innovative strategies for financing quality child care
DESCRIPTION
Innovative Strategies for Financing Quality Child Care. Anne Mitchell Early Childhood Policy Research 2002. Outline of presentation. How we finance child care/early learning Lessons from other fields Innovative finance strategies Crafting solutions that will work here. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Innovative Strategies for Financing Quality Child Care
Anne Mitchell Early Childhood Policy
Research2002
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Outline of presentation
How we finance child care/early learning Lessons from other fields Innovative finance strategies Crafting solutions that will work here
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Child care is many things...
Child care centersFamily child care homes Head Start or public pre-k programsNursery schoolsSchool-age child care & recreationSummer camps “Informal” care (relatives, friends, and neighbors)Partial wage replacement (e.g. paid parental leave)Flex-time and other “family friendly” work policies
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The Challenge...Finding financing mechanisms that can…
educate & nurture children ANDsupport families ANDensure a strong workforce overall ANDprovide good jobs in child care
and are organized in a sensible framework
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3 fundamental premises
1. Nearly all families need help paying for child care/early education/out-of-school.
2. Services and infrastructure both need to be supported financially.
3. All the beneficiaries of quality care must contribute: not just families, but government and employers the public and the private sectors.
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How do we finance it now?
FamiliesFamilies pay for most of it (60%)
GovernmentGovernment pays for some (39%)
The Private SectorPrivate Sector contributes about 1%
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Government means...
Federal, state and local -- all have rolesGovernment generates revenue from
Taxes (income, sales and property)Fees (permits, licenses, lotteries, etc.)Other sources??
Allocates revenue in its annual budget among many categories
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The Private Sector means...
EmployersUnionsPhilanthropy, including
United WayThe faith communityBusiness and civic
leaders
Deciding how to use their resources...spacetimemoney
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Major federal govt. sources
Head Start = $6.7 Billion (all FY2002)
Child Care & Development Fund = $4.8BChild & Dep. Care Tax Credit = $2.7B tax year 2000
Child & Adult Care Food Program--$1.8BTANF (Temporary Assistance to Needy
Families) = $3.5B for child care transfer & direct
21st Century Learning Centers = $1B
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More federal sources...
Special Education (0-3s) -- $417 Million Special Education (3-5s) -- $390 Million Title I (preschool) -- $400 Million Title I (Even Start) -- $250 Million Early Reading First -- $75 Million Early Learning Opportunities Act -- $25 Million EC Educator Professional Development -- $15M
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What other fields?
TransportationHousingHealth careHigher education
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Lesson #1 from other fields#1 Public subsidies are available to
all families, regardless of incomeTransportation: fares are ‘subsidized’ for all ridersHousing: Sec. 8, Low-Income Housing Tax Credit,
mortgage tax deductionHealth: all seniors get Medicare, poor also get
MedicaidHigher Ed: Tuition same for all, financial aid
grants and loans
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Lesson #2 from other fields
#2 Public support is an economic development investment, not charityTransportation & Housing: public subsidies
are investments in the construction industryHigher Ed: public support is investment in
educated citizenry, financial aid has no stigma
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Lesson #3 from other fields
#3 Programs/projects receive BOTH direct financial assistance AND portable aidTransportation: direct capital aid and low
fares for ridersHousing: equity for building construction
and rent subsidies for familiesHigher Ed: direct appropriations to
colleges and financial aid for students
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Other fields Child Care
Public support for all families
Investment, not charity
Direct and portable aid
Nearly all public funds are for the poor
So, it must be charity..
NO! that’s double-dipping!
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How can we do a better job with financing?
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First, know where the money for child care comes from...
GovernmentGovernmentGenerate and allocate
public funds in.. Social & Human Services Health Education Justice/Crime Prevention Higher Education
PhilanthropyPhilanthropyGrants and donations
FamiliesFamiliesPay tuition and take
advantage of Tax CreditsFederal & state child care
tax credits, EITC, Child TCBusiness & UnionsBusiness & Unions
Dependent Care Assistance Plans
Direct tuition assistance
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MAXIMIZE current sources, then consider creating new sources via... Government Private Sector Public-Private Partnerships
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Exemplary Finance StrategiesGovernment: Property, sales and
income taxes, & general revenuesPrivate: Employers and philanthropyState-Local government partnershipsPublic-Private partnerships
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Finance Strategy:Property Tax
Seattle, WashingtonFamilies & Education Levy
raised property tax rate .23 mills per $1,000 of assessed value
generates average of $10 million per year$3 million is dedicated to child care (ages 0-15)
tuition assistance to working families program improvements (training, literacy projects)
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Finance Strategy:Sales Tax
Pitkin County, Colorado (Aspen).45% tax generates $1.7 million per yearAbout $600,000 for child care each year
40% to the Child Care Trust Fund60% for:
Child care resource and referral Grants to child care programs for improvements Tuition assistance to low-income working families
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Finance Strategy:Sales Tax
California’s Prop 10 tobacco sales taxEarly childhood development, broadly
defined: child care, health, family support, communication and research
$725 million annually80% to county commissions20% for statewide activities
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Finance Strategy:Income Taxes
Federal DCTC and state DC tax creditsbest practices: refundable, no income cap,
allowed expenses match cost of quality, indexed for inflation, big enough to matter
Colorado’s child care contribution tax credit = 25% of contribution amount up to $100,000 for any taxpayer (1998 = $3 Million in contributions, when limited to Enterprise Zones)
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Finance Strategy: State Government
Washington Child Care Career Development Wage Ladder
Pilot -- $4 million for 100-150 centers over 2 years
Raises of 50¢ to $4 an hour based on education and experience
Uses TANF reinvestment funds
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Finance Strategy: State general revenue - Higher Ed
Campus Child Care Fund in New YorkGrants to start, expand, renovate
and operate centers (renewable)$7.3 million annual from Higher
Education budget for SUNY/CUNY campuses plus $2.5 million in CCDF funds (total=$10.8M)
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Finance Strategy: State general revenue - Justice
Network of Children’s Centers in the Courts (New York)
Began 1994, now 22 centers offering free drop-in care for 47,000 children
Some also offer family support, comprehensive referrals (health, CHIP, WIC, Head Start, etc.)
$975,000 annually from Court budget plus $300,000 annually in CCDF funds
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Finance Strategy: Education
Early Childhood Program Aid (New Jersey)established in 1996 due to school finance equity
lawsuit Abbott v. BurkeSchool-day K and part-day preschool for 3- & 4-
year olds in 105 districts and full-day preschool in 30 districts
$310 M for 99-00 school year -- $99 million for preschool Uses TANF reinvestment funds
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Finance Strategy:State/local partnerships
Smart Start (North Carolina) 1 state and 100 county partnerships for
childrenchild care, health, family supportGoal: All children ready for school$220 million from state general revenue
plus $19 million in private contributions
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Finance Strategy:Private - Philanthropy
Child Care Matters -- in 5 counties in SE Pennsylvania (Philadelphia area)Community-wide initiative to improve quality of
child care, increase public/civic engagement, enact public policy and increase state and local financing
$14.1 million from William Penn Foundation and $3.75 million from United Way of SEPA
Began 1997, renewed through 2003
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Finance Strategy:Private - Employer
Bank of America (nationwide)Funded Dependent Care Assistance Plan
$152/child/month -- in addition to regular salary
$22 million annuallyBenefit: Employee turnover 50%
lower
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Finance Strategy: Public-Private PartnershipSan Francisco Child Care Facilities
FundCity, business, and philanthropy contribute
• Providian Financial Services -- $400,000• Miriam & Peter Haas Fund -- $300,000• City of San Francisco -- $200,000
Since 1998, raised $4.8 million and leveraged $10 million more (HUD) to make no-cost/low-cost loans to child care programs and family child care providers
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Finance Strategy: Public-Private Partnership
Florida Child Care Partnership Act (1996)State now budgets $10 million annually to
help working families afford child careIncentive for employer contributionsPublic sector and business contribute equallyGenerates additional $10 million (total=$20M)
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Solution #1: Maximize current sources
GovernmentGovernmentState and federal child
care funds, TANFHead Start, Early HSEducation: State Pre-KLocal districts (Title I,
21st Century Comm’ty Learning Centers)
Higher Ed, Justice, Health departments
FamiliesFamiliesEarned Income Tax CreditFederal & state child care
tax credit & child tax creditBusiness and UnionsBusiness and Unions
Dependent Care Assistance Plans for employees
Direct tuition assistancePhilanthropyPhilanthropyGrants and donations
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Solution #2: Create new sources
GovernmentGovernmentTax strategies Budget strategiesEndowment/Trust
Funds
Private SectorPrivate SectorScholarship Funds
Foundations, United Way, employers
Employers supporting their own employees
Public-Private PartnershipsPublic-Private Partnerships Scholarship/Facilities/Quality Funds United Way-Foundation Community Initiatives
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Solution #3: A better finance framework
We need a framework that...Encourages public AND private investmentADDs to what families already payWorks for ALL familiesHandles funds from multiple sourcesAdvances quality in all programsSupports infrastructure & services
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Remember “other fields”? Compare reliance on user fees
87%
41% 35%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Revenue from user fees
Child CareCentersPublicTransportationHigher Education
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Principles of finance
Maximize revenuegovernment, families, business, philanthropy
Expand/create new sources of revenuegovernment, employers, philanthropy
Diversify revenue sources Leverage through partnershipsInvest so price to families doesn’t increaseAdopt new frameworks, e.g. other fields
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Lessons on strategy
1. Child care and…2. Politically feasible opportunities3. Long-term thinking4. Multiple approaches, multi-faceted solutions5. Leaders, partners, nontraditional advocates6. Community variation
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The essential questions...
1. What are we financing?2. Who is it for?3. How much will it cost – how much more
money do we need?4. Who should pay for it?5. What are the financing mechanisms?6. How are we going to organize our
finances?
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Feasibility (is a new finance mechanism worth the effort?)
What is the revenue-generating potential (i.e., how much new money per year)?
Will the revenue increase or decrease over time?
Is it durable & sustainable?Is it winnable politically?
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Questions to consider...
Given the examples, principles, and lessons:
What are the strengths and resources --in our state, in our community -- to build upon?
How can we take action here?