inovation & entrepreneurship by : rudy wawolumaja universitas kristen maranatha
DESCRIPTION
INOVATION & ENTREPRENEURSHIP by : Rudy Wawolumaja Universitas Kristen Maranatha. SESSION 2. INNOVATION (1). Rudy Wawolumaja / Universitas Kristen Maranatha. “Quote”. “ All things are created twice, the first creation is mental creation, the second creation is physical creation”. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: INOVATION & ENTREPRENEURSHIP by : Rudy Wawolumaja Universitas Kristen Maranatha](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051820/56812a67550346895d8de7ee/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
INOVATION &INOVATION &ENTREPRENEURSHIPENTREPRENEURSHIP
by : Rudy Wawolumaja
Universitas Kristen Maranatha
![Page 2: INOVATION & ENTREPRENEURSHIP by : Rudy Wawolumaja Universitas Kristen Maranatha](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051820/56812a67550346895d8de7ee/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
2
SESSION 2
Rudy Wawolumaja / Universitas Kristen Maranatha
INNOVATION (1)INNOVATION (1)
![Page 3: INOVATION & ENTREPRENEURSHIP by : Rudy Wawolumaja Universitas Kristen Maranatha](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051820/56812a67550346895d8de7ee/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
“All things are created twice, the first
creation is mental creation, the second
creation is physical creation”
“Quote”
Steven R. Covey
(Seven Habits of Highly Effective People)
![Page 4: INOVATION & ENTREPRENEURSHIP by : Rudy Wawolumaja Universitas Kristen Maranatha](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051820/56812a67550346895d8de7ee/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
4
Outline
SESI 2:
1. Inovasi & kreativitas
2. Inovasi merubah wajah dunia (tinjauan sejarah)
SESI 3:
3. Model Inovasi.
4. Apakah perkembangan teknologi modern akhirnya membawa manfaat atau malapetaka bagi umat manusia.
![Page 5: INOVATION & ENTREPRENEURSHIP by : Rudy Wawolumaja Universitas Kristen Maranatha](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051820/56812a67550346895d8de7ee/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
5
• Zimmerer (1996): “Creativity is the ability to develop new ideas and to discover new ways of looking at problems and opportunities”
• “Innovation is the ability to apply creative solutions to those problems and opportunities to enhance or to enrich people’s life”
CREATIVITY – THINKING NEW THINGS
INNOVATION – DOING NEW THINGS
![Page 6: INOVATION & ENTREPRENEURSHIP by : Rudy Wawolumaja Universitas Kristen Maranatha](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051820/56812a67550346895d8de7ee/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
6
Pola berpikir & bertindak entrepreneur :
berpikir dan melakukan sesuatu yang baru ATAU melakukan sesuatu yang lama dengan cara yang baru. (thinking and doing new things or old things in new ways).
Dengan kata lain :
Entrepreneur dalam entrepreneurship yg ideal (Drucker) adalah kreatif dan inovatif.
![Page 7: INOVATION & ENTREPRENEURSHIP by : Rudy Wawolumaja Universitas Kristen Maranatha](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051820/56812a67550346895d8de7ee/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
7
INOVASI MERUBAH WAJAH DUNIA
Tinjauan sejarah peradaban ditinjau dari teknologi:
1. Era jaman batu
2. Era jaman perunggu
3. Era jaman besi
4. Era Industrialisasi / mekanisasi
5. Era Informasi
6. Era Bioteknologi
![Page 8: INOVATION & ENTREPRENEURSHIP by : Rudy Wawolumaja Universitas Kristen Maranatha](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051820/56812a67550346895d8de7ee/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
8
Morgan : technology.
Morgan membagi 3 tahap evolusi sosial :
1. Savagery – primitif , ditandai dengan teknologi seperti : api, busur/panah, keramik/tanah liat.
2. Barbarian – barbar, ditandai dengan teknologi domestication of animal (memanfaatkan binatang), agriculture (pertanian), metalworking.
3. Civilisation – peradaban, ditandai dikenalnya aksara dan tulisan.
![Page 9: INOVATION & ENTREPRENEURSHIP by : Rudy Wawolumaja Universitas Kristen Maranatha](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051820/56812a67550346895d8de7ee/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
9
White: "the primary function of culture" is to "harness and control energy."
White mengukur perkembangan / evolusi budaya dari penggunaan energi:
1. Penggunaan tenaga otot sendiri
2. Memanfaatkan binatang, domesticated animals
3. Memanfaatkan energi dari tumbuh-tumbuhan.
4. Memanfaatkan sumber energi alam: batu bara, minyak bumi, gas.
5. Memanfaatkan energi nuklir.
![Page 10: INOVATION & ENTREPRENEURSHIP by : Rudy Wawolumaja Universitas Kristen Maranatha](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051820/56812a67550346895d8de7ee/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
10
Lenski : Information
Lenski takes a more modern approach and focuses on information. The more information and knowledge (especially allowing the shaping of natural environment) a given society has, the more advanced it is. He identifies four stages of human development, based on advances in the history of communication.
1. In the first stage, information is passed by genes.
2. In the second, when humans gain sentience, they can learn and
pass information through by experience.
3. In the third, the humans start using signs and develop logic.
4. In the fourth, they can create symbols, develop language
and writings. Advancements in the technology of communication translates into advancements in the economic system and political system, distribution of goods, social inequality and other spheres of social life.).
![Page 11: INOVATION & ENTREPRENEURSHIP by : Rudy Wawolumaja Universitas Kristen Maranatha](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051820/56812a67550346895d8de7ee/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
11
He also differentiates societies based on their level of technology, communication and economy: (1) hunters and gatherers, (2) simple agricultural, (3) advanced agricultural, (4) industrial (5) special (like fishing societies)
![Page 12: INOVATION & ENTREPRENEURSHIP by : Rudy Wawolumaja Universitas Kristen Maranatha](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051820/56812a67550346895d8de7ee/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
12
Alvin Toffler membagi jaman ini dalam 3 gelombang:
1. Gelombang pertama (Agriculture)
2. Gelombang kedua (Industri)
3. Gelombang ketiga (Informasi)
PERUBAHAN ERA & GELOMBANG dipicu oleh adanya perubahan / terobosan dalam :
1. Cara berpikir, cara memahami realita dunia (fisik, sosial ekonomi)
2. Penemuan dalam teknologi.
![Page 13: INOVATION & ENTREPRENEURSHIP by : Rudy Wawolumaja Universitas Kristen Maranatha](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051820/56812a67550346895d8de7ee/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
13
Inovasi merubah wajah dunia
Waktu - abad15 18
Knowledge
&ability 21
![Page 14: INOVATION & ENTREPRENEURSHIP by : Rudy Wawolumaja Universitas Kristen Maranatha](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051820/56812a67550346895d8de7ee/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
14
Inovasi merubah wajah dunia
• Peradaban Barat, dari thn 0 – abad ke 14 tidak banyak perubahan wajah dunia, dunia barat pada masa itu disebut Dark Age – masa kegelapan.
• Kecepatan perubahan ini makin tinggi setelah abad ke 15-16 dan setelah jaman pencerahan (Enlightenment – Aufklarung), dimana kebebasan berpikir kritis dan pengetahuan memberi pencerahan.
• Francis Bacon mengemukakan metodologi saintifik, yaitu metodologi objektif untuk mendapatkan pengetahuan objektif.
![Page 15: INOVATION & ENTREPRENEURSHIP by : Rudy Wawolumaja Universitas Kristen Maranatha](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051820/56812a67550346895d8de7ee/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
15
Inovasi merubah wajah dunia
Perubahan besar terjadi dalam era “Revolusi Industri” pada abad ke 18 :
• Perubahan drastis cara manusia berproduksi, tenaga manusia / binatang disubstitusi dengan tenaga yang didapat dari bahan baku fosil (batu bara – minyak bumi). (Mesin uap, motor bakar, turbin, pemanfaatan listrik).
• Mekanisasi• Perubahan dalam metoda berproduksi
(scientific management Taylor)
![Page 16: INOVATION & ENTREPRENEURSHIP by : Rudy Wawolumaja Universitas Kristen Maranatha](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051820/56812a67550346895d8de7ee/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
16
Perkembangan teknologi penggerak mula , tonggak penemuan (abad 18-19):
penemuan turbin uap (Giovanni Branca – Italian-1629), Mesin uap (James Watt – British-1769), Turbin gas (John Barber-British-1791), Locomotive uap (Richard Trevithick-British-1804), Locomotive Kereta api (George Stephenson-British-1814), Motor bakar – Internal Combustion Engine (fourcycle) (Nikolaus August Otto – German-1877), Automobile engine (Karl Benz-1879), turbin uap (CA Parsons-British-1884, CG de Laval – Swedish-1889), mesin Diesel (Rudolf Diesel – German – 1893), Gasoline Automobile (CE Duryea & JF Duryea- USA-1893).
![Page 17: INOVATION & ENTREPRENEURSHIP by : Rudy Wawolumaja Universitas Kristen Maranatha](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051820/56812a67550346895d8de7ee/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
17
A Watt steam engine in Madrid. The development of the steam engine started the industrial revolution in Great Britain. The steam engine was created to pump water from coal mines, enabling them to be deepened.
Newcomen's atmospheric steam engine
![Page 18: INOVATION & ENTREPRENEURSHIP by : Rudy Wawolumaja Universitas Kristen Maranatha](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051820/56812a67550346895d8de7ee/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
18
General Motors Electromotive Division V16 264.7 L 6300 hp (4700 kW) Rail Locomotive engine
Mercedes Benz MBE 4000 350-450HP (261-336Kw)
Caterpillar C15 15.2 L 435–625 hp (324–466 kW)
![Page 19: INOVATION & ENTREPRENEURSHIP by : Rudy Wawolumaja Universitas Kristen Maranatha](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051820/56812a67550346895d8de7ee/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
19
A Pratt and Whitney turbofan engine for the F-15 Eagle is tested at Robins Air Force Base, Georgia, USA. The tunnel behind the engine muffles noise and allows exhaust to escape. The mesh cover at the front of the engine (left of photo) prevents debris—or people—from being pulled into the engine by the huge volume of air rushing into the inlet.
Jet engine airflow simulation
![Page 20: INOVATION & ENTREPRENEURSHIP by : Rudy Wawolumaja Universitas Kristen Maranatha](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051820/56812a67550346895d8de7ee/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
20
Perkembangan teknologi listrik, tonggak penemuan (abad 18-19):
Penemuan Motor listrik (Faraday-British-1821), Dinamo/generator listrik (Faraday-British-1831), Lampu filamen (Thomas A Edison-USA, Sir Joseph Wilson Swan-British-1879), AC Transformer (William Stanley-USA-1885), AC Motor (Nikola Tesla-USA-1872), Lampu Neon (George Claude-French-1911), lampu Mercury (Peter Cooper Hewitt-USA-1912).
![Page 21: INOVATION & ENTREPRENEURSHIP by : Rudy Wawolumaja Universitas Kristen Maranatha](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051820/56812a67550346895d8de7ee/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
21
![Page 22: INOVATION & ENTREPRENEURSHIP by : Rudy Wawolumaja Universitas Kristen Maranatha](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051820/56812a67550346895d8de7ee/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
22
![Page 23: INOVATION & ENTREPRENEURSHIP by : Rudy Wawolumaja Universitas Kristen Maranatha](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051820/56812a67550346895d8de7ee/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
23
![Page 24: INOVATION & ENTREPRENEURSHIP by : Rudy Wawolumaja Universitas Kristen Maranatha](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051820/56812a67550346895d8de7ee/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
24
Perkembangan dalam teknologi tekstil, tonggak penemuan (abad 18-19):
penemuan spinning jenny -mesin pintal (James Hargreaves-British-1764), Spinning frame - pintal (R Arkwright- British 1769), Cotton gin - mesin pemisah biji kapas (Eli Whitney -USA-1793), Jacquard Loom - tenun Jacquard (Joseph Marie Jacquard - French - 1800), Pattern Loom-mesin tenun corak (Jacquard, 1801)., Flying shuttle (teropong tenun), mesin carding (John Kay), perbaikan penenunan (Samuel Crompton).
![Page 25: INOVATION & ENTREPRENEURSHIP by : Rudy Wawolumaja Universitas Kristen Maranatha](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051820/56812a67550346895d8de7ee/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
25
![Page 26: INOVATION & ENTREPRENEURSHIP by : Rudy Wawolumaja Universitas Kristen Maranatha](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051820/56812a67550346895d8de7ee/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
26
A Turkish woman in Konya works at a traditional loom. Vertical looms were probably the first to be invented.
![Page 27: INOVATION & ENTREPRENEURSHIP by : Rudy Wawolumaja Universitas Kristen Maranatha](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051820/56812a67550346895d8de7ee/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
27
![Page 28: INOVATION & ENTREPRENEURSHIP by : Rudy Wawolumaja Universitas Kristen Maranatha](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051820/56812a67550346895d8de7ee/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
28
![Page 29: INOVATION & ENTREPRENEURSHIP by : Rudy Wawolumaja Universitas Kristen Maranatha](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051820/56812a67550346895d8de7ee/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
29
• Perkembangan teknologi diatas mengiringi era industri modern, yang ditandai dengan mekanisasi dalam produksi, pola bekerja yang berubah. Dalam era tradisional pertanian produksi lebih merupakan industri rumah dan pertukangan dimana si tukang mengerjakan dari awal sampai akhir produk, dikenal dengan tukang kayu, tukang besi, tukang sepatu, tukang jahit, tukang kerajinan perhiasan.
• Pada era industri modern yang ditandai dengan tumbuhnya pabrik-pabrik besar dengan cerobong asap yang sangat pekat mengotori udara, muncul kelas baru yang disebut dengan buruh pabrik yang mempunyai pekerjaan yang sangat monoton, sangat spesialisasi pada satu stasiun kerja, dengan waktu kerja yang panjang dan pembagian shift dimana pabrik berjalan 24 jam/hari.
![Page 30: INOVATION & ENTREPRENEURSHIP by : Rudy Wawolumaja Universitas Kristen Maranatha](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051820/56812a67550346895d8de7ee/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
30
A farmer in Germany works the land in the traditional way with a horse and plough.
Farming, ploughing rice paddy, in Indonesia A tractor ploughing an alfalfa field
![Page 31: INOVATION & ENTREPRENEURSHIP by : Rudy Wawolumaja Universitas Kristen Maranatha](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051820/56812a67550346895d8de7ee/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
31
Wheat harvest on the Palouse
Combining wheat in Hemingway, South Carolina.
![Page 32: INOVATION & ENTREPRENEURSHIP by : Rudy Wawolumaja Universitas Kristen Maranatha](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051820/56812a67550346895d8de7ee/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
32
A combine harvesting corn
![Page 33: INOVATION & ENTREPRENEURSHIP by : Rudy Wawolumaja Universitas Kristen Maranatha](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051820/56812a67550346895d8de7ee/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
33
Early 20th century USA photo: "Negroes picking cotton on a plantation in the South"
![Page 34: INOVATION & ENTREPRENEURSHIP by : Rudy Wawolumaja Universitas Kristen Maranatha](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051820/56812a67550346895d8de7ee/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
34
![Page 36: INOVATION & ENTREPRENEURSHIP by : Rudy Wawolumaja Universitas Kristen Maranatha](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051820/56812a67550346895d8de7ee/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
36
• Abad 18- pertengahan abad 20 : Era industrialisasi – mekanisasi.
• Ditandai dengan munculnya serikat pekerja, ancaman pengangguran, kolonialisme & imperialisme, kapitalisme, marxisme- komunisme dan dalam dunia politik munculnya negara komunis dan sampai dekade 7 dan 8 abad 20 ditandai dengan perang dingin antara blok Amerika dan blok komunis (Soviet).
![Page 37: INOVATION & ENTREPRENEURSHIP by : Rudy Wawolumaja Universitas Kristen Maranatha](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051820/56812a67550346895d8de7ee/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
37
Perkembangan transportasi
Dari tonggak penemuan penggerak mula, menyebabkan revolusi dalam transportasi :
• Otomobil• Kereta api• Pesawat terbang.• Pada kapal laut, yang semula menggunakan
tenaga angin, menggunakan tenaga uap, diesel.
![Page 38: INOVATION & ENTREPRENEURSHIP by : Rudy Wawolumaja Universitas Kristen Maranatha](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051820/56812a67550346895d8de7ee/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
38
![Page 39: INOVATION & ENTREPRENEURSHIP by : Rudy Wawolumaja Universitas Kristen Maranatha](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051820/56812a67550346895d8de7ee/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
39
![Page 40: INOVATION & ENTREPRENEURSHIP by : Rudy Wawolumaja Universitas Kristen Maranatha](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051820/56812a67550346895d8de7ee/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
40
![Page 41: INOVATION & ENTREPRENEURSHIP by : Rudy Wawolumaja Universitas Kristen Maranatha](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051820/56812a67550346895d8de7ee/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
41
![Page 42: INOVATION & ENTREPRENEURSHIP by : Rudy Wawolumaja Universitas Kristen Maranatha](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051820/56812a67550346895d8de7ee/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
42
Perkembangan dalam teknologi telekomunikasi, tonggak penemuan (abad
19-20):Penemuan telegraph (Morse-USA, Wheatstone -British-1837), kode Morse (Morse - 1838), telephone (Alexander Graham Bell - 1876), Microphone (Emile Berliner-USA-1877), Cathode Ray Tube (Sir William Crookes-British -1878), wireless telegraph (Marconi 1896), Diode rectifier tubes(radio) (Sir John Ambrose Flemming - British 1905), Triode amplifier tube (radio) (Lee De Forest - USA 1907), merupakan cikal bakal dari telekomunikasi modern yang kita kenal sekarang ditambah dengan penemuan mesin bicara -talking machine (phonograph) (Thomas Alva Edison - USA - 1877), Gramaphone (disk records - piringan hitam) (Emile Berliner - USA -1887), Motion Picture Machine (Thomas Alva Edison - USA-1893), Motion Picture Projection (Lumiere-French, Jenkins-USA - 1893) merintis industri film (Holywood dll)
![Page 43: INOVATION & ENTREPRENEURSHIP by : Rudy Wawolumaja Universitas Kristen Maranatha](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051820/56812a67550346895d8de7ee/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
43
![Page 44: INOVATION & ENTREPRENEURSHIP by : Rudy Wawolumaja Universitas Kristen Maranatha](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051820/56812a67550346895d8de7ee/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
44
Perkembangan dalam teknologi elektronika, tonggak penemuan (abad 19-20) _ (1):
penemuan tabung elektronik Diode rectifier tubes(radio) (Sir John Ambrose Flemming - British 1905), Triode amplifier tube (radio) (Lee De Forest - USA 1907), Heterodyne radio receiver (Reginald Aubrey Fessenden-USA-1913), Frequency Modulation (FM) (Edwin Howard Armstrong-USA-1933), Televisi (Television iconoscope - Vladimir Kosma Zworykin-USA-1913, Television image dissector tube - Philo Taylor Farnsworth-USA-1925), Radar (Sir Robert Watson Watt-British-1935), Gambar hidup bersuara - sound motion picture (TW Case -USA-1922-26), Differential Analyser (Analogue Computer) (Vannevar Bush-USA-1931), Electron Microscope (German Scientist-1935), Electronic Digital Computer (John Presper Eckert,Jr, & John W Mauchly-USA-1946).
![Page 45: INOVATION & ENTREPRENEURSHIP by : Rudy Wawolumaja Universitas Kristen Maranatha](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051820/56812a67550346895d8de7ee/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
45
An RCA 12AX7 dual-triode tube (1947)
A two-tube homemade radio from 1958. The tubes are the two glass columns with the dark tops. The leads at the bottom connect to the low-voltage filament supply and to the high-voltage anode supply
![Page 46: INOVATION & ENTREPRENEURSHIP by : Rudy Wawolumaja Universitas Kristen Maranatha](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051820/56812a67550346895d8de7ee/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
46
![Page 47: INOVATION & ENTREPRENEURSHIP by : Rudy Wawolumaja Universitas Kristen Maranatha](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051820/56812a67550346895d8de7ee/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
47
![Page 48: INOVATION & ENTREPRENEURSHIP by : Rudy Wawolumaja Universitas Kristen Maranatha](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051820/56812a67550346895d8de7ee/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
48
![Page 49: INOVATION & ENTREPRENEURSHIP by : Rudy Wawolumaja Universitas Kristen Maranatha](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051820/56812a67550346895d8de7ee/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
49
Perkembangan dalam teknologi elektronika, tonggak penemuan (abad 19-20) _ (2):
Pada tahun 1946 terjadi suatu tonggak inovasi yang menjadi awal dari arah perubahan teknologi elektronika kearah miniaturisasi , yaitu penemuan transistor (John Bardeen, Walter Houser Brattain dan William Shockley - USA - 1948), penemuan ini memungkinkan lebih kecilnya peralatan elektronika dengan digantinya tabung elektronik dengan transistor yang puluhan kali lebih kecil volumenya. Proses miniaturisasi ini lebih diperhebat dengan inovasi Teknologi Semiconductor dalam Integrated Circuit tonggak pertama oleh Jack Kilby dan Robert Noyce - USA - 1959), dimana beberapa rangkaian elektronik transistor dapat dirangkai dalam sebuah chip silikon (perkembangan akhir - sebuah IC terkandung jutaan transistor - VLSI = Very Large Scale Integrated Circuit)..
![Page 50: INOVATION & ENTREPRENEURSHIP by : Rudy Wawolumaja Universitas Kristen Maranatha](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051820/56812a67550346895d8de7ee/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
50
Analog computer
DIGITAL COMPUTER
![Page 51: INOVATION & ENTREPRENEURSHIP by : Rudy Wawolumaja Universitas Kristen Maranatha](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051820/56812a67550346895d8de7ee/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
51
oscillator
Amplifier
Op amp 741
![Page 52: INOVATION & ENTREPRENEURSHIP by : Rudy Wawolumaja Universitas Kristen Maranatha](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051820/56812a67550346895d8de7ee/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
52
![Page 53: INOVATION & ENTREPRENEURSHIP by : Rudy Wawolumaja Universitas Kristen Maranatha](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051820/56812a67550346895d8de7ee/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
53
![Page 54: INOVATION & ENTREPRENEURSHIP by : Rudy Wawolumaja Universitas Kristen Maranatha](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051820/56812a67550346895d8de7ee/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
54
Perkembangan dalam teknologi elektronika, tonggak penemuan (abad 19-20) _ (3):
Pada tahun 1971 tonggak inovasi microprocessor oleh Ted Hoff-USA, dimana CPU dari digital komputer dapat dirangkai dalam sebuah chip silikon - IC., membawa pada applikasi Personal Computer, Local Area Network dll.
![Page 55: INOVATION & ENTREPRENEURSHIP by : Rudy Wawolumaja Universitas Kristen Maranatha](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051820/56812a67550346895d8de7ee/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
55
![Page 56: INOVATION & ENTREPRENEURSHIP by : Rudy Wawolumaja Universitas Kristen Maranatha](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051820/56812a67550346895d8de7ee/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
56
Perkembangan teknologi komputer & informasi & komunikasi (abad 20 –21):
• Komputer : Mainframe – PC• Network - Internet -
The story of the Internet begins in 1969 with the implementation of Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) by academic researchers under the sponsorship of the United States Department of Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA). ARPANET built on earlier fundamental research into decentralized networks, queueing theory, and packet switching
![Page 57: INOVATION & ENTREPRENEURSHIP by : Rudy Wawolumaja Universitas Kristen Maranatha](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051820/56812a67550346895d8de7ee/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
57
The Blue GenL IBM Supercomputer
135.5 TFLOPS (tera = 10 pangkat 12)
TFLOPS= teraFloating Points operation per second
![Page 58: INOVATION & ENTREPRENEURSHIP by : Rudy Wawolumaja Universitas Kristen Maranatha](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051820/56812a67550346895d8de7ee/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
58
![Page 59: INOVATION & ENTREPRENEURSHIP by : Rudy Wawolumaja Universitas Kristen Maranatha](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051820/56812a67550346895d8de7ee/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
59
![Page 60: INOVATION & ENTREPRENEURSHIP by : Rudy Wawolumaja Universitas Kristen Maranatha](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051820/56812a67550346895d8de7ee/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
60
![Page 61: INOVATION & ENTREPRENEURSHIP by : Rudy Wawolumaja Universitas Kristen Maranatha](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051820/56812a67550346895d8de7ee/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
61
![Page 62: INOVATION & ENTREPRENEURSHIP by : Rudy Wawolumaja Universitas Kristen Maranatha](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051820/56812a67550346895d8de7ee/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
62
![Page 63: INOVATION & ENTREPRENEURSHIP by : Rudy Wawolumaja Universitas Kristen Maranatha](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051820/56812a67550346895d8de7ee/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
63
TEKNOLOGI NUKLIR (abad 20)
• Bom atom – Hiroshima – Nagasaki (Agustus 1945)• Nuclear Power Plant
![Page 64: INOVATION & ENTREPRENEURSHIP by : Rudy Wawolumaja Universitas Kristen Maranatha](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051820/56812a67550346895d8de7ee/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
64
Hiroshima, in the aftermath of the bombing.
The mushroom cloud resulting from the nuclear explosion over Nagasaki rises 18 km (60,000 ft) into the air.
![Page 65: INOVATION & ENTREPRENEURSHIP by : Rudy Wawolumaja Universitas Kristen Maranatha](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051820/56812a67550346895d8de7ee/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
65
![Page 66: INOVATION & ENTREPRENEURSHIP by : Rudy Wawolumaja Universitas Kristen Maranatha](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051820/56812a67550346895d8de7ee/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
66
![Page 67: INOVATION & ENTREPRENEURSHIP by : Rudy Wawolumaja Universitas Kristen Maranatha](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051820/56812a67550346895d8de7ee/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
67
![Page 68: INOVATION & ENTREPRENEURSHIP by : Rudy Wawolumaja Universitas Kristen Maranatha](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051820/56812a67550346895d8de7ee/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
68
![Page 69: INOVATION & ENTREPRENEURSHIP by : Rudy Wawolumaja Universitas Kristen Maranatha](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051820/56812a67550346895d8de7ee/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
69
![Page 70: INOVATION & ENTREPRENEURSHIP by : Rudy Wawolumaja Universitas Kristen Maranatha](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051820/56812a67550346895d8de7ee/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
70
Perkembangan bioteknologi (abad 20 –21):
Penemuan yang menjadi tonggak (milestone) akhir abad 20 yang menjadi perintis era bioteknologi modern.:
• 1953 James Watson-dari USA dan Francis Crick dari Inggris menemukan (discover) model double helix DNA.
• 1960 Werner Arber's dari Swiss menemukan enzym khusus, disebut restriction enzymes.
• 1973 Stanley Cohen & Hebert Boyer, dari USA berhasilkan memisahkan gene tertentu dari suatu bakteri dan memasukkannya pada bakteri lain dengan menggunakan restriction enzymes.
![Page 71: INOVATION & ENTREPRENEURSHIP by : Rudy Wawolumaja Universitas Kristen Maranatha](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051820/56812a67550346895d8de7ee/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
71
![Page 72: INOVATION & ENTREPRENEURSHIP by : Rudy Wawolumaja Universitas Kristen Maranatha](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051820/56812a67550346895d8de7ee/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
72
Teknologi masa depan, proyeksi 2020
1. - Bioteknologi
2. - Teknologi Informasi
3. - Nanoteknologi
![Page 73: INOVATION & ENTREPRENEURSHIP by : Rudy Wawolumaja Universitas Kristen Maranatha](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051820/56812a67550346895d8de7ee/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)