process for smelting steel, which led to an increase in new steel factories.

Directions: Use the information from the passage to complete the table below.

Innovation Contribution to Industrialization How did these innovations change

society?

Who in American society benefited from these technologies?

Which groups benefited least or

not at all?

Erie Canal

made the production of goods more efficient

made the cost of goods cheaper

created greater access to more efficient travel

Steamboat




Factory System




Interchangeable Parts




Cotton Gin




Mechanical Loom




Steel Plow




The Impact of Technology Directions: Read the passage. With colored highlighters or pens, identify the two innovations that will be modeled as you read and their impact (interchangeable parts, and the steel plow) After reading the passage, complete the Graphic Organizer below.

The Impact on Business—Steam engines, mass production, steel for machinery, and manufacturing

through the use of interchangeable parts caused large businesses to replace small workshops. Invented by Samuel F. B. Morse, the telegraph sent electrical signals along a wire connecting. businesses from different parts of the country. The ability to communicate rapidly through the use of the telegraph increased business activity, profits and efficiency. Businesses utilized the developing transportation and communication systems to place their supplies, their production, and their business facilities in the same area.

The Impact on Labor—In the South, the cotton gin greatly increased demand for labor, and therefore slave labor. Cotton became a large-scale cash crop. Textile factories in the north were connected to the South through new transportation and communication systems.

Interchangeable parts, developed by Eli Whitney, improved the production and repair of parts and machinery. Parts were made alike so they could replace a part quickly if it broke. The development of the use of steam power instead of waterpower in factories, allowed factory owners to build factories almost anywhere, not just alongside swiftly flowing rivers.

In the North, small workshops skilled workers crafting products, were replaced with large-scale factories. This change resulted in a demand for cheap, unskilled labor in the factories that was met by women, children, and new immigrants.

The Impact on Transportation—The development of the clipper ships gave America a large share in the world trade market in the 1840’s and 1850’s. The successful engineering of canals and locks linked the North and West and made relatively easy and cheap to transport goods and people across the Appalachian Mountains. The development of the steam engine also made it possible for railroads, ships, and boats inexpensively to travel more quickly across America.

The Impact on Agriculture—The invention of the steel plow and the mechanical reaper revolutionized farming, making it possible for one farm family to feed dozens of city families. The steel plow, invented by John Deere, could be pulled by a horse rather than oxen and could prepare a field for planting much faster. The reaper, invented by Cyrus McCormick, was used to harvest wheat, rather than having to cut it down by hand. The Great Plains were turned into wheat fields. The invention of the cotton gin to clean cotton fibers led to the dominance of cotton as the major crop the South, and to an increased demand for slave labor to care for the cotton crops. The development of interchangeable parts ensured that there would not be a slowdown in the output of cotton to the north.

The Impact on the Environment—The building of large-scale factories led to large-scale pollution of waters and air. Construction of canals and railroads permanently altered the natural landscape. The expansion of farming led to deforestation. Mining increased in order to supply the metals needed for machinery. Industrialization led to large-scale cities with problems of sufficient clean water supply, waste disposal, overcrowded conditions, and eventually disease, poverty and starvation.

The Impact on Urbanization – The location of large-scale businesses and manufacturing centers near natural transportation routes and natural resources, encouraged the development of large cities with a supply of cheap and available labor. These urban centers concentrated first around the major industries and ports, but with the development of steam power, transportation and communication networks, industries were no longer limited to ports or riversides.

The Impact of Technology Directions: Complete using the reading. Not all categories will have an answer supported by the reading. Use only information that is supported in the reading.

Innovation Impact on: Describe the impact using the information from above:

Interchangeable Parts Business

Transportation

Environment

Labor

Urbanization

What was the new innovation?

Who was it developed by?

Why was it developed?

Where was it developed?

When was it developed?

Interchangeable Parts






Telegraph


Steel (including steel plow) Business

Transportation

Environment

Labor

Urbanization

In conclusion, new innovations are developed to make the production of goods more efficient, cheaper and to create access to more efficient travel. Using the innovations above, complete the graphic organizer below.

Impact

Historically, technological innovations or new industries:

From the passage, support your answer on the effects of the innovation.

make the production of goods more efficient

make the cost of goods cheaper

create greater access to more efficient travel

Passage 1: The Mechanical Reaper

Cyrus Hall McCormick revolutionized American agriculture through his invention and manufacture of the reaper. This machine opened vast new lands to farming and provided the food that fed Union soldiers during the Civil War and the urban dwellers in America's growing cities.

Cyrus grew up on his family's farm and obtained little formal education. However, he had an inventive mind, and in 1831, he patented a hillside plow that he had developed. Later that year, he tackled the problem of making a reaper, an invention his father had tried and failed to perfect.

After some success on his father's farm with a crude model, McCormick added parts, refined the mechanisms, and in late July 1831, gave a public demonstration at a nearby farm. In one continuous motion, a revolving drum on the horse-drawn reaper positioned stalks in front of a blade that cut them and sent the grain falling onto a platform.

Orders soon began to come in from the West, where larger fields and a shortage of harvest laborers made his invention necessary. He set up a central manufacturing plant for his McCormick Harvester Company in Chicago in 1847. McCormick Harvester was instrumental in making the Midwest the world's breadbasket and Chicago the nation's second-largest manufacturing city by the end of the century.

In the United States, the reaper boosted agricultural production. Now a single farmer could plant and harvest much larger acreage. The machine allowed European immigrants settling in the Midwest to farm lands previously considered insignificant and to farm them efficiently. The bigger grain harvests fed an urbanizing nation. During the Civil War these larger harvests not only fed Union troops but also helped the federal government make money when surplus grain was traded overseas for much-needed revenues.

McCormick contributed in other ways to a modernizing American business world. His use of field experiments were innovative, as were the testimonials he used in advertising, the installment plan he allowed customers to use in purchases, and the mass production he organized in his factory.

Reaping Hook" or Sickle With the sickle or reaping hook one man could cut from one-half to one acre in a hard day's work. The cut grain

was later bound by hand.

Cyrus McCormick invented the first practical grain reaper, and went into large-scale production of the farm machines in the 1840s. His invention (shown here in 1878) enabled a huge increase in grain production.

The Impact of Technology

Directions: Complete using the reading. Not all categories will have an answer supported by the reading. Use only information that is supported in the reading.


The Mechanical Reaper Business

Transportation

Environment

Labor

Urbanization






The Mechanical Reaper

Impact of the Mechanical Reaper.


From the passage, support your answer on the impact of the innovation.




Passage 2: King Cotton

The institution of slavery in the United States changed dramatically with the invention of the cotton gin in 1793. Plantations in the South had relied on slave labor throughout the 18th century to grow tobacco, rice, and sugarcane, as well as cotton. Because of this slave-based economy, millions of enslaved Africans had already been brought to the Americas. Slavery, however, was becoming less and less profitable. Slaves were even being freed in some states. But when Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin, cotton became a major cash crop, and the laborsaving machine actually increased the demand for slaves to harvest more and more cotton.

Paired with this, factories in the American North and English factories were calling for more cotton. At the same time, the cotton gin, which removed the seeds from raw cotton, enabled Southern cotton growers to speed up production. Now they could process in one day the amount of cotton it once took 50 workers to hand process! That meant they could grow and sell much more cotton. Many plantation owners switched to cotton from other crops.

Farmers wanted more land to grow cotton and more slaves to harvest and process it. Those desires helped to encourage western expansion (which meant the removal of American Indians from their homelands) and an increased slave population. The number of enslaved Africans in the United States rose sharply—it reached almost 4 million just before the Civil War.

Though slavery had long been part of Southern life, cotton cemented it as an institution. Cotton allowed more plantation owners to get rich. By the middle of the 19th century, more than two-thirds of plantation slaves were working cotton. Slave prices rose as well, with a male worker commanding more than three times the price in the 1850s as he had in the 1830s.

The cotton gin was a machine invented by Eli Whitney in 1793 to modernize the process of cleaning the seeds from cotton. The cotton gin could clean the seeds from 50 pounds of cotton in one day, compared to a laborer's one pound!


Directions: Complete using the reading. Not all categories will have an answer supported by the reading. Use only information that is supported in the reading


Cotton Gin Business

Transportation

Environment

Labor

Urbanization






Cotton Gin

Impact of the Cotton Gin






Passage 3: Water Transportation

At the time of America's founding, most people lived their entire lives in their local communities. Local transportation was by walking, riding a horse, or riding in a wagon or carriage pulled by a horse. For distances of a few miles, freight also moved by wagons, in barges on inland rivers or in sailing ships on the ocean.

On inland rivers, problems of navigation often presented the greatest challenge. To improve shipping by making it more efficient, canals were built to move freight and sometimes passengers between rivers and lakes. Many canals used horses or mules that pulled barges on tracks next to the waterway. Canals proved expensive to build, meaning that many canals companies were heavily in debt during the first several years of operation.

During the early 1800s, American inventors developed new ideas for providing power to machines, including those for transportation. A new idea was the steam engine, which provided radical new approaches for moving people and goods within the country and around the world. Ships and railroads were the first to benefit from the new technology. The steam engine made travel more efficient and more cost effective.

The first successful business application of steam to power American ships was for inland river steamboats. In 1807, using a steam engine he purchased in England, Robert Fulton demonstrated his concept for a steam-driven riverboat on the Hudson River between New York City and Albany, New York—a distance of 130 miles. His steamboat proved an immediate success. In 1811, Fulton demonstrated another steamboat running from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania on the Ohio River to New Orleans, Louisiana on the Mississippi River. It also was an immediate success and began a new era of steamboat travel. Soon, all of the navigable rivers in

America had steamboats. The steamboat was the first unique

American invention to open up the Midwest and the Prairie States to settlement. Wherever large rivers flowed, towns grew into cities by offering travel equipment and wagon trains for settlers going further west to start a new life. The cities were also collection points for shipping the products of the newly settled West back to the East. In particular, Saint Louis and Kansas City, Missouri owe their early success to the steamboats.

Because of the long distances between coastal cities, American ship owners needed

fast ships. Consequently, during the first half of the 19th century, American ship designers created a new design for sailing ships, the clipper ship. Clipper ships, which were developed during the 1830s, were even faster, sometimes traveling up to 20 miles per hour compared to around 8 miles per hour for the typical merchant ship. During the California gold rush in the early 1850s, clipper ships sailed between New York and San Francisco around the tip of South America in just over three months, whereas the trip on a merchant ship took on average six months.

Business activity along the Erie Canal.

Clippers were designed for driving through bad seas. In favorable weather they could go as much as 400 miles a day.




Steam Power (Shipping and Canals)

Business

Transportation

Environment

Labor

Urbanization






Steam Power (Shipping and Canals)

Impact of the Steam Boat






]

Passage 4: Overland Transportation

During the early 1800s, American inventors developed new ideas for providing power to machines, including those for transportation. A new idea was the steam engine, which provided radical new approaches for moving people and goods within the country and around the world. Ships and railroads were the first to benefit from the new technology. The steam engine made travel more efficient and more cost effective.

When steam power was first applied to land transportation in 1825, a new form of travel was created—the railroad. Previous to this development, horses had pulled wagons on wooden rails in a few American cities. The rails offered a smoother ride and more passengers for each horse than travel by wagons, but the cost of building and maintaining the roadbeds and taking care of the horses was high. The country needed a mechanical power source that could pull much larger loads at a lower cost, and a steam-driven locomotive met that need.

The transcontinental railroad crossed more than 2,300 miles of mostly undeveloped land across the western United States. The railroad companies wanted to populate these areas in order to generate additional business. The passage of the Homestead Act corresponded to the construction of the transcontinental railroad. Completed in 1869, the railroad linked Omaha, Nebraska with Sacramento, California, transforming an overland journey that had taken several months by wagon or stagecoach into one that lasted just five days by train.

The impact of the railroad cannot be overstated. Not only could people move more easily from one end of the continent to the other, but also farm products could be transported to distant markets with relative ease. Although the railroad owners made huge profits from the venture, farmers also had the opportunity to tap into markets that had previously been beyond their reach, thus encouraging further settlement and cultivation of land.

It was the new industries created by the Industrial Revolution that gained the most from the railroads. Trains hauled everything for them: coal to fuel their electric power generation needs, steel and concrete to build their factories, raw materials to create their products, mass transit to bring their workers to work, freight cars to ship their products to market, and even trains to haul their waste to disposal sites. Without railroads, the Industrial Revolution would have fizzled, and America would still be an agrarian country.

A train steams through a Midwestern town in the 1850s. The railroad industry began to replace stagecoaches as the nation's primary choice of transportation during the mid-19th century.




The railroad Business

Transportation

Environment

Labor

Urbanization






The railroad

Impact of the Railroad.






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