inorganic fertilzer, vermicompost and water quality effect on vegetable farming along the river...

8/13/2019 Inorganic Fertilzer, Vermicompost and Water Quality Effect on Vegetable Farming Along the River Banks.

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Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org

ISSN 2224-32! "#a$er% ISSN 222&-'3( ")nline%

*ol.3, No.+!, 2+3

!+

Inorganic Fertilzer, Vermicompost and Water Quality Effect on

Vegetable Farming Along The Rier !an"s#

Beetseh I huwu, J e$art/ent of he/istry 0ni1ersity of Agriculture aurdi

Abstract

Inorganic fertilier , 1er/ico/$ost and water are a usual a$$lication on 1egetale far/ing along ri1er ans inorder to oost its $roduction , issues howe1er arising of interest fro/ these three are highlighted in this wor onri1er Benue ri1er an 1egetale far/ing . *er/ico/$ost a heterogeneous /i5ture of deco/$osing /aterialsin a dust in " 1egetales , 6ea ags , grains , read, cracers , cereals , eggshells , 7ea1es and grass cli$$ings %co/$osting using 1arious wor/s de1elo$ed within it fro/ flies showed that in 3 days at 28 concentration of1er/ico/$ost $lot of 9ed $e$$er "a$sicu/ annuu/% a $lant height of a1erage +:.:c/ was recorded whilethat of che/ical fertilier showed the sa/e $lant a height of +4.!c/ . ontrol $lot "without any a$$lication%showed +.'c/ height . At : days the inorganic fertilier a$$lied at 28 dose showed 2'.2c/ $lant height andin 1er/ico/$ost a$$lied $lots at the sa/e concentration dose, 33.4c/ of $lant height, was the result. A$$lying

these $roducts on 1egetale far/s using water along the ri1er ans of 9i1er Benue directly and indirectly rings to attention the uncontrollale hait of settlers along ri1er ans es$ecially in the refuse discharge anddefeacation which co/$ro/ises the water and the ;uality of $roducts of the far/s . <or carried out in elhi0ni1ersity in 2' showed that the a/ount of fecal /atter in ri1er water increased e5$onentially as entral#ollution ontrol Board #B ca/e out with its findings. 6he a/ount of =ecal colifor/ "=% > acteria"anaeroic , nons$orulating, rod-sha$ed acteria that $roduce acid and gas fro/ the fer/entation of lactose sugar?e.g., @scherichia coli, @nteroacter aerogenes, and lesiella $neu/oniae % a1ailale in hu/an and ani/alfeaces > has grown y as /uch as 3 ti/es as co/$ared to #B 1alues. *egetales grown on a/una ed ineast and south elhi are already nown to ha1e high = . 6he wor done on ri1er Benue at intae in the greaterwater wors $roCect showed the 1alue of colifor/ acteria as high as +! Beetseh and Aduluga "2+3% .any /illions of /icroorganis/s " though /ost are har/less in the hu/an intestinal tract% are liely to carry

$athogenic /icroes. olifor/s are used as indicators of sewage $ollutionD a high colifor/ count usuallyindicates recent sewage $ollution. i/$licating the 1egetale $roduction on the ri1er an which on consu/$tion

can ring one down with se1ere intestinal $role/s lie lood infections, sto/ach u$sets and idneydysfunction .6he a$$lication of /odern far/ing syste/ inno1ations in the study area y the far/ers will edifficult since /aCority of the/ are illiterates a/, #. . " 2+2 % es$ecially in the use of $ro$er toilet syste/s .According to the sa/e elhi 0ni1ersity 2' re$ort /entioned earlier the $roale $artial solution is to allowfor the growth of water hyacinth, which asors conta/inants and 1egetales to e re$eatedly washed andcooed. 9aw 1egetales on these ri1er ans should e a1oided .$ey%ords *egetales , =ertilier , 9i1er an *er/ico/$ost and =ar/ing .

Introduction

odern cro$ far/ing 1aries widely in its sco$e, ranging fro/ intensi1ely /anaged s/all $lots to co//ercialfar/s co1ering thousands of acres. Successful cro$ far/ers /ust e e5$ert at selecting the inds and 1arieties of

$lants that are ada$ted to their soils and cli/ate. 6hey /ust e silled in $re$aring soil and in $lanting, growing, $rotecting, har1esting, and storing cro$s. 6hey /ust e ale to control weeds, insects, and diseases, and theyneed good /areting sills to gain reasonale returns fro/ their cro$s . <ater is as 1ital for $lants as it is forother organis/s. 6he $ressure of water within the $lant cells hel$s the $lantEs lea1es to re/ain fir/. <ater alsois essential for /ost of the $lantEs ioche/ical reactions. In addition, water stores essential dissol1ed nutrients.How often $lants need water de$ends on how hot, dry, and windy the cli/ate is, how well the $lant tolerates dryconditions, and how dee$ the roots go into the soil. #lants can e watered at any ti/e of day. Howe1er, to a1oid

$lant diseases that thri1e in cool, /oist conditions and to reduce water lost through e1a$oration, gardeners waterin the early /orning, when the air is cool and still, ut the sun will soon dry the lea1es.6he est /ethod for watering $lants is to a$$ly the water directly to the soil, rather than o1er the to$s of the

$lants. 6he water should e a$$lied at a rate no faster than it can $ercolate into the soil so that the e5cess will notrun off and e wasted. 6his techni;ue reduces water lost through e1a$oration and ee$s lea1es dry, whichdiscourages diseases. A few tools for watering the soil efficiently include hoses with tiny holes all along theirsurface, called soaer hosesD $lastic tues with tiny holes $unched in the/ at inter1als for dri$ irrigationD and

$lastic Cugs with s/all holes $unched in the otto/, filled with water, and set eside a $lant. <atering large,densely $lanted areas, such as a lawn, re;uires a s$rinler. @1a$oration of water fro/ the soil can e /ini/ied

y co1ering the soil with a $rotecti1e layer nown as /ulch. ulch acts as a arrier that slows e1a$oration y





*ol.3, No.+!, 2+3

!2

reducing the a/ount of air and heat that reaches the soil surface. aterials that can e used as /ulch includelea1es, ar chi$s, grass cli$$ings, and cardoard. 9ecords of # a/ "2+2% on dry season 1egetale far/ingin Benue State has descried a s/all-scale 1egetale irrigation far/ing as a syste/ usually $racticed along ri1er

ans "flood$lains or =ada/a land% y far/ers who tae res$onsiility for the in1est/ent and /anage/ent of

their far/s. In Nigeria dry season 1egetale far/ing has its origin in thenorthern region. *egetale far/ing is/ore co//on, $o$ular and lucrati1e in towns on the Jos #lateau and along atsina Ala and Benue ri1ers . It is a/aCor econo/ic acti1ity during the dry season in1ol1ing /any youths "Iorua, Iyernu/ and ereu, 24,Ade$oCu and ung, +'''%.)ther areas of irrigation far/ing in Nigeria include 7ae had, oe 9i1er, anCia/, Sooto 9i1er Basin. Ade$etu "+'!'% and go1ern/ent effort to encourage dry season far/ing in thecountry led to the construction of large a/s such as iri a/ "for/er Fongola State%, 6iga a/ "ano State%,Baolori a/ "Sooto State% and adinowa a/ "Fo/e State%. According to records of Britannica@ncyclo$edia 2+ 1egetales are usually referred to the fresh edile $ortion of a heraceous $lantGroots,ste/s, lea1es, flowers, or fruit usually classified on the asis of the $art used for food. 6he root 1egetalesinclude eets, carrots, radishes, and turni$s. Ste/ 1egetales include as$aragus and ohlrai. A/ong the ediletuers, or underground ste/s, are $otatoes. 6he leaf and leafstal 1egetales include russels s$routs, caage,celery, lettuce, rhuar, and s$inach. A/ong the ul 1egetales are garlic, lees, and onions. 6he head, orflower, 1egetales include artichoes, roccoli, and cauliflower. 6he fruits co//only considered 1egetales y

1irtue of their use include eans, cucu/ers, egg$lant, ora, $eas, sweet corn, s;uash, $e$$ers, and to/atoes.odern 1egetale far/ing ranges fro/ s/all-scale $roduction for local sale to 1ast co//ercial o$erationsutiliing the latest ad1ances in auto/ation and technology. ost 1egetales are $lanted y seeding in the fieldswhere they are to e grown, ut occasionally they are ger/inated in a nursery or greenhouse and trans$lanted asseedlings to the field. uring the growing season hericides, $esticides, and fungicides are co//only used toinhiit da/age y weeds, insects, and diseases, res$ecti1ely. Har1esting o$erations are usually /echanied inwell-de1elo$ed nations, ut the $ractice of har1esting y hand is still e/$loyed in so/e areas or is used inconCunction with /achine o$erations. Another concern of the 1egetale far/er is $osthar1est storage, which /ayre;uire refrigerated facilities. Ho/e gardening $ro1ides 1egetales e5clusi1ely for fa/ily use. Aout one-fourthof an acre "one-tenth of a hectare% of land is re;uired to su$$ly a fa/ily of si5. 6he /ost suitale 1egetales arethose $roducing a large yield $er unit of area. Bean, caage, carrot, lee, lettuce, onion, $arsley, $ea, $e$$er,radish, s$inach, and to/ato are desirale ho/e garden cro$s.+ . VE&ETA!'E(

Figure ) !unches of carrots *+aucus carota# -ourtesy +an !urton./ature 0icture 'ibrary 12)2

ost fresh 1egetales ha1e a water content in e5cess of $ercent, with only aout 3.& $ercent $rotein and lessthan + $ercent fat. *egetales, howe1er, are good sources of /inerals, es$ecially calciu/ and iron, and 1ita/ins,

$rinci$ally A and .





*ol.3, No.+!, 2+3

!3

Figure 1 3nshelled peas# -ourtesy William Whitehurst.-orbis 12)2aret gardening $roduces assorted 1egetales for a local /aret. 6he de1elo$/ent of good roads and of /otortrucs has ra$idly e5tended a1ailale /aretsD the /aret gardener, no longer forced to confine his o$erations tohis local /aret, often is ale to s$ecialie in the $roduction of a few, rather than an assort/ent, of 1egetalesD atransfor/ation that $ro1ides the asis for a distinction etween /aret and truc gardening in the /id-2thcentury. 6ruc gardens $roduce s$ecific 1egetales in relati1ely large ;uantities for distant /arets. In the/ethod nown as forcing, 1egetales are $roduced out of their nor/al season of outdoor $roduction underforcing structures that ad/it light and induce fa1ourale en1iron/ental conditions for $lant growth.Freenhouses, cold fra/es, dry season , irrigation and hoteds are co//on structures used. Hydro$onics,so/eti/es called soilless culture, allows the grower to $ractice auto/atic watering and fertiliing, thus reducingthe cost of laour. 6o successfully co/$ete with other fresh /aret $roducers, greenhouse 1egetale growers/ust either $roduce cro$s when the outdoor su$$ly is li/ited or $roduce ;uality $roducts co//anding $re/iu/

$rices

2. FERTI'I4ER( =ertiliers are organic or inorganic sustances that are added to the soil to i/$ro1e the fertility of the soil, theycontain essential nutrients needed y $lant at a gi1en rate. =ertiliers are su$$lied to the soil in a for/ that it will

e con1enient for the $lant to asor the/ fro/ the soil. Inorganic fertiliers are fertiliers that are synthetic, thatare artificial for/ of $lant nutrients su$$ly. "Ngee, +''!%. 6he growing $lant re;uires nutrients such asnitrogen "N%, $hos$horus "#%, $otassiu/ "%, calciu/ "a%, sodiu/ "Na% and sul$hur "S% for soil fertility/aintenance and cro$ $roduction. 6hese nutrients ha1e s$ecialied functions and should e su$$lied to $lant atthe right ti/e and the right ;uantity According to the study of =iro, "2'% Nitrogen and #hos$horus are /aCornutrients re;uired y ora for $ro$er growth si/ilarly Sultana "2% found highest $lant height with thea$$lication of sa/e dose of $hos$horus. o/$ost contains 1ariale a/ounts of N, # and and is a 1alualesource of $lant nutrients. A/ong 1arious sources of organic /atter, 1er/ico/$ost ha1e een recognied asha1ing considerale $otential as soil a/end/ents recently, there is an increasing interest in the $otential of

1er/ico/$ost, which is a $roduct of a non-ther/o$hilic iodegradation of organic /aterials through interactions etween earthwor/s and /icroorganis/s, as $lant growth /edia and soil a/end/ent. hicen litter, whichconsists of chicen /anure /i5ed with sawdust, is an organic fertilier that has een shown to etter condition





*ol.3, No.+!, 2+3

!4

soil for har1est than synthesied fertilier.According to <ii$edia " =ertilier% 2+3 researchers at theAgricultural 9esearch Ser1ice "A9S% studied the effects of using chicen litter, an organic fertilier, 1ersussynthetic fertiliers on cotton fields, and found that fields fertilied with chicen litter had a +28 increase incotton yields o1er fields fertilied with synthetic fertilier. In addition to higher yields, researchers 1alued

co//ercially sold chicen litter at a +ton $re/iu/ "to a total 1aluation of !ton% o1er the traditional1aluations of :+ton due to 1alue added as a soil conditioner. )ther A9S studies ha1e found that algae used toca$ture nitrogen and $hos$horus runoff fro/ agricultural fields can not only $re1ent water conta/ination ofthese nutrients, ut also can e used as an organic fertilier. A9S scientists originally de1elo$ed the Kalgal turfscruerK to reduce nutrient runoff and increase ;uality of water flowing into strea/s, ri1ers, and laes. 6heyfound that this nutrient-rich algae, once dried, can e a$$lied to cucu/er and corn seedlings and result ingrowth co/$arale to that seen using synthetic fertiliers. ost of inorganic fertilier is 1ery high andso/eti/es it is not a1ailale in the /aret for which the far/ers fail to a$$ly the inorganic fertiliers to thecro$s in ti/e. )rganic /anure is easily a1ailale to the far/ers and its cost is low co/$ared to that of inorganicfertiliers. A$$lication of 1er/ico/$ost $roduced y iodegradale waste could e one of the /ostecono/ical and attracti1e /ethods of sol1ing the $role/s lie waste dis$osal and the re;uire/ent to increasethe organic /atter content of soil.

5#2 6ATERIA'( A/+ 6ET78+8'8&95#) (ubstrates0rea, N# as che/ical fertilier was $urchased fro/ the inistry of Agriculture aurdi. Soil analysis wasdone to now the lacing nutrients. *er/ico/$ost was $re$ared fro/ locally a1ailale /unici$al iodegradalewaste. Analysis was done in tri$licate "nL3% to now the actual co/$osition of /acro and /icro nutrients of soil ,the $H was neutral and 3&. te/$erature.

0rea was selected as a che/ical fertilier for the study of a$sicu/ annu/ cro$s.

Figure 5 Red pepper *-apsicum annuum courtesy &#R# Roberts 12)2 N# content in 1er/in-co/$ost $roduced was in the o$ti/u/ range re;uired for $lant growth, $H of co/$ostwas alaline suitale for $lant growth and acting as growth enhancer. *er/ico/$ost at concentrations of , &, +,+& and 28 was a$$lied in the field. Nearly aout 2 seeds were $lanted $er $lotD watering was done at alternateday on each $lot. onitoring was done at +& days inter1al $eriod. #lant height, nu/er of lea1es, nu/er of

uds etc. were /easured at +&, 3, 4&, and : dayEs inter1al $eriod. )n :th day all a$sicu/ annu/ $lant wereu$rooted to study the fresh wt. and dry wt. io/ass. A co/$arati1e data was $re$ared etween each le1elfertilier concentration on which $lants were grown.

5,1 +etermination of Total -oli:form !acteria

+/l of /ac coney roth was filled in +& ottles using sterile syringe. 6he in1erted urha/ tues were insertedin each of the ottles and the autocla1ed for +&/inutes at +2+o. the ottle were then re/o1ed and $laced in asterile en1iron/ent . +/l of the water sa/$les was inoculated in the first fi1e ottles . +/l of water was

inoculated in the second fi1e ottles while .+/l of water was inoculated into the last fi1e ottles. 6he ottleswere e$t in an incuator and oser1ed at the end of 24 and 4!hours for $resu/$ti1e and confir/atory testres$ecti1ely . 6he nu/er of $ositi1e ottles indicated y colour and gas for/ation in each of the rolls were





*ol.3, No.+!, 2+3

!&

recorded and co/$ared with the acterial load in a ac coney tale. 6his $rocedure was re$eated for all thewater sa/$les ")N<9I, +''%,

5#5 +etermination of +issoled 8;ygen

6he dissol1ed o5ygen /eter "/odel '+ /ade y the HAH co/$any% was used. 6he /eter was switched on

and the $roe i//erge into distilled water to rinse and adCust the 1alue to ero reading. 6he $roe was theni//erged into the water sa/$les and the reading was recorded. 6he $rocedure was re$eated for all the watersa/$les.

<#2 RE(3'T(

Table <#) &ro%th parameters of -apsicum annum after application of 3rea

SN )ser1ationafter +& ays

8"ontrol%"A1gMS%

&8"A1gMS%

+8"a1g MS%

+&8"A1g M S%

28"A1g MS%

+. Height "c/% 4.: M .3 4.' M .+ &.: M .& :.' M.3 !.4 M .+

2. No. of lea1es 2.'M .+ 3.+ M .3 3.!M.2 4.!M.: &.+M.4

3. No of uds .'M.2 +.+M.+ +.' M.& 2.: M .4 3.! M .+

SN )ser1ationAfter 3 ays

8"ontrol%"A1gMS%

&8"A1gMS%

+8"a1g MS%

+&8"A1g M S%

28"A1g MS%

+. Height "c/% +.' M .3 +2.2 M .4 +3.!M .: +4.2 M.+ +4.! M .4

2. No. of lea1es &.2M .+ .2 M .+ !.&M.3 '.+M.+ '.:M.2

3. No of uds 3.3M.2 +3.&M.+ 3.' M.4 4.3 M .2 &.' M .3

SN )ser1ationAfter 4& ays

8"ontrol%"A1gMS%

&8"A1gMS%

+8"a1g MS%

+&8"A1g M S%

28"A1g MS%

+. Height "c/% 23.& M . 2:. M .+ 2.+ M .3 2!.2M.+ 2'.2 M .&

2. No. of lea1es '.4M .3 +.3 M .! ++.2M.+ +2.'M.3 +3.'M.:

3. No of uds 4.2M.2 4.&M.: 4.!M.+ &.2 M .& :. M .+

SN )ser1ationAfter : ays

8"ontrol%"A1gMS%

&8"A1gMS%

+8"a1g MS%

+&8"A1g M S%

28"A1g MS%

+. Height "c/% 3+.2 M .& 32.' M .2 33.& M .+ 34.4 M. 3&.+ M .'

2. No. of lea1es +.3M .+ +3.& M .3 +&.+M.: +.4M.+ +!.+M.+

3. No of uds :.'M.' .2M.+ .: M.3 2.'M . !.2 M .2

4. No of fruits .3M.3 .'M.+ !.& M.+ !.'M .2 '.&M .+

&. =resh wt. "g% +.:M.3 +!.+M.& +'.4 M.+ 22.+M .2 24.3 M .+

:. ry wt. "g% &.32M.+ :.++M.: .+2 M.4 '.+3M .: +.3+M .3

Table <#1 &ro%th parameter of -apsicum annum after application of ermin:compost at arious +oses

*n=5SN )ser1ation

After +& ays8"ontrol%"A1gMS%

&8"A1gMS%

+8"a1g MS%

+&8"A1g M S%

28"A1g MS%

+. Height "c/% 4.: M .3 :.' M .! .:M .3 !.'M.+ '.&M .&

2. No. of lea1es 2.'M .+ 3.: M .2 4.&M.+ &.:M. &.'M.+

3. No of uds .'M.2 2.+M.& 2.M.: 3.:M .2 4.&M .:

SN )ser1ationAfter 3 ays

8"ontrol%"A1gMS%

&8"A1gMS%

+8"a1g MS%

+&8"A1g M S%

28"A1g MS%

+. Height "c/% +.' M .3 +3.2M .4 +4.!M .+ +&.4M.' +:.:M .+

2. No. of lea1es &.2M .4 !.4 M .+ '.+M.! '.:M.2 +-.:M.43. No of uds 3.3M.2 &.'M.2 :.+M.& :.! M .+ .&M .:





*ol.3, No.+!, 2+3

!:

SN )ser1ationAfter 4& ays

8"ontrol%"A1gMS%

&8"A1gMS%

+8"a1g MS%

+&8"A1g M S%

28"A1g MS%

+. Height "c/% 23.& M . 2!. M .& 3.+M .: 32.2M.+ 33.4 M .22. No. of lea1es '.4M .3 +2.' M .+ +3.:M.2 +44M.+ +&.&M.:

3. No of uds 4.2M.2 .'M.' !.+M.+ !.:M .! '.2 M .3

SN )ser1ationAfter : ays

8"ontrol%"A1gMS%

&8"A1gMS%

+8"a1g MS%

+&8"A1g M S%

28"A1g MS%

+. Height "c/% 3+.2 M .& 3:.4M .: 3.&M .3 3'.4M.+ 4.M .&

2. No. of lea1es +.3M .+ +:.'M .+ +.!M.& +!.3M.4 +'.!M.2

3. No of uds :.'M.' !.+M.2 !.4M.& '.4M .3 +.3M .+

4. No of fruits .3M.3 '.3M.& +.4 M.+ '.4M .3 +2.'M .

&. =resh wt. "g% +.:M.: 23.'M.+ 24.!M.3 2.+M .: 2.'M .4

:. ry wt. "g% &.32M.3 !.:&M. '.2+ M.2 +3.&M .+ +3.3!M .2

<#5 Results of dissoled o;ygen and fecal count: bacterial load of rier !enue at inta"e and after treatment

A> Ra% %ater source !> Treated %ater from old %ater %or"s -> Treated %ater from ne% %ater

%or"s

A+ A2 A3 A( B+ B2 B3 B( + 2 3 (

)2"S% 4. 4. 4.2 4.: &.2 &.2 &.+ &.+: &.& &.4 &.4 &.4

Bacterial +! +! +! 2&+33.3 + 2 +

?# 2 +I(-3((I8/(

In *er/ico/$ost $lot at 28 concentration, on +&th day, $lant height was '.&c/ , the leaf nu/er and uds of the $lants were /ore that of che/ical fertilier. )n 3

th day at 28 concentration of 1er/ico/$ost

height of $lant was +:.:c/ and that of che/ical fertilier was +4.!c/ res$ecti1ely. 6he control $lot showed

+.'c/ height . )n 3th

day che/ical fertilier and 1er/ico/$ost $lants recorded 2'.2c/ $lant height, +3.'nu/er. of lea1es and :. nu/er of uds and 33.4c/ of $lant height, +&.& nu/er of lea1es and '.2 nu/er oflea1es and '.2 nu/er of uds res$ecti1ely .6his $attern has shown clearly o1er ti/e and is consistent and yetthe acterial load of +! is of concern and will e discussed in the conclusion cha$ter.

@ #2 -8/-'3(I8/ .A/ong 1arious sources of organic /atter, 1er/ico/$ost ha1e een recognied as ha1ing considerale $otentialas soil a/end/ents . ost of inorganic fertilier is 1ery high and so/eti/es it is not a1ailale 1er/ico/$ost at+&8 and 28 concentration dose showed highest result for $lant growth $ara/eters co/$ared to che/icalfertilier and control $lots. 28 1er/ico/$ost is eneficial for $lant growth and is econo/ically realiale .<hen a$$lied at a$$ro$riate doses acts as hel$ in soil nutrient restoration for the $roduction of 1egetales . 6he

$resence of o5ygen in water to the 1alue of 4/gl as shown ao1e /aes it useful for $lant growth , ut thefecal count of +! in the sa/e water draws attention on the cro$s grown in the sa/e 1icinity . 6aing raw

1egetales lie garden eggs , carrots, onions and $e$$er nor/ally eaten as s$ices can $ose $ossile danger.

#2 RE-866E/+ATI8/(

*egetale far/ing, co/$ared with other ty$es, re;uires sustantial sills and luc to e successful. Frowers/ust e ade$t at $roducing high-;uality, attracti1e 1egetales that the $ulic will want to uy. 6hey /ust enowledgeale aout soil $re$aration, $lanting and growing cro$s, weed and $est control, and water/anage/ent. 6hey /ust har1est and handle their $roducts carefully to /aintain ;uality, and they /ust de1elo$and follow well-$lanned sales strategies. istaes, o1ersights, $oor weather, or ad luc can render a 1egetalecro$ unsightly and unsalale or reduce yields elow $rofitale le1els. =ro/ the results otained, co/$ost /anureis herey reco//ended for the $roduction of 1egetales due to their $ronounced effects on the growth and yieldof 1egetales. 6oilet facilities and general residential areas to e cited away fro/ culti1ation $oints to a1oidconta/ination.

REFERE/-E(Journal of @n1iron/ental Issues and Agriculture in e1elo$ing ountries *ol. 4, No. +, A$ril 2+2 +! a/, #.





*ol.3, No.+!, 2+3

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.A9I6HA7INFA, 2.,+'!!, Studies on the effect of Aos$irillu/, nitrogen and NAA on growth and yield of

chilli. South Indian Horticulture, 3:?2+!.A9I6HA7INFA, S. AN BA7ASI9HNAN, 9., +'!!, Studies on the effect of Aos$irillu/, nitrogen and

NAA on groundnut and chilli "a$sicu/ annu/% c1. -+. South Indian Horticulture, 3:"4%? 2+!-2+'.ANB09ANI, A., ANI*ANNANA, . AN A900FA-SHAI7A, 23, integrated nutrient and weed

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<A6@9 <)9S IN A09I 0ni1ersity of Agriculture aurdi B@N0@ S6A6@ NIF@9IA 2+3



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