Unit 5: BANKING; b) AN INTRODUCTION TO THE

LANGUAGE OF MARKETING; c) MANAGEMENT

CONTENTS

5.1 Objectives of Learning Unit 4

5.2 BANKING 5.2.1 Types of banks and banking services

5.2.2 Banking products

5.2.3 EXERCISE (vocabulary) 5.3 GRAMMAR PRACTICE: THE GERUND VS. THE INFINITIVE

5.3.1 EXERCISE (grammar)

5.4 AN INTRODUCTION TO THE LANGUAGE OF MARKETING 5.4.1 Market Structure.

5.4.2 Collocations

5.4.3 Market Survey Techniques

5.4.4 Expressing Trends 5.4.5 EXERCISE 1 (trends)

5.4.6 EXERCISE 2 (trends)

5.4.7 EXERCISE 3 (trends) 5.5 The Product Life Cycle

5.6 Promotional Tools

5.7 EXERCISE 5.8 MANAGEMENT

5.8.1 The Managers Role. 5.8.2 EXERCISE

5.8.3 The SWOT Analysis

Self-assessment test

5.1 Objectives

The objectives of Learning Unit 4 are

- to introduce students to the basic vocabulary of banking; - to introduce students to the basic vocabulary of marketing; - to introduce students to the basic vocabulary of management; - to hone students fluency and accuracy of expression in debates/comments on

topics in the specific areas of economics mentioned above;

- to develop students study and self-assessment skills

5.2 BANKING

5.2.1 TYPES OF BANKS AND BANKING SERVICES

There are several types of banks (central banks, commercial [or retail] banks, merchant

banks, investment banks, etc.), specializing in different lines of business.

A central bank is a countrys primary monetary authority, which is responsible for issuing currency (bank notes and coins), administering monetary policy, holding member

banks' deposits, and facilitating the nation's banking industry. Thus, a central bank sets

interest rates, controls the money supply, keeps the country supply of gold and foreign

currency, and acts as lender of last resort to commercial banks that are faced with

liquidity problems. Unlike large financial firms, most consumers do not interact with the

central bank at all.

A commercial (or retail) bank can be defined as a business that trades in money and

provides services for businesses, organisations and individuals, or the general public

(holding deposits, lending money, giving investment advice, exchanging foreign

currencies, paying money in accordance with customers instructions, etc.). Such a bank is also involved in international trading. Its main source of profit is represented by the

so-called margin (i.e. the difference between the interest rates paid to depositors/lenders and the interest rates that borrowers are charged with).

The difference between a commercial bank and a merchant bank is that the latter deals

with businesses (rather than the general public), providing services needed in the case of

takeovers and mergers, issuing securities, offering stockbroking and portfolio

management services, financing international trade, etc.

An investment bank is similar to a merchant bank, but acting only as an intermediary,

specializing in advisory services; it does not offer loans.

Match the types of bank on list A with some of their corresponding tasks on list B below:

A

1. CENTRAL BANK

2. COMMERCIAL BANK

3. MERCHANT BANK

4. INVESTMENT BANK

B.

1. raise funds for industry on financial markets, offer advice on and provide finance for investment, takeovers and mergers (merchant)

2. advise companies that have decided to go public by putting their shares up for sale on the stock market (investment)

3. fix the exchange rate of a national currency (central) 4. issue credit and debit cards, issue chequebooks, give loans to members of the

general public (commercial)

Can you add a few more examples of bank types to the ones mentioned above?

5.2.2 Banking Products

Fill in the blanks with the suitable word in the box; look up the exact meaning of the

words in the dictionary:

A. in cash B. deposit accounts C. interest D. cash card E. current account F. credit cards G. standing order H. automatic cash dispensers or teller machines I. cheque J. withdraw

Many people have their salaries paid into a 1 . This is a low-interest type of account, whose advantage is that one can easily 2.. money from it at any time from an 3. with a 4..; apart from that, the bank can pay ones regular monthly bills according to ones instructions, on the basis of a previous agreement called a 5. Some bills may also be paid by 6, although people in some countries still prefer to make their payments the traditional way, 7, rather than by using a chequebook. 8. . are generally used by people for ordering things by post/over the Internet/on the phone and for travelling. Money that is not destined for current expenses is generally kept

in 9 , which pay 10.

5. 2. 3 Decide which of the words listed below combine with the verb to do, and which

are used with the verb to make, and fill in the blanks accordingly.

1. the accounts 2. an appearance 3. an application 4. an appointment 5. arrangements 6. an attempt 7. business 8. business trip 9. certain/sure 10. changes

11. a choice 12. a complaint 13. a deal 14. ones duty 15. damage/harm 16. a decision 17. an effort 18. an enquiry 19. an exercise 20. an experiment 21. smb. a favour 22. a forecast 23. good 24. homework 25. an improvement 26. a job 27. justice (to) 28. a loss 29. a mistake 30. money 31. a phone call 32. plans 33. a profit 34. progress 35. repairs 36. a request 37. research 38. smth. for a living 39. smth. to/for/with someone 40. a start 41. a suggestion 42. well 43. some work 44. wrong

5.3 Grammar practice.

THE GERUND

Verb1 + Verb2 (-ING form): appreciate, dead, detest, prevent. avoid, risk, admit, contemplate,

deny, postpone, enjoy, fancy, imagine, suggest, keep, mind, consider, miss, involve, resist, face,

mention, escape

Verb1 + Preposition + Verb2 (-ING form): burst out, keep on, go on, give up, take to, think of,

accuse of, insist on, succeed in

Noun + Preposition + Verb(-ING form): objection to, difficulty in, art of, way of, means of, key

to, method of, fear of, danger of

Adjective + Preposition + Verb(-ING form): sorry for, prone to, good at, ashamed of, fond of

Preposition/Conjunction + Verb(-ING form): without, before, after, while, between.

Its no use/its no good/its (not) worth/ cant stand/ cant help/ spend time/ waste time/ it needs/ it requires + Verb(-ING form)

THE INFINITIVE

LONG INFINITIVE

Verbs that can only be followed by a LONG INFINITIVE (not a Gerund):

Verb1 (want, persuade, hope, manage, urge, agree, afford, decide, choose, fail, learn, offer, wish,

refuse, expect, prepare, pan, arrange, promise) + Verb2 (LONG INFINITIVE: to go, to see, to

break)

Nouns (patience, courage, nerve) + LONG INFINITIVE

Adjectives (honoured/surprised/fortunate/easy/difficult/hard/ happy/glad/pleased) + LONG

INFINITIVE

Question words (when, how, where) + LONG INFINITIVE: I dont know what to do.

SHORT INFINITIVE

Verbs that can only be followed by a SHORT INFINITIVE:

- modal verbs (must, may ,might, shall, will, would, should, ought to, can, could)

- make: Se made me cry.

- let: He wont let me go there alone. - causative have: Ill have my assistant prepare the report.

VERBS and EXPRESSIONS THAT CAN BE USED WITH EITHER THE

INFINITIVE OR THE GERUND WITH NO CHANGE IN MEANING:

start, begin, attempt, love, continue, hate, prefer, permit, allow, recommend, cant bear

VERBS and EXPRESSIONS THAT CAN BE USED WITH EITHER THE

INFINITIVE OR THE GERUND WITH A DIFFERENCE IN MEANING:

- remember:

I always remember to lock the door (do not forget).

I remember locking the door (I remember that I locked the door)

- regret:

I regret to tell you that your application has been turned down.

I regret going to that party. (I regret that I went) - propose:

I propose to start tomorrow. (I intend) I propose starting tomorrow. (I suggest) - mean:

I mean to tell them the whole truth. (I intend) Ill try it, even if it means wasting my money. ( even if it involves ) - try:

They tried to persuade them to sign the document. (They made a certain effort/did their

best) We tried changing the strategy. (They just made an experiment.)

- stop:

On his way to the station, he stopped to buy a newspaper. (.he stopped in order to) From that moment, he stopped buying newsapers. (He never bought any more newspapers.)

- verbs of perception (see, hear, feel, watch):

I watched her cross the street. (completed action)

I watched her crossing the street (non-completed action)

5. 3.1 EXERCISE: Practice the use of the Gerund and the Infinitive by translating the following

sentences into English:

1. John a recunoscut c a fcut o greeal cnd a luat acel mprumut de la banc. 2. Nu m ateptam ca propunerea noastr s fie acceptat att de uor. 3. Suntem obinuii s facem afaceri cu parteneri japonezi. 4. Recentele evenimente m-au fcut s regret c am intrat n acest parteneriat. 5. mi place ca oamenii s i vad de treburile lor. 6. El a fost prins furnd bani de la un bancomat. 7. Ea m-a ndemnat s-mi dechid un cont n banc. 8. Nu pot s nu remarc calitatea deosebit a serviciilor acestei firme. 9. Regret c nu am intervenit in aceast dezbatere mai devreme. 10. El a promis c ne va ine la curent cu problemele firmei .

11. Am nceput s-i explic, dar nu m-a lsat s termin ce aveam de spus. 12. Poi s m suni oricnd simi nevoia s discui cu cineva.

5.4 AN INTRODUCTION TO THE LANGUAGE OF MARKETING 5.4.1 Market structure.

The market structure refers to the makeup of a particular market considered in terms of: the

number and relative strength of buyers and sellers, the degree of collusion among them, the level

and forms of competition, the extent of product differentiation, and ease of entry into and exit

from the market.

There are 4 basic types of market structure:

1. Perfect competition: many buyers and sellers of a standardized product, none being able to influence the level of prices.

2. Monopolistic Competition: many buyers and relatively many sellers of a differentiated product, with some control over market prices

3. Oligopoly: few sellers of a standardized or a differentiated product who are able to exert considerable control over market prices.

4. Monopoly: a single seller of a product for which there is no close substitute, who has complete control over supply and prices.

5. Monospony: a single buyer with considerable control over demand and prices.

5.4.2 Collocations. There are many collocations (either ADJECTIVE+NOUN or NOUN+NOUN)

that include the word market, e.g . labour market, market niche, market share, market research, free market, black market, market segment, etc.

Look up the word market in the dictionary, and find 10 more collocations with that word.

Match up the collocations in the box with their corresponding definitions on list A-L.:

1.market leader

2.market challenger 3.market follower

4.market segment 5.market share

6.market survey

7.stock market 8.commodity market

9.consumer market 10. producer (industrial)

market

11. bullion market 12. market value

A. a company that does not hold a major position in the market (no. 3 and onward) and follows the leaders in a market without challenging them

B. a market where companies or organizations purchase goods and services for use in the production of other goods and services that are sold, rented, or supplied to others.

C. a market for the trading of company shares (stock) D. a questionnaire-based method used by companies to obtain information about their

customers, and how these customers view a company's products and services versus

competitive products.

E. a market where individuals and households purchase goods and services for personal use F. the company holding the second position in a market, and competing vigorously with the

market leader for leadership.

G. the company holding the 1st position in the market for a particular product; a brand/product/company with the largest market share

H. the total value of all the shares on a stockmarket, or the value of the shares of a particular company (market value)

I. a companys or a products percentage of sales in a market J. a market where products (especially agricultural) are bought and sold K. a group of customers sharing one or more characteristics or needs in an otherwise

homogenous market.

L. a market for the trading of precious metals (gold and silver).

5. 4. 3 Market-survey techniques Choose the correct title from the box to fill in the blanks (a-e) in the following description of 5

main market-survey techniques used by companies to acquire information on their customers:

Mail-In Surveys

Focus Groups

One-on-One Surveys

Customer-Satisfaction Phone Surveys

Online Surveys

a. .

or sex. The objective is to get a general idea as to how these people shop for certain products,

and which products they like best. The company may then introduce several new concepts, such

as food, and survey peoples likes and dislikes about the product.

b. .

-survey technique used for introducing new products. E.g., a company may observe

a customer operating a new type of software. The interviewer asks the customer how they like the

new software and whether or not they would purchase it.

c. .

-survey conducted over the phone to measure customers satisfaction levels with regard to the companys products, service, prices, etc. Companies usually conduct hundreds of such surveys in order to determine where they have significant advantages or problems.

d.

-survey technique conducted my mail and used for determining why some

customers have stopped purchasing their products. A small incentive may be provided to

respondents to fill out the information.

e. .

-survey often appearing on company websites in the form of a pop-up, which can be

activated at any time to start collecting any information for which a company is searching.

5.4.4 Expressing trends

Read the following article, and draw up a list of verbs used to express trends:

Europe hit by economic slowdown

European economies contracted in the fourth quarter of 2008, with some countries

registering the worst figures in decades, official data shows.

The eurozone economy shrank by 1.5% in the previous quarter and 1.2% on the year, Eurostat

said.

Germany's economy shrank by 2.1% compared with the previous quarter, its worst quarterly

performance since 1990.

France shrank by 1.2%, initial data shows, while Italy registered a drop of 1.8%, the steepest drop

since 1980.

The data puts pressure on the European Central Bank to cut interest rates.

In the whole of 2008, the economy in the 15 countries using the euro grew by 0.7% against the

previous year, Eurostat said. Slovakia joined the eurozone on 1 January 2009, making it a 16-

country club. The Dutch economy shrank 0.9% during the quarter while the Austrian economy

eased by 0.2%, the first drop in nearly eight years. In the same quarter, Portugal's economy

contracted by 2% on the previous quarter and 2.1% on the previous year.

"These are huge contractions in Europe, the largest in living memory in most cases," said Ken

Wattret, economist at BNP Paribas.

Companies have cut investment and exports have dropped as the global recession has taken hold.

European companies hit by the slowdown include Air-France KLM, which reported a third-

quarter operating loss on Friday, and Michelin, whose final-year profits fell as the crisis in the

global car industry took its toll on the tyre maker.

The decline in demand for cars was further highlighted by data released on Friday.

The number of new cars sold in Europe in January was down 27% compared with January 2008,

the European carmakers' association, Acea, said.

German gloom

The slowdown was the most dramatic in Germany, which registered the biggest fall since

German reunification in 1990. The 2.1% contraction was the third consecutive quarterly drop in

Europe's biggest economy, according to the initial data from the Federal Statistics Office, worse

than the 1.8% anticipated by analysts.

Year-on-year, the German economy shrank by 1.6%, after growing by 1.4% in the third quarter.

Many are now gloomy about the prospects for 2009.

"This shows things went downhill sharply at the end of the year," said Juergen Michels, an

economist at Citigroup. "We'll likely head down again the first and second quarter."

"This number makes it plain that we're in a very serious recession - the most serious since World

War Two. It's no surprise that exports and investment have tumbled," said Dirk Schumacher at

Goldman Sachs, adding that the rise in inventories did not bode well for the first quarter.

The situation "can hardly get worse," said Carsten Brzeski at ING Financial Markets.

"The German industrial production has run out of steam with companies working only off their

backlogs. Foreign demand has plummeted over the last months," he added.

Last month, the German government forecast that the economy would shrink by 2.25% this year.

France slowdown

The slowdown in the French economy was slightly worse than analyst expectations of a 1.1%

drop. The French economy expanded slightly in the third quarter, by 0.1%, which means that

France has not officially entered a recession - which is defined as two consecutive quarters of

contraction.

With consumer spending up by 0.5%, some analysts found cause for hope.

"Consumer spending has held up quite well so you can say there is still money out there to be

spent and French households are spending it," Alexander Law, chief economist at Xerfi said.

Companies also reduced their inventories in the fourth quarter, shaving 0.9% off gross domestic

product, a fact that could bode well for industrial production in the first quarter. With warehouses

emptier, companies may increase production.

Many say that tough times lie ahead. "The first quarter will be difficult," Christine Lagarde,

France's economy minister, said. "We will have a difficult year. "

The data increases pressure on the European Central Bank to cut rates. The bank cut the

benchmark rate to 2% in January, the lowest in the bank's 10-year history and kept the rate

unchanged in February. Its next decision is due on 5 March.

Has Romanias industry been hit by the economic downturn in Europe? How?

5.4.5 EXERCISE 1 (trends): Define the type of change expressed by each of the verbs listed

below using the clues on list a-f:

a. rise a lot;

b. rise a little;

c. fall a lot;

d. fall a little;

e.fall and rise;

f. no change

1. FALL 2. CLIMB 3. SINK

4. PLUNGE 5. ESCALATE 6. SLUMP

7. JUMP 8. GAIN 9. LEAP 10. TAKE OFF 11. INCREASE 12. SOAR 13. RISE 14. DECREASE 15. CLIMB 16. CRASH 17. ROCKET 18. DROP 19. PLUMMET 20. GO UP 21. RECOVER 22. HOLD STEADY

23. DRIFT 24. DROP 25. STABILIZE 26. SLIDE 27. FLUCTUATE 28. GO DOWN 29. PICK UP 30. DECLINE 31. REBOUND 32. BE VOLATILE 33. RALLY 34. LEVEL OFF 35. SLIP 36. FLATTEN OUT 37. BOUNCE BACK 38. GAIN

5.4.6 EXERCISE 2 (trends): Fill in the blanks in the following text with the words in the

box (one of the words should be used twice):

decline; stabilize; increase; went down; decrease; held steady; gained

The mobile phone market

1. Nokia's market share continues to slowly erode, though it still holds nearly double the market

share of RIM at 39.3 percentit's not giving up its top spot any time soon. 2. Samsung had a slight bump to move it into 5th place, moving Fujitsu out of the top five. 3. It's also worth noting

that much of RIM's and Apple's growth is coming at the expense of the "Other" category, which

made a significant drop since the third quarter of last year. 4. The overall mobile phone market

was flat for the third quarter. 5. Nokia dropped a couple of points, while Samsung and LG both

picked up a few. 6. Gartner expects some growth for the mobile market overall in the fourth

quarter, due to numerous new model launches, which may be enough to make growth flat

instead of negative for 2009 overall.

5.4.7 EXERCISE 3 (trends): Replace the verbs in the box by the verbs to rise, to fall, to

increase, to decrease, to go up, to go down, followed by the following modifiers: dramatically,

substantially, sharply, a great deal, a little, slightly, without changing their meaning.

1. climb 2. gain 3. plummet 4. escalate 5. slip 6. take off

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7. sink 8. soar 9. slump 10. plunge 11. dip 12. crash

13. slide 14. rocket

5.5 The product life cycle

Any product goes through various stages that make up its life cycle:

1. an initial, development stage 2. introduction or launch (the firm seeks to build product awareness and develop a market

for the product)

3. growth (the firm seeks to build brand preference and increase market share; sales increase significantly)

4. maturity (the strong growth in sales diminishes, and then stabilizes, and the main objective at this point is to fight competition and defend market share while maximizing

profit)

5. saturation (tthe market becomes saturated) 6. decline (a downturn in sales; prices and profitability diminish significantly) 7. withdrawal (the product is withdrawn from the market)

No product will sell all by itself, although, according to the marketing concept, manufacturers produce what they can sell, rather than sell what they make (as in the case of the selling concept). Thus, starting from the introduction and growth stages of the product life cycle, produces have to inform their target customers as well as their distributors and retailers about the

products existence, its advantages, characteristics, etc. Throughout the product life cycle, marketers will continue to take care of the products promotion (as a key component of the marketing mix, or the four Ps, besides product, place and price) by using various

promotional tools and tactics.

5.6 Promotional tools

Complete the description of the 4 major promotional tools by inserting the following words:

personal selling, advertising, public relations, sales promotions,

The main promotional tools are: 1. (the activity of informing customers about the existence and advantages/benefits of products and services by means of newspaper ads, posters, radio/TV

commercials, endorsements Internet banners, etc.), 2. .. (also called person-to-person sales, using salespeople/sales reps), 3. (coupons, free samples, prices reductions in shops, discounts for buying a large quantity, competitions), and 4. . (communication activities such as newspaper articles, sponsorship, etc., whose main aim is to improve, maintain

or protect a companys image, or build goodwill).

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5.7 EXERCISE: Identify which of the series of 4 words in each group is the odd one out

(has no logical connection to the other three):

1. product - place - brand awareness - promotion 2. packets offering 20% extra - free samples sandwich-board men - discounts 3. banners news stories - cinema ads classifieds 4. decline brand loyalty - withdrawal introduction 5. discount word-of-mouth advertising credit terms list price

5.8 MANAGEMENT

5.8.1 The managers role According to Peter Drucker, the main managerial functions are: planning (setting objectives),

organizing, integrating (communicating goals and decisions and motivating people), measuring

employees performance, and developing the companys employees. Different management layers (top management, i. e. senior managers such as company chairmen; middle management;

lower-level management) involve, of course, different functions, or a different emphasis laid on

those functions.

5.8.2 EXERCISE: Fill in the blanks with the words below to complete the following

description of the main managerial functions:

1. performance 2. manage 3. deciding 4. communicators; 5. classifying 6. workload 7. themselves 8. motivators; 9. human skill 10. social skills

1.Managers are in charge of setting objectives, and (1).. on the best ways to achieve

them.

2. They organize the activity of their organization by analyzing and (2).. them, splitting the (3) . into activities and individual tasks, and selecting the right people to (4).

those activities and do the job.

3. Managers are also expected to possess a set of (5)., such as being good (6). and (7)., which only confirms the theory according to which management is both a

scientific activity, and a (8).

4.The fourth managerial function is that of measuring employees (9).., a task that has to do more with the scientific component of management.

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5.Finally, Peter Drucker considers that managers are also responsible for developing their

subordinates, as well as (10).

5.8.3 The SWOT analysis A top manager is essentially a companys strategist. Before choosing the right strategy on matters of major importance to the company, the top manager uses a tool (commonly referred to as a

SWOT analysis) that identifies the internal and external factors (strengths, weaknesses,

opportunities and threats) involved in a project or business venture, providing information that is

helpful in matching the companys resources and capabilities to the competitive environment in which it operates. A SWOT analysis is also a useful tool for understanding and decision-making

for all sorts of situations in business and organizations.

Therefore, a SWOT analysis can be used for various purposes for instance, to assess:

a strategic option, such as entering a new market or launching a new product

a business idea

a potential partnership

a company (in terms of its position in the market, commercial viability, etc)

an investment opportunity

a sales distribution method

a product/brand

a opportunity to make an acquisition

changing a supplier

outsourcing a service, activity or resource

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I

N

T

E

R

N

A

L

STRENGTHS

A firms resources and capabilities that can be used as a basis for

developing a competitive advantage.

E.g.:

strong brand names

good reputation among

customers

patents

cost advantages from know-

how

exclusive access to natural

resources

favorable access to

distribution networks

WEAKNESSES

A companys internal weaknesses, E.g.:

The absence of certain strengths,

such as:

a weak brand name

lack of patent protection

poor reputation

high cost structure

lack of access to natural

resources

lack of access to distribution

channels

E

X

T

E

R

N

A

L

OPPORTUNITIES

External opportunities for profit and

growth.

E.g. :

loosening of regulations

removal of international

trade barriers

unfulfilled customer needs

arrival of new technologies

THREATS

Changes/events in the external

environmental that may present

threats to the firm.

E.g.

new regulations

increased trade barriers

shifts in consumer tastes

away from the firms products

emergence of substitute

products

5.8.4 EXERCISE: Imagine that you are a young entrepreneur on the point of setting up a

company in a business area of your choice. Perform a SWOT analysis to identify your own

assets and liabilities (strengths and weaknesses) as well as the positive and negative external

factors (threats and opportunities) that might support or discourage your business idea.

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SELF-ASSESSMENT TEST 5

Exercise I

Fill in the blanks with do or make in the right form:

1. We showed him the new, modified version of our plan, and he no objections to it. 2. Judging by the recent test results, students great progress over the past few months. 3. If you agree to talk some sense into him, youll . us a great favour. 4. That picture doesnt .. you justice! 5. Weve always liked to . business with that company. 6. She . her appearance at the end of the party, when we least expected it! 7. If you were to .. a choice between the two candidates, which one would you hire? 8. She promised to . all the necessary arrangement for the meeting. 9. I hear they are already .. plans for the wedding. 10. The article was accepted on condition I .. a few changes here and there.

Exercise II

Choose the correct forms of the sentences below:

1. a. I remember to see this ad in yesterdays paper. b. I remember seeing this ad in yesterdays paper. c. I remember having seen this ad in yesterdays paper

2.

a. I must recall them to cancel the order before its too late. b. I must remember them to cancel the order before its too late. c. I must remind them to cancel the order before its too late.

3.

a. We are looking forward to meet our new manager.

b. We are looking forward to meeting our new manager.

c. We look forward to meet our new manager.

4.

a. I dislike to work long hours.

b. I dislike working long hours.

5.

a. I regret saying that it wasnt true. b. I regret about saying that it wasnt true. c. I regret that I said it isnt true. 6.

a. They have made that decision with a view to increasing their productivity.

b. They have made that decision with a view to increase their productivity.

c. They have made that decision with the view to increasing their productivity.

7.

a. We cannot afford to waste any more money.

b. We cannot afford wasting any more money.

c. We cannot afford to wasting any more money.

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8.

a. It isnt worth to make such a long trip. b. It isnt worth making such a long trip. 9.

a. She is used to working hard.

b. She is used to work hard.

c. She uses to work hard.

10.

a. I was used to read a new book every week

b. I used to read a new book every week.

c. I used to reading a new book every week.

11.

a. Its no use to try to apologize for your mistake. b. There is no use trying to apologize for your mistake.

c. Its no use trying to apologize for your mistake. 12.

a. The weather conditions prevented me to arrive on time.

b. The weather conditions prevented me from arriving on time.

13.

a. I dont mind people to criticize me. b. I dont mind people criticizing me. c. I dont mind peoples criticizing of me. 14.

a. I arrived too late and missed seeing her again.

b. I arrived too late and missed to see her again.

15.

a. They admitted to be members of a gang.

b. They admitted to being members of a gang.

16.

a. He suggested going out to dinner.

b. He suggested to go out to dinner.

17.

a. Dont waste your time copying this text out. b. Dont waste your time to copy this text out. 18.

a. Have you ever considered to set up your own company?

b. Have you ever considered setting up your own company?

19.

a.. I cant imagine her living in such a place. b. I cant imagine her to live in such a place. 20.

a. He took the longer route to the airport and risked to miss his plane.

b. He took the longer route to the airport and risked missing his plane.