Slide 1

Innovative Smart Mini-Grid based Off-Grid Power Solutions for enhancing Energy Security in Rural and Urban ScenarioThe Energy and Resources Institute (TERI) is an independent, not-for-profit research organization focused on energy, environment and sustainable developmentMukesh Gujar, Alekhya Datta, Parimita MohantyTERI The Energy and Resources Institute, Darbari Seth Block, India Habitat Centre (IHC) Complex Lodhi Road, New Delhi 110 003, India

About TERI....Vision:

We will work towards global sustainable development, creating innovative solutions for a better tomorrow

Mission:

Tackle issues of concern to Indian society and the world at large and develop innovative and cost effective solutions.

Enhance networking for sustainable interventions.

Realize potential for national and international leadership as a knowledge based agent of change in the fields of energy, environment, other natural resources and sustainable development.

Inspire and reach out to diverse stakeholders for realizing a shared vision of global sustainable development.A case study on TERIs Smart Mini GridWhat is Smart Mini Grid (SMG) and how it is different from Normal Mini/Micro gridA Smart Mini Grid System is a subset of Smart Electric Grid and it is generally defined as an intelligent electricity distribution network operating at or below 11kV, providing electricity to a community;

It is supplied by a diverse range of Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) which includes small, conventional generators such as diesel gensets combined with a range of renewable generators such as micro-hydro power plants, wind turbines, biomass and solar photo-voltaic etc.

Smart Mini Grid can either be connected to the conventional utility grid or be isolated and provide electricity to a localized load only;

Smart Mini Grid is an application of digital information and communication technology (ICT) and uses advanced sensing, communication and control technologies to optimize electrical power generation and delivery and ultimately its end-use within the domain of the micro-grids;

Smart Mini Grid allows dynamic communication and balancing of the electrical network, thus minimizing losses and increasing the stability of the grid.With the depleting energy resources, enhancing energy-security (to avoid power blackouts) and energy-access, particularly in emerging economies is one of the major challenges that one has to deal with.

In addition to managing the existing energy resources, generating power effectively and intelligently is an equally important agenda at the national level in India.

Although Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) need additional infrastructure and investment to connect them to the grid, these technologies eliminate the need for an expensive transmission system and reduce transmission and distribution (T&D) losses.Maximum utilization of the renewable energy resources with a lower installed renewable energy capacity and smaller batteries can be ensured by coordinating the energy demands with the electricity production.

Use of any fossil fuel generation can be minimized through the more efficient control of energy loads

Power quality can be improved

Various initiatives taken by the nodal ministries (MoP, MNRE) of Government of India such as: R-APDRP, Smart Grid, ISGTF, ISGF, Micro-Grids, Mini Grids etc.

Why Smart Mini Grid?

Animated Photo of Location:3.2 kW Wind Generator10.5 kWp Solar PV1.0kWp Thin-film PV600 Ah, 48 V Battery Bank2.0 kWp Solar PV100 kW Biomass GasifierDiesel Generator 10.5kWp Solar Photovoltaic (Building Integrated Crystalline silicon based solar module) system installed on the roof of the North Block of the TERI Retreat;

2kWp Solar Photovoltaic (Crystalline silicon based solar module) system installed on the roof of the Biomass Gasifier building;

1kWp Thin-film based Solar Photovoltaic system on the roof of the South Block of the TERI Retreat;

3.3kW Wind Turbine Generator (WTG);

100kW Biomass Gasifier (woody) system in the Biomass Gasifier building;

Battery Bank of 48V, 600Ah for energy storage and,

Diesel Gensets/Utility Grid.TERIs Smart Mini Grid System has integrated following Distributed Energy Resources (DERs)

S.No.Parameters ( General Specification)Specification1MakeUnitron Energy System Private ltd.2Model No. UE333Rated Output3300 watt4Wind speed10.5 m/s5Peak output3650 Watt6 Rotor Diameter4.65 m7Unit weight77 kg8Monthly kWh@10352 kWh9Monthly kWh@12570 kWh10Cut in wind speed2.7 m/s11Tower Top Weight77 kg12Lateral Thrust1400 nts13Number of Blades314 Type of generatorPermanent Magnet Induction GeneratorSpecification of the wind turbineSl.No.AC output (users)Sunny Island 50481Nominal AC voltage (adjustable)230 V (202 V 253 V).2Nominal frequency (adjustable)50 Hz / 60 Hz (45 Hz 65 Hz)3Continuous AC power at 25 C / 45 C5000 W / 4000 W4AC output power at 25 C for 30 min / 1 min / 5 s6500 W / 8400 W / 12000 W5Nominal AC current / Max. AC current (peak)21.7 A / 120 A for 60 ms6Total harmonic distortion / phase shift (cos )< 3 % / 1 to +1AC input (generator or grid)7Input voltage (range)230 V (172.5 V 264.5 V)8Input frequency (range)50 Hz / 60 Hz (40 Hz 70 Hz)9Max. input current (adjustable) / Max. input power56 A (0 A 56 A) / 12.8 kWEfficiency / Operating consumption11Max. efficiency95%12Own consumption with no load / standby25 W / 4 W13Protection devices14DC reverse polarity / DC fuseyes / yes15AC short-circuit / AC overloadyes / yes16Over temperature / excessive battery dischargeyes / yesFeatures / Function173-phase systems / parallel connectionyes / yes18State of charge calculation / Full- / Equalization chrgyes / yes / yes19Integrated soft start / Generator supportyes / yesBattery DC input20Battery voltage (range)48 V (41 V 63 V)21Max. battery charging current / continuous charging current at 25 C120 A / 100 A22Battery type / battery capacity (range)Lead acid, NiCd / 100 10,000 AhSpecification of the Hybrid InverterSl.No.Input (DC)Sunny Mini Central 8000TL1Max. DC power8250 W2Max. DC voltage700 V3PV-voltage range, MPPT333 V 500 V4Max. input current25 A5Number of MPP trackers16 Max. number of strings (parallel)4Output AC 7Nominal AC output8000 W8Max. AC power8000 W9Max. output current35 A10Nominal AC voltage / range220 V 240 V / 180 V 260 V11AC grid frequency (self-adjusting) / range50 Hz / 60 Hz / 4.5 Hz12Phase shift (cos )113AC connection / power balancingsingle-phase / yesEfficiency14Max. efficiency98.0 %Protection devices15DC reverse polarity protectionyes16ESS DC load-disconnecting switchyes17AC short-circuit protectionyes18Ground fault monitoringyes19Grid monitoring (SMA Grid Guard)yes20Integrated all-pole sensitive leakage current monitoring unityesSpecification of the PV InverterLoad categorization at TERI RetreatBased on the load profile and availability of resources loads in RETREAT building has been divided in to three categories :

Essential Loads: These are those loads which need to operate in all conditions. In case there is an energy deficit, Intelligent Dispatch Controller (IDC) needs to prioritize the loads and in such conditions the loads categorized under essential would be on the top of priority.

Non-essential Loads: These are those loads which are low on the priority list and can be disconnected in case of energy crunch

Day Time Load: these are those loads which certainly operate in day time. This classification has been done with to optimally utilize the solar energy. Battery bank has been provided to store extra energy and at the other time supplement the day time loads in case solar alone is not able to meet the requirements.

Further day Time Load has been classified in Most Essential and Least Essential to meet the worst power condition when only battery is there to supply the load and that too for a long time.

Performance assessment of the SMGAmong other salient features, the resource optimization and the intelligent load management are the most attractive features of Smart Mini-Grid (SMG) system which is achieved through central controller which smoothly manages different resources to meet the load.

Region-I, IV: During this time interval, conventional resources supply to the loadRegion-II: In this time interval no sooner PV starts generating power the controller smoothly adjusts the power output from the conventional resources to maximize the generation from PV. Whenever load is more than PV generation controller smoothly taps the deficit power from conventional resource or battery.Region-III: In the similar manner when biomass gasifier started generating the power, controller again adjusted the power from different resources to optimally utilize them without disrupting the supply.

Unique features of TERIs Smart Mini Grid ModelIntegration of multiple DERs, ensuring maximum utilization of renewable energy sources;

Resource and load profiling, controlling and forecasting;

Centralized control (Intelligent Smart Dispatch Controller) for resource optimization and demand management;

Load prioritization (total loads have been classified into critical, essential and non-essential loads);

Integrated, high-speed, Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) based digital communication using NI LabVIEW (a software platform for acquiring data, sending and receiving controls) platform;

Real-time data acquisition and monitoring of several electrical, weather and physical parameters through installed sensors;

Minimized outages and fast response to network disturbances through automatic connect/disconnect of system components.Complete Single Line Diagram (SLD) of Smart Mini Grid System developed by TERI

#SMA Solar Technology: http://www.sma.de/en/Smart Mini Grid SCADA System and Controller Interface using NI LabVIEW DSC & RT-FPGA Modules

GUI has been developed in NI-LabVIEW software , it logs the data of all the parameter of the smart mini grid.Real-time Data Acquisition Dashboard of Smart Mini Grid System using NI LabVIEW

Data collected from the various data nodes are transmitted via Ethernet using Modbus Protocol and GSM modem using TCP/IP.Real-time PV Plant Monitoring Module of Smart Mini Grid System using NI LabVIEW

Real time data of wind turbine: Speed and direction

Real time load dataBenefits of Smart Mini GridFoster demand side management and demand side response;

Reduce power outages, increasing reliability, efficiency and safety of the grid;

Reduce carbon footprint and minimize fossil fuel consumption;

Provide better autonomy to customers to manage their electricity needs.

Allows distributed power generation to be coupled with the main grids and provide a two way power flow ( to import or export of power depending upon the requirements)

Reduction of the distribution losses

Reduction in peak demand and energy consumption by providing real time assessment of power consumptions.

Applications of Smart Mini Grid (SMG) SystemIndustrial and commercial complexes like shopping malls, hotels, hospitals etc;

Residential complexes such as apartments, townships;

Educational institutions;

Off-grid rural and peri-urban locations;

Telecom base-stations.Current ProjectSmart Mini Grid Design Consultancy for L&T ECC Kanchipuram campusA case study on TERIs Smart Off-Grid Plants Innovating to bring clean energy for livelihood generation in India' is one of the projects under the TERI-Framework Funding for Institutional Cooperation on Energy and Climate Change' signed between the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs (NFA) and The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI).

Under NFA, TERI has selected few off-grid sites in some of the district of Orissa. One of the sites is Patapolasahi which is in Choudwar district of Orissa. Geographic info for this site: latitude 20.6218N, longitude 85.84542E (in decimal degree) and average daily annual global radiation: 5.30 kWh/m2Project Brief.Designing, testing, and customization of clean energy technologies (e.g. solar, wind, battery chargers, and hybrids) for various livelihood generation activities (such as lighting, communication, drinking water, health services etc.)

Demonstrating the above technologies and assessing the impact on livelihood activities in select locations and creating local technical capabilities for their servicing. This is aimed at a comparative performance assessment of the various technologies at different locations and different applications.Objectives

Schematic of the Solar PV based Off-Grid plant

Actual Plant site with apparatus for Livelihood Generation

Solar Photovoltaic modules installed at the Roof top Plant components: Hybrid inverter, PV inverter , charge controller and Battery bankS.NoComponentsManufacturesDescription1Solar Photovoltaic ModulesSharp 80WpTotal Capacity 8kWp2Battery BankExide Tubular 12V, 150AhTotal 48V, 300 Ah3Hybrid InverterSMA SI 5048UHybrid inverter with inbuilt battery management systemPower frequency shift control4PV InverterSMA SMC 8000TLConnected directly with 7.68kWp solar modules5Sunny WebBoxSMA For monitoring the real time performance of PV plant 6Load Shedding Contactor C&S 48V, 40ATo prevent the battery from drainage7Charge Controller 80A, 48V320Wp is connected directly to CC to charge the batteryTechnical Configuration of the plant

Facilities at the SiteS.NoFacility Description1Organic Manure Mixture750W, 230VAC, 50Hz2Refrigerator205L Horizontal Cooler,230V AC, 50Hz, 500W3Wet grinder1.5kW, 230V, 50Hz,4Bottle Filler500W5Water purifier cum filter120W, 230V AC, 50Hz,50LPH storageSpecification of the Facilities in use

Performance Curves PV Power Output PV Voltage PV current S.NoComponentsRatingTotal Cost (INR)1Solar Photovoltaic Modules8kWp2Battery Bank48V, 300 Ah3Hybrid Inverter (SMA SI 5048U)5kVA4PV Inverter (SMA SMC 8000TL)8kVA5Sunny WebBox (SMA)6Charge Controller80A, 48V Total Cost 19, 26,800Costing of the Project Acknowledgement:

The authors gratefully acknowledge funding support received for a Program of activities under the Framework Agreement between the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA) and The Energy & Resources Institute (TERI) through Royal Norwegian Embassy and Department of Economic Affairs (DEA), Ministry of Finance, Government of India.National Instrument LabVIEW software (http://www.ni.com/labview)National Instrument Rugged and Reconfigurable Control and Monitoring System (http://www.ni.com/compactrio/)Retreat is a residential, multi facility complex equipped with modern facilities including conference halls, official and residential premises, laboratories and electricity demand of the complex varies quite widely depending upon the season, occupancy level of the residential premises, the number of conferences being held and several other factors.Robert H. Lasseter, PAOLO PIAGI ,Microgrid: A Conceptual Solution, PESC04 Aachen, Germany 20-25 June 2004Md Razibul Islam, Hossam A. Gabbar ,"Study of Micro Grid Safety & Protection Strategies withControl System Infrastructures ",Smart Grid and Renewable Energy, 2012, 3, 1-9ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 2006-2008 Asian Research Publishing Network (ARPN)S. S. Murthy, Life Senior Member, IEEE, Micro- Grid Integration with Renewable Energy in Indian Perspective.First Year Progress Report by India Smart Grid Forum (ISGF), December 2012.Report on India Smart Grid Day by AF Mercados Energy Markets India Pvt. Ltd. (AF Mercados EMI) and India Smart Grid Forum (ISGF), December 2012."Microgrids_The_BRICS_Opportunity_July_2012_Smart_Grid_Insights_Zpryme_Research(http://smartgridresearch.org/wp content/uploads/sgi_reports"Retreat is a residential, multi facility complex equipped with modern facilities including conference halls, official and residential premises, laboratories and electricity demand of the complex varies quite widely depending upon the season, occupancy level of the residential premises, the number of conferences being held and several other factors.National Instrument LabVIEW software (http://www.ni.com/labview)National Instrument Rugged and Reconfigurable Control and Monitoring System (http://www.ni.com/compactrio/)National Instrumentfield program gated array(FPGA),( http://www.ni.com/labview/fpga/)H.-M. Kim, T. Kinoshita, Y. Lim, Talmudic Approach to Load Shedding of Islanded Microgrid Operation Based on Multiagent System, Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology, Vol.6, No.2, pp.284-292, 2011. A. Misra, H. Schulzrinne, Policy-driven distributed and collaborative demand response in multi-domain commercial buildings, Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Energy-Efficient Computing and Networking (e-Energy 10), pp.119-122, 2010.R.H. Lasseter, The role of distributed energy resources in future electric power systems, Energy Systems Seminar, March 2006.C.M. Colson, M.H. Nehrir, A review of challenges to real-time power management of micro-girds, presented at Power & Energy Society General Meeting, Calgary, AB, Canada, July 2009R.H. Lassseter, Smart Distribution: Coupled Microgrids, Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol.99, Issue 6, pp. 1074-1082, June 2011.F. Katiraei, M. R. Iravani, Power management strategies for a microgrid with multiple distributed generation units, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol. 21, Issue 4, pp. 1821-1831, Nov. 2006.N. Hatziargyriou, H. Asano, R. Iravani, C. Marnay, Microgrids: an overview of ongoing research development and demonstration projects, IEEE Power & Energy, 2007. Available: http://eetd.lbl.gov/ea/emp/reports/62937.pdfReferences:Thanks for the attention !!!Mukesh Gujar, Research Associate ,TERIEmail-mukesh.gujar@teri.res.in