insecticidal properties of kareel plant (capparis decidua - idosi.org

World Journal of Zoology 8 (1): 75-93, 2013ISSN 1817-3098© IDOSI Publications, 2013DOI: 10.5829/idosi.wjz.2013.8.1.7167

Corresponding Author: R.K. Upadhyay, Department of Zoology, D.D.U. Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur 273009, India.

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Insecticidal Properties of Kareel Plant(Capparis decidua: Capparidaceae) a Desert Shrub: A Review

R.K. Upadhyay

Department of Zoology, D.D.U. Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur 273009, India

Abstract: Capparis decidua is a xerophytic popular shrub and its various plant parts and products have beenused extensively for many years in food products and traditional folk medicine. Plant possesses contains toxiccomponents, mainly volatile principles that have shown enormous insecticidal activity against a wide range ofinsect pests. On an average 90-95%, mortality was observed in larvae and adults of many insect species andit was found to be dose dependent. Further, Capparis decidua extracts and its constituents have shownsignificant repellent action in large number of insect larvae and adults, inhibited oviposition in susceptiblefemale adults and disallow the emergence of F individuals by blocking the development. Further, C. decidua1

extracts have potentially affected the basic metabolites mainly glycogens, free amino acids, proteins, DNA,RNA in treated insects in comparison to control. In addition sub-lethal concentration (40% and 80% of LD )50

of C. decidua solvent extracts and its constituents have significantly (p<0.05) altered the activity of acidphosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, glutamate transaminase and glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase andlactic dehydrogenase in adults and larvae of S. oryzae, T. castaneum, R. dominica, Callasobruchus chinenesisat a very low concentration after 16 hrs treatment. The present paper reviews primarily the insecticidal propertiesC. decidua and its associating species with regards to their chemical composition, their effect on insects andtheir possible future use in pesticide formulation for safe control of insect pests in agriculture field and storehouses.

Key words: Capparis decidua Insecticidal activity Wood protection Oviposition and Enzyme Inhibition

INTRODUCTION traditional medicine as it is used as ailments to relieve

Capparis decidua (CD) is an indigenous medicinal cough and asthma healer. In modern medicine plant isplant commonly known as ‘Kureel’ in Hindi, belongs to a good source of anti-rheumatic and anti-diabetic,family Capparidaceae. It is a dominating xerophytic shrub anti-rheumatic, anti-arthritis and anti-gout agents [5].found in desert region of Rajasthan and adjoining states C. decidua also has high nutritional value [6] as itshaving strong climatic adaptations [1]. It is one of the fruits are used as vegetable, flower buds for picklesmost important floras among 44% of all species of and dry stem is used for firewood [7]. Flower budsvascular plants which come under 'biodiversity hotspots' contain ample amount of and tocopherols and[2]. Plant is bushy densely branched, thorny shrub vitamin C [8] and are used for flavoring food whilepossesses smaller scanty and caduceus leaves, pink to fruits are used as pickling products [9] because ofred flowers and bear green berry fruits in pre-monsoon very high nutritive value [10-12]. Plant is a richestperiod [3]. Capparis decidua is highly useful [4] and source of beta-carotene [13] and mineral elements [14].multipurpose plant for the people of desert [5]. It is a boon Its fruits contain flavanoids, while stem, leaves andfor the people of desert because plantation available in flowers contain phenolic compounds such as. rutin,barren land is acting as a lifeline in boundary less area. neoxanthin and violaxanthin that showed multipleIt is a longer hope for the desert people as plant is used as biological activities [15]. No doubt, plant is a source ofa source of food, fodder, fuel, oil, timber, shade, shelter, food, fodder, fuel, oil, timber, shade and shelter, religiousprotection and medicine. Plant has great aesthetic value value and medicine [16-21]. It is a wealth of wasteland aridand shows vast association with the folk culture and zone regions [22].

variety of pains or aches such as toothache, gout,

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CDS2:heneicosylhexadecanoate, CDS: triacontanol CDS8: 2-carboxy-1,1-dimethylpyrrolidine, CDF1: 6-(1-hydroxy-non-3-enyl) tetrahydropyran-2-one

Fig. 1: Chemical constituents isolated from various species of Capparis sp. with their pharmaceutical potential

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With above credentials plant also has its role in pest Other organic compounds are volatile oils, fatty acids,control as many of its chemical constituents and solvent protein, fiber, oils, minerals, sugar and protein and pro-extracts have shown very high insecticidal activity vitamin A, isocodoncarpine, 3-methyl-2butenyl-3-beta-against many insects. Today pesticide resistance and glucoside, steroids, Ascorbic acid, Phthalic acid, beta-pest resurgence are serious problems to work out. As sitosteryl glycoside 6’ octadecanaote, 3-O-(16"-alpha-most of the insect pests have developed resistance L-rhamnoside-6 beta o glycosyl)-beta -D glycoside,against synthetic pesticides [23], therefore, farmers and Leaves, stem and flower of C. decidua possess quercitin,scientists mostly prefer natural pesticides to replace capparilosides B, 6(S)-hydroxy-3-oxo- -ionol-glucoside,synthetic pesticides due to their biomagnifications and carchoionoside-C, 3-O-(6"'- -L. rhamnosyl-6"-ß-killing of non-target organisms [24]. Hence, plant origin D-glucosyl)-ß-D-glucoside [14, 15, 26].herbal pesticides are becoming increasingly moreimportant in agriculture, as they present a lower risk to the Flower Buds: and tocopherol, vitamin C glycosides,non-target organisms and to the consumers. Production alkaloids, Polyprenol (Cappaprenol-12, Cappaprenolof new herbal pesticide formulation is an important area [13, 14]. Kampferol glucosides, Cappariside (4-hydroxy-5of agriculture and environmental research in present time methyl furan-3-carboxylic acid isothiocyanates.to protect the biodiversity and production of toxicant freeorganic food. In view of future use in agriculture Fruits: Biflavonoids, Isoginkgetin, Ginkgetin,chemistry, this paper reviews the insecticidal properties of Sakuranetin, P-hydroxyl benzoic acid, 5- (Hydroxymethyl)C. decidua and its associating species in regards to their furfural, Bis (5-formyl furfuryl) ether, Daucosterol, -Dchemical composition, their effect on insect pests and fructo furanosides methyl, Uracil, stachydrine, cadabicinetheir potential use in bio-pesticide formulation. Though P-hydrobenzoic acid, glucosides - (65) - hydroxyl-3-oxo-several species of Capparis, are existing and available in -ionl glucosides corchoionoside C (6S, 9S)- roseside)different climatic conditions, but few of them are reported prenyl glucoside, cappariloside A & B, 1 H-indole-3aceto-in scientific literature and each of them possess different 3 acetonitrile glycosides.chemical composition [25, 26] with diverse biologicalactivity [27, 28]. Among which C. decidua is available in Mature Fruit: 5-(hydroxymethyl, furfural, Bis (5-vast area and has great ethno pharmacological and formylfurfural) ether, Daucosterol -Dfructofuranosides,insecticidal significance. methylstachydrine, hydrocinnamic acids Corchoionoside

Phytochemistry: Chemical examinations of family 5 methylfuran 3-carboxylic acid., Flavonoids, isoginkgetin,Capparidaceae revealed too many active constituents ginkgetin, isocodonocarpine, 1-H Indole-3-acetonitrile,such as alcohols, alkaloids, carbohydrates, amino acids, capprilosides A.flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, steroids, sterol,terpenes. amyrin, anthocyanins, betulin. C. decidua Seeds: Fatty acids tocopherols sterols. Proteins,contains phytosterols, tocopherols, carotenoids, Glucosinolales oleic and vaccenic acid, sitosterol,flavonoids and glucosinolates in different plant parts campesterol Stestent, campestent stigmasterol, Palmitic(Figure 1). Flavonoids, mainly rutin is major constituent, acid, linoleic acid, p-methoxybenzoic acid, Glucoside,which showed a remarkable role in various glucocapparin, n-pentacosane, n-tricantanol.pharmacological activities including antiallergic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. Rutin is an important Root Bark: Diterpene alcohol and ester, Spermidineplant origin compound which is believed to improve alkaloids, isocodonocarpine, Capparisinine,capillary functions and permeability "Vitamin P" and as a Capparisesterpenolide, 14 N- acetyl Isocodonocarpine,general free-radical antioxidant. It also shows Cadabicine, Stachydrine, Rutin, Codonocarpine, betaimmunomodulatory and immune protective function. sitosterol, L stachydrine, Capparoidisin, capparisin,So far researches have been done following principal Capparissinin Root Alkaloid capparine, Cappariline,phyto-constituents are isolated from family Capparinine.Capparidaceae:

Leaves and Flowers: Flavonoids such rutin, tocopherols, sterols, Lupin tercantanol, polyprenols Cappaprenol -12,O-glycosides, 3-O-glycoside-7-0- rhamnoside, 3-O- Cappaprenol -13, Capparprenol -14, flavonoids, inodoles,gentiobioside, lutin, neoxanthin, violaxanthin, quercitin, phenolic acids, lectins, flavonoids such kaempferal andstachydrine, vitamin C, caretinoids are main constituents. quercetin.

C, Prenyl glycoside, Phthalic acid, cappariside, 4-hydroxy-

Stem: Shikimate derivative, acyclic terpinoids, Fatty acids,

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Volatile Oils Constituents: C. decidua leaf contains values were found to be 3.619, 7.319 and 10.151 µg forvolatile oils which possess multiple chemical CD1, CD2 and CD3 respectively (Table 1). Extract CD7constituents such as thymol (24.4%), isopropyl was effective only at higher doses. The toxicity was foundisothiocyanates (11%) 2-hexenal (13.2%), butyl to be dose and time dependent. CDF1 has also shownisothiocyanate (6.3%), N-alkanes, phenyl propanoid, insecticidal activity against Bruchus chinensis at lowchlorophyll, proline (amino acid) and concentrations [29]. In addition C decidua extract werestarch [17, 25]. In addition both ripen fruit also found active against Spodoptera litura, Heliothisand the root contain volatile constituents such armigera and Aedes aegypti (Table 1). Each extract hasas methyl isothiocyanate, isopropyl shown very high toxicity and very low LD value toisothiocyanate, sec-butyl isothiocyanates, above insect pests (Table 1). These have also shownglucoiberin, glucocapparin, sinigrin, glucocleomin, very high larval mortality in yellow fever mosquito,glucocapangulin, glucobrassicin and neoglucobrassicin Aedes aegypti L [30]. Similarly, various solvent extracts[14, 15, 26]. i.e. n-hexane, diethyl ether, ethyl acetate and ethanol of

Toxic Effects of C. decidua high toxicity against adult females of black cutworm,Activity Against Stored Grain Insects: C. deciduasolvent extracts of stem, root and flowers of have shownvery high insecticidal activity in stored grain insects suchas Sitophilus oryzae, Rhizopertha dominica,Callasobruchus chinensis and Tribolium castaneaum[29] (Table 1). Extracts of C. decidua stems and flowersshowed insecticidal activity against Bruchus chinensis.The LC values of these extracts were found to increase50

with the increase in the polarity of the extract at differentexposure periods. For instance, after 96 hrs, the LC50

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Capparis aegyptia, leaves and fruits have shown very

Agrotis ipsilon [31] Tetranychus urticae Koch [32]and molluscan tissues [33].. Few essential oil constituentssuch as allyl acetate [34] [35], d-limonene [35], linalool[36], methyl salicylate [37], phenylbutanoid diallyldisulphides [38], also have shown very high insecticidalactivity against stored grain pests mainly againstS. oryzae (L) and Tribolium castenum (Herbst) [39] andfield crop insects [40-43]. Similar, protection was obtainedin plant derivatives against the pulse beetle,Callosobruchus maculates [44].

Table 1: LD of values of different fractions of C. decidua stem against Rice Weevil, Sitophilus oryzae, (Linn.), Rhizopertha dominca (Fabr) and50

Callosobruchus chinensis

Solvent extracts hr LD Values (µg/gm) (p<0.05) LCL UCL T-ratio Slope Value Heterogeneity Chi-test50

Acetone 24 1.538 1.299 1.803 3.488 6.548 3.333 0.5551.565 1.318 1.842 3.554 6.460 0.454 2.7230.441 0.254 0.810 8.973 2.145 2.739 13.696

Chloroform 24 0.839 0.390 1.168 3.777 5.710 1.8016 9.00780.641 0.500 0.764 1.549 7.248 0.193 1.1610.632 0.374 1.10 8.84 2.03 2.323 11.615

Petroleum ether 24 0.053 0.028 0.071 6.051 6.064 1.7349 8.6740.037 0.013 0.057 6.449 6.318 2.690 13.4510.782 0.551 1.220 7.146 1.298 0.823 4.115

Methanol 24 0.916 0.820 1.024 1.318 5.913 0.953 5.7150.698 0.548 0.889 3.159 5.900 1.416 8.4491.34 0.961 2.023 7.299 1.381 0.437 2.187

Hexane 24 0.418 0.353 0.483 6.293 6.421 0.742 3.7110.363 0.291 0.440 4.847 5.098 0.549 2.7450.439 0.313 0.679 7.259 1.382 0.999 4.994

Water 24 1.421 1.164 1.669 2.557 6.226 0.293 1.7570.983 0.808 1.190 0.157 5.301 0.459 2.7530.551 0.290 1.845 6.678 1.218 1.68 8.40

LD values represents lethal dose that cause 50% mortality in the test insects. LCL and UCL mean lower confidence limit and upper confidence limita b50

respectively. t- ratio, slope-value and heterogeneity were significant at all probability levels (90, 95 and 99%). t-ratio, difference in degree of freedom at 0.5,c

0.05 and 0.005 levels; slope-value shows the average between LD and LD , from which LD value is calculated; and heterogeneity value, shows the effect50 80 50

of active extraction both susceptible and tolerant insects among all of the treated insects

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Table 2: LD values obtained in solvent extracts and pure compounds isolated from Capparis Decidua against Indian White Termite Odontotermes Obesus50

Extracts Single hr LD Values (µg/mg) (p<0.05) LCL UCL T-ratio Slope value Heterogeneity Chi-test50a b b

Root 24 14.515 11.421 17.459 11.215 0.081 2.070 6.210Stem 24 14.171 10.48 17.566 12.422 0.093 3.3741 0.124Fruit 24 14.781 11.106 18.350 11.933 0.088 3.204 9.612Flower 24 15.274 11.878 18.778 11.982 0.088 2.995 8.986MixtureCSTM1 (stem) 24 13.246 5.663 21.147 6.159 1.62 0.796 3.982CSTM2 (stem) 24 6.616 0.563 0.825 4.796 1.058 0.470 2.348CSMM3 (stem) 24 4.973 0.057 16.028 4.088 0.769 0.736 3.679Pure compoundsCDS1* 24 7.514 2.054 10.995 7.123 0.093 1.614 4.833CDS2 24 7.290 3.178 10.295 8.799 0.135 2.154 6.462CDS3 24 7.434 5.277 9.179 6.864 0.087 0.533 1.60CDS4 24 6.531 2.920 9.106 8.655 0.141 1.7475 5.24CDS5 24 5.537 1.192 8.157 4.853 0.059 0.782 2.345CDS6 24 8.655 5.711 11.405 9.578 0.149 1.9415 5.824CDS8 24 10.083 8.39 11.759 7.353 0.093 0.906 2.717CDF1* 24 8.086 5.40 10.47 9.366 0.147 1.545 4.636

LD values represents lethal dose that cause 50% mortality in the test insects. LCL and UCL mean lower confidence limit and upper confidence limit50b

respectively. t- ratio, slope-value and heterogeneity were significant at all probability levels (90, 95 & 99%). t-ratio, difference in degree of freedom at 0.5,c

0.05 and 0.005 levels; slope-value shows the average between LD and LD , from which LD value is calculated; and heterogeneity value, shows the effect50 80 50

of active fraction on both susceptible and tolerant insects among all of the treated insects. CSTM indicates combined tincture of Capparis deciduas, coconutoil, terpene oil, glycerol, elemental sulphur and liter water. CDS* represent pure compound isolated from C. decidua stem fraction while CDF1* representcompound isolated from flower

Similar toxic activity was obtained against insects Curcuma longa [55], Artemisia anuua [56] and in cornmainly of pulse beetle, Bruchus chinensis L. in essential leaf essential oil against stored grain insects [57].[29] and edible oils isolated from Capparis decidua [45] However, due to presence of volatile chemicals suchwhile Capparis spinosa seed extracts were found as glucosinolate present in C. decidua [58, 59],effective against lesser grain borer, Rhizopertha dominica alkaloids, glucosinolates, sterols, flavonoids present(Bostrichidae: Coleoptera) adults. The LC values of the in Capparis aegyptia L.[25] as well as quercitin,50

three extracts caused high reduction in the number of F1, cumarins, rutic acid, saponins and pectic acid [60]progeny; no offspring was produced with LC level [46]. have shown very high insecticidal activity against stored95

Similarly, methanol extracts of various parts of neem has grain insect larvae and adults [61]. All these compoundsshown aphicidal activity [47]. While various parts of dry possess different functional groups due to which thesebud capers Capparis spinosa (20, 10, 5% of ethanol, ethyl persist for longer time in closed chambers and poison theacetate, diethyl ether and chloroform extracts have stored grain insects and resulted in very lethality inshown significant mortality in yellow fever mosquito, insects [62].Aedes ageypti L [30]. No doubt Capparis deciduaextracts and its constituents have shown strong toxicity Termiticidal Activity: Capparis decidua aqueous andsimilar to neem azal which was found effective against solvent extracts have shown very high termiticidal activitythree stored-product beetle species on rye and oats [48]. against field collected Indian white termite OdontotermesIt has shown more competitive insecticidal performance obesus (Table 2) [63]. In toxicity bioassays, variousthat any other plant species such as Artemisia princepi solvent fractions CDS3, CDS6, CDS2 and CDS7 wereand Cinnamomum camphora L [49] and Melia dubia [50] found highly toxic to the termites i.e. Odontotermesand chemical constituents occur in Foeniculum vulgare obesus and have shown very low LD values (0.218-0.021[51], Japanese mint (Mentha arvensis) [52], Azadirachta mg/gm) (Table 1). Similarly each faction has shown veryindica against adults of S. oryzae, (F) [53]. Its volatile high repellency at very low concentration of activecomponents have shown much higher contact and fractions and compounds isolated. EC values werefumigant activities than found in Piper nigrum [54], obtained in a range of 0.006-.017 mg/gm (Table 3).

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Table 3: Percent repellency obtained in solvent extracts and pure compounds isolated from Capparis Decidua against Indian White TermiteOdontotermes Obesus

Compounds Concentration [mg] Mean no. of Insects repelled Expected no. of Insect repelled Value ED250

Single fractions (acetone)Root 0.001-0.016 14.0 10 NS 0.009a

Stem 0.001-0.016 12.4 10 NS 0.011a

Fruit 0.001-0.016 14.4 10 NS 0.006a

Flower 0.001-0.016 13.2 10 NS 0.008a

MixtureCSTM1 extract 0.005-0.08 11.44 10 NS 0.015a

CSTM2 extract 0.005-0.08 10.96 10 NS 0.042a

CSTM3 extract 0.005-0.08 11.24 10 NS 0.038a

Pure compoundsCDS1 0.001-0.016 10 10 0.50 0.012b

CDS2 0.001-0.016 8.6 10 0.80 0.017b

CDS3 0.001-0.016 12.2 10 NS 0.008a

CDS4 0.001-0.016 10 10 0.50 0.013b

CDS5 0.001-0.016 10 10 0.20 0.012b

CDS6 0.001-0.016 12 10 Ns 0.010a

CDS8 0.001-0.016 12.2 10 Ns 0.009a

CDF1 0.001-0.016 10.4 10 0.20 0.011b

a. Not significant as the calculated values of were less than the table values at all probability levels (90%, 95% and 99%).2

b. Significant at all probability levels (90%, 95% and 99%)The data responses lines would fall with in 95% confidence limits and thus the model fits the data adequately. UCL-LCL* Upper confidence limit and lowerconfidence limit. CSTM indicates combined tincture of Capparis deciduas, coconut oil, terpene oil, glycerol, elemental sulphur and liter water

Table 4: Percent repellency obtained In Solvent Extracts Prepared From Capparis Decidua Against Rice Weevil, Sitophilus Oryzae (Linn.), RhizoperthaDominca (Fabr) And Callosobruchus Chinensis

Extracts Single fractions Stem Concentration [mg] Mean no. of Insects repelled Expected no. of Insect repelled Value ED250

Acetone 0.030-0.210 10.16 10 0.262 0.1250.040-0.380 10.16 10 2.192 0.1730.025-0.40 13.34 10 0.241 0.091

Chloroform 0.110-0.770 10.5 10 3.454 0.4430.030-0.210 10.83 10 2.516 0.1170.04-0.64 14.00 10 0.934 0.160

Petroleum ether 0.05-0.035 10.43 10 3.680 0.0180.010-0.021 11.33 10 11.512 0.0130.02-0.032 16.66 10 1.992 0.07

Methanol 0.011-0.099 10.28 10 3.300 0.1950.040-0.320 12.16 10 0.976 0.1780.035-0.560 16.66 10 2.916 0.132

Hexane 0.040-0.280 12.33 10 3.094 0.1360.070-0.490 11.66 10 4.424 0.2510.01-0.160 14.66 10 0.071 3.786

Water 0.070-0.490 11.5 10 2.237 0.2580.100-0.700 11.5 10 1.698 0.3680.01-0.160 14.00 10 2.324 0.04

*Two choice repellency bioassay was performed for each fraction. ** Repellency for each plant extract was tested three times for each concentration.

The maximum feeding deterrence index was found for repellency against termites. Besides this, solvent extractsextract CDS3. From extract CD1, two compounds were in combination with other natural products have shownisolated and characterized as triacontanol (CDS2) and synergistic activity and results in high mortality of insects2-carboxy-1,1-dimethylpyrrolidine (CDS8). Similarly, from (Table 3, 4). Further, in field experiments pre soakedstem fraction CD7, one novel compound labeled as CDF1 cotton threads were prepared by emerging them inwas isolated and identified as 6-(1-hydroxy-non-3-enyl) Capparis deciduas aqueous extract and tagged overtetrahydropyran-2-one which has also shown very high tree trunks for management of termites in the garden.

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Fig. 2: Showing % inhibition in termite infestation andtunneling activity in O. obesus field colonies after Repellent Activity: In repellent bioassays when adultsand before treatment. For treatment 40 mg/ml of above insect species were exposed to sub-lethalconcentration of aqueous solution was used to (20%-60% of LD ) dose of different extracts of leaves andpreparation of impregnated cotton tags and same flower of C. decidua. they have significantly repelledconcentration was applied for spraying over large number of insects in comparison to control (Table 4).garden trees. All the extracts have shown very low ED values and on

Fig. 3: Showing % reduction in tunneling activity in indicate that dose responses were worked well in casetermites in garden soil in six different locations. each extract and chemical constituent as they haveObservations were done for six months in field significantly repelled more number of insects at a verycolonies O. obesus in seasoned wood sticks and in small dose.controls. For treatment, 140 mg/Kg concentration Similar anti-feedant and fecundity reduction was alsoof aqueous solution was used to seasoned the observed in ethanol, ethyl acetate, diethyl ether andwood sticks chloroform extracts of Capparis aegyptia plant leaves

In treatments, coated plant products had successfully activity is reported in botanical oils used against broadobstructed the ascending and descending movements of bean beetle, Bruchus rufimanus under laboratorytermites and done significant reduction in search conditions [66]. It was due to presence of alkaloid,operations made by termites for feeding. Moreover, toxic polyphenols and flavonoids in Capparis extracts [67, 68].and repellent action of C. decidua also significantly Similarly, various solvent extracts i.e. n-hexane, diethylinhibited mud plastering and tunneling activity in termites. ether, ethyl acetate and ethanol of Capparis aegyptia,Further, application of extracts by spray method has lead leaves and fruits have shown very high repellencyto a significant reduction in number of termites that against adult females of the two-spotted spider mite,results in significant decrease (p<0.01) in % infestation Tetranychus urticae Koch. [32]. Similarly, Capparisand % tunneling activity in termites. In treated cases it spinosa (C. spinosa) showed very high repellency to thewas reduced up to 14.07%, 11.68% and 19.82% lesser grain borer, Rhizopertha dominica, F.respectively in trees both sprayed and tagged (Figure 2). (Bostrichidae: Coleoptera) [46]. The treatments withHowever, after one month total termite infestation was bio-insecticides also significantly cut down the grainsubsided as old mud plastering get shed off and no new damage, seed weight loss [69] and showed wider repellentmud plastering was done by termites (Figure 3). Further, responses in beetles to deter from feeding [69] andC. decidua extracts and its combinatorial mixtures have oviposition inhibition [70]. Similarly, Capparis spinosa

shown significant reduction in wood weight loss andinfestation. There was observed a significant protectionin weight loss in seasoned wood sticks in comparison tocontrol due to inhibition of tunneling activity in termites(Figure 3). Only weight loss was due to soil activity [64].Here, it is highly noticeable that C. decidua fractionsremain active for longer duration, significantly detertermites and cause high lethality in them.

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an average, each extract has shown 60-75% repellency(Table 4). More exceptionally, ethanol extract preparedfrom leaves and fruits of C decidua have shown 86.67 and96.42% repellency [65]. Further, repellency data was foundto be dose dependent as increased dose showed higherresponse and mortality in insects. Further, steep slopevalues obtained in each case indicate that a small dose ofplant extracts can kill large population of stored graininsects. These values fall within 95.0% confidence limitand thus the model fits the data adequately. Besides this,number of insects repelled and F- values calculated

against black cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon [31]. Similar

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(C. spinosa) leaves, flower buds and Caperberries are time dependent. A slight increase in concentration ofused to detertermites, ants and cockroaches. This natural extract increased the percent oviposition inhibitionrepellent activity in flower buds and leaves of most of the in adult insects. It was due to presence of certainCapparis species may be due to presence of certain active ingredients [69] which adversely affect fecundity,volatile components such as benzyl alcohol furfural, egg to adult survival and progeny production in insectsethanol methyl pentyl acetyl, 4-vinyl guaiacol, thymol, C. chinensis [29]. More specifically, both solvent andoctanoic acid and methyl isothiocyanate, hexyl acetate aqueous extracts of Capparis decidua stems and flowers(3.6%) and trans-the aspirane [71-72]. When compared C. showed oviposition inhibitory activities againstdecidua extracts and organic compounds have shown Bruchus chinensis [29]. When female adults of Bruchusbetter toxicity and repellency than (S)-hydroprene and chinensis exposed to sublethal doses (20% of LC ) ofcyfluthrin [73], acrolein vapors [74] and allyl acetate used different extracts and pure compounds isolated fromas fumigants [34] against stored grain insects. Similarly C. decidua stem laid lesser number of eggs, compared toheat treatment and high temperature exposure also control. It has also shown highly significant insecticidalshowed high mortality in pupae and adults of Tribolium and oviposition inhibitory activities against B. chinensiscastaneum and disallows insects to feed [75]. Besides at low concentrations [29]. Furthermore, triacontanol (C1),this, ethyl formate was also found effective against stored 2-carboxy-1,1-dimethylpyrrolidine (C2) isolated fromgrain insects when combines with carbon dioxide to kill C. decidua stem and 6-(1-hydroxy-non-3-enyl)and repel insects [76]. tetrahydropyran-2-one from flower have shown

Oviposition Inhibitory Activity: When both adult weevils B. chinensis at very low concentrations [11, 24, 29].and beetles were exposed to sub-lethal (20%-60% of LD ) Similar fecundity reduction was also observed in50

dose of C decidua extracts and compounds; these have n-hexane, ethanol, ethyl acetate, diethyl ether andshown significant fecundity reduction percentages in chloroform extracts of Capparis aegyptia planttreatments in comparison to control in Sitophilus oryzae, leaves and fruits against black cutworm, AgrotisRhizopertha dominica, Callosobruchus chinensis ipsilon [31] and two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus(Tables 5-7). However, slight exposure of plant extracts urticae Koch [32]. It was due to presence of alkaloid,have shown very high oviposition inhibition in female polyphenols and flavonoids in Capparis extracts [77].insects and block the emergence of F individuals from Solvent extracts have shown very high oviposition1

exposed eggs (Tables 5-7). It was found to be dose and inhibition in adult females of the two-spotted spider mite,

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insecticidal and oviposition inhibitory activities against

Table 5: Efficacy of solvent extracts of stem of Capparis decidua on oviposition behavior of Rice Weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (Linn.)Fraction used Dose applied Mean no. of eggs laid per insect (Mean ± SE) % eggs laid per insect (Mean ± SE) %ODI F-value At df 2 & 6B C

Acetone 20% of LD 18.16±0.477 44.67±0.207 40.51 5.539 S50

40% of LD 14.16±0.307 34.83±0.133 53.3550

60% of LD 4.33±0.421 10.65±0.183 69.7850

Chloroform 20% of LD 15.16±0.477 37.29±0.207 43.83 3.449 NS*50

40% of LD 7.33±0.421 18.03±0.183 46.8750

60% of LD 2.83±0.307 6.90±0.133 56.3150

Petroleum ether 20% of LD 13.33±0.421 37.28±0.173 63.12 7.556 S**50

40% of LD 8.50±0.428 20.49±0.181 71.5750

60% of LD 4.50±0.423 11.06±0.185 78.5050

Methanol 20% of LD 16.83±0.654 41.39±0.283 37.88 11.124 VS***50

40% of LD 12.66±0.495 31.14±0.214 58.0350

60% of LD 6.83±0.307 16.80±0.133 81.8350

Hexane 20% of LD 21.66±0.477 50.04±0.207 42.73 4.582 NS50

40% of LD 16.33±0.421 40.16±0.183 58.3050

60% of LD 3.83±0.308 9.40±0.133 69.1650

Water 20% of LD 23.66±0.494 68.44±0.214 16.43 5.148 S50

40% of LD 14.50±0.428 35.65±0.185 53.0650

60% of LD 7.33±0.421 18.03±0.183 63.3450

The chemical stimulus was coated on the Whatmann filter paper stripes (1 cm ) in the oviposition inhibition test. the ODI% was calculated as 100(A-B)/A 2 B

A+B, where A and B represent the number of eggs laid in the control and in the test respectively. F-values were significant at all probability levels (90, 95 C

and 99%). *NS= Non significant, S**=significant VS*** Very significant

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Table 6: Efficacy of solvent extracts of stem of Capparis decidua on oviposition behavior of Rhizopertha dominca (Fabr) the lesser grain borerFraction used Dose applied Mean no. of eggs laid per insect (Mean ± SE) % eggs laid per insect (Mean ± SE) %ODI F-value At df 2 & 6 B C

Acetone 20% of LD 64.5±1.05 74.2±0.776 14.7 F 0.533750

40% of LD 53.0±1.39 61.0±1.028 24.1 P=0.611950

60% of LD 33.33±0.882 32.6±0.652 50.750

Chloroform 20% of LD 65.33±1.38 75.2±1.0207 14.1 F=0.634250

40% of LD 56.5±0.991 65.0±0.732 21.1 P=0.562550

60% of LD 42.83±0.945 49.3±0.735 33.950

Petroleum ether 20% of LD 64.16±0.601 73.8±0.445 15.0 F=1.44650

40% of LD 40.83±0.601 47.0±0.445 35.44 P=0.307150

60% of LD 32.5±0.763 67.3±0.564 45.5050

Methanol 20% of LD 58.5±0.763 67.3±0.563 19.4 F=0.0868650

40% of LD 32.66±0.954 37.6±0.705 45.3 P=0.917950

60% of LD 26.5±0.991 30.5±0.732 53.250

Hexane 20% of LD 55.0±0.931 63.3±0.688 22.4 F=0.066250

40% of LD 30.83±1.01 35.5±0.747 47.5 P=0.936250

60% of LD 20.66±0.557 23.8±0.441 61.550

Water 20% of LD 51.33 ±0.666 59.1±0.492 25.6 F=0.145250

40% of LD 26.83±0.872 30.9±0.644 52.7 P=0.867850

60% of LD 15.83±0.601 18.2±0.444 69.150



and 99%)

Table 7: Efficacy of various solvent extracts of Capparis decidua on oviposition behavior of Callosobruchus chinensisExtract used Dose applied Mean no. of eggs laid per insect (Mean ± SE) % eggs laid per insect (Mean ± SE) %ODI B F-value At df 1 and 7C

Acetone 20% of LD 10.30±0.346 42.33±1.426 40.51 106.1850

40% of LD 7.40±0.585 30.41±2.408 53.3550

60% of LD 4.33±0.348 17.80±1.429 69.7850

Chloroform 20% of LD 4.33±0.529 39.04±2.175 43.83 8.5850

40% of LD 8.80±0.378 36.16±1.555 46.8750

60% of LD 7.86±0.960 27.94±3.951 56.3150

Petroleum ether 20% of LD 5.50±0.642 22.60±2.641 63.12 6.2950

40% of LD 4.03±0.405 16.57±1.665 71.5750

60% of LD 2.93±0.433 12.05±1.779 78.5050

Methanol 20% of LD 10.96±0.463 45.07±1.901 37.88 191.4950

40% of LD 6.46±0.545 26.57±2.242 58.0350

60% of LD 2.43±0.480 9.99±1.976 81.8350

Hexane 20% of LD 9.67±0.520 40.13±2.137 42.73 66.2250

40% of LD 6.43±0.409 26.43±1.685 58.3050

60% of LD 4.46±0.384 18.35±1.581 69.1650

Water 20% of LD 17.46±0.643 71.78±2.646 16.43 40.5850

40% of LD 7.46±0.284 30.68±1.167 53.0650

60% of LD 5.46±0.617 22.46±2.536 63.3450



and 99%)

Tetranychus urticae Koch. Treated females have shown caper bud oil are benzyl alcohol, furfural, ethanol methyla reduction in the total number of eggs lay during 15 days pentyl acetal, 4-vinyl guaiacol, thymol, octanoic acid andwith fruit extracts than that with leaf extract [64]. Similarly, methyl isothiocyanate. Similarly, few active major volatileso many organic compounds were isolated from essential components methyl isothiocyanate, thymol, 4-vinyloils of caper (Capparis ovata Desf. var. canescens) plant guaiacol, hexyl acetate and trans-theaspirane werebuds and leaves. Though most of them have not been isolated from caper leaves [78]. Due to presence of abovetested against insects but have enormous possibility to volatile components both buds and leaves of Caperspossess anti-insect properties mainly repellent and (Capparis ovata Desf. var. canescens) showed wideroviposition inhibition. Major volatile constituents of toxic, repellent and oviposition inhibitory activity in

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insects. Similarly seeds of Capparis decidua conatin Effect on Metabolic Activity of Insects:20.3 times high quality oil that consists of 68.6% Inhibition of Activity of Bio-Molecules: Furthermore,unsaturated fatty acids and 31.4% saturated fatty acids C. decidua extracts have potentially reduced the bodywhich might also possess anti-insect activities [25]. There content of glycogen after 16 hrs treatment of 80% of LDis much possibility that Caper (Capparis ovata Desf. var. (Tables 8-10). This decrease in glycogen level may be duecanescens) buds and leaves contain essential oils, that to high release of glucagon, corticosteroids andmay possess multiple activities against different groups catecholamines, which stimulate glucose production toof organisms mainly insects. Furthermore, flower buds combat energy demand. Normally in the body freeand leaves of caper plant possess hydroxyl cinnamic glycogen floats in the haemolymph/ blood that afteracids such as caffeic acid, ferulic acid and cinnamic acid, breakdown help to maintain glucose level in hemolymphwhich may also have anti-insect potential. Similarly, [79]. Further, depletion of glycogen indicates moreCapparis spinosa L. possess few active components i.e. utilization of food reserves to fight against insecticideglycosides, such as quercetin and kaempferol [26, 65], induced stress [80]. These changes provide amplealkaloids, glucosinolate, lipids flavonoids and stimulus for glycogenolysis in insect tissues and rapidmiscellaneous isothiocyanate glucosides. Capparis [9-14]. utilization of glycogen units in response to stress causedHowever, these compounds are remaining untested but by pesticide treatment [81]. Similarly, C. decidua havethere is a higher possibility that these might be more shown very high reduction in DNA, RNA and proteinuseful against insects and group of pathogens. No doubt, contents (Tables 2-7). Similarly protein and nucleic acidthese chemicals may exert chemical stimuli that might have synthesis may also block at cellular level and catabolisminfluenced the survival of adult weevils, beetles, do get increased which results into low availability ofsignificant reduction in fecundity and arise deformity in proteins and nucleic acid [82]. Similar results are reporteddeveloping insect embryos. These compounds may in Pimpla turionella wasp when its larvae, pupae andpossess very high repellent and oviposition inhibitory adult females were treated with cypermethrin.activity against susceptible female insects and disallow Cypermethrin affected the level of glycogen, proteinemergence of F individuals by blocking the development and lipid [83]. Similarly, an increase in glycogenesis1

[69]. causes a significant decrease in free amino acid level [84].

50

Table 8: Effect of 40% and 80% of LD of Capparis decidua aqueous fraction on glycogen, protein, DNA, RNA and amino acid of Sitophilus oryzae Linn50

Time (hr)--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4 8 12 16----------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ----------------------------------

Parameters 0 (Control) 40% 80% 40% 80% 40% 80% 40% 80%

Glycogen 2.627±0.0509 1.834±0.034 1.702±0.089 1.651±0.098 1.551±0.012 1.388±0.035 1.405±0.027 1.306±0.036 1.210±0.048Protein 10.15±0.014 7.081±0.015 6.809±0.026 6.257±0.049 5.531±0.049 5.154±0.089 4.346±0.010 4.632±0.011 3.802±0.053DNA 0.484±0.002 0.507±0.030 0.483±0.023 0.456±0.042 0.413±0.034 0.361±0.013 0.334±0.054 0.312±0.0342 0.409±0.012RNA 0.434±0.003 0.422±0.003 0.37±0.003 0.359±0.004 0.313±0.004 0.316±0.004 0.238±0.004 0.228±0.004 0.176±0.004Amino acid 0.785±0.0243 0.605±0.003 0.612±0.004 0.589±0.004 0.442±0.004 0.460±0.004 0.429±0.004 0.414±0.004 0.376±0.004

Values are mean ±SE of three replicates

Table 9: Effect of 40% and 80% of LD of Capparis decidua aqueous fraction on glycogen, protein, DNA, RNA and amino acid of Rhizopertha dominca50

(Fabr.)

Time (hr)-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4 8 12 16----------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ----------------------------------


Glycogen 2.21±0.013 1.834±0.003 1.717±0.004 1.660±0.004 1.571±0.009 1.367±0.003 1.392±0.002 1.311±0.002 1.228±0.003Protein 9.115±0.028 7.016±0.004 6.845±0.002 6.244±0.002 5.551±0.010 5.166±0.004 4.372±0.003 4.631±0.011 3.790±0.007DNA 0.575±0.286 0.509±0.002 0.474±0.002 0.448±0.003 0.335±0.002 0.377±0.007 0.312±0.003 0.327±0.001 0.281±0.003RNA 0.506±0.018 0.414±0.003 0.369±0.003 0.366±0.004 0.308±0.008 0.292±0.006 0.236±0.002 0.232±0.004 0.172±0.002Amino acid 0.812±0.026 0.608±0.003 0.588±0.004 0.574±0.003 0.457±0.001 0.452±0.004 0.435±0.003 0.412±0.002 0.341±0.005


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Table 10: Effect of 40% and 80% of LD of Capparis decidua aqueous fraction on glycogen, protein, DNA, RNA amino acid and lipid of Callosobruchus chinensis50

Time (hr)-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4 8 12 16------------------------------------ ------------------------------------ ---------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------


Glycogen (µg/gm) 2.148±0.0046 2.058±0.01 1.99±0.0081 1.668±0.0081 1.53±0.01 1.237±0.004 1.191±0.0029 0.77±0.0053 0.749±0.0046(100) (95.80) (89.84) (77.64) (71.22) (57.58) (55.44) (35.84) (34.86)

Protein (µg/gm) 10.512±0.0031 8.2733±0.0081 7.978±0.0078 7.231±0.0052 6.533±0.0081 6.71±0.0035 6.484±0.0023 5.2367±0.0066 5.2157±0.0087(100) (78.68) (75.87) (68.77) (62.32) (63.81) (61.66) (49.80) (49.60)

DNA (µg/gm) 0.924±0.0042 0.8417±0.0055 0.7003±0.0067 0.7291±0.0038 0.6272±0.0059 0.5589±0.0029 0.5007±0.0035 0.4186±0.0012 0.4031±0.0056(100) (91.09) (75.79) (78.90) (67.87) (60.48) (54.18) (45.30) (43.62)

RNA (µg/gm) 0.6848±0.0002 0.6736±0.0084 0.6209±0.0025 0.562±0.0044 0.4908±0.0043 0.4933±0.0018 0.4825±0.0044 0.3701±0.0045 0.3617±0.004(100) (98.36) (90.67) (82.07) (71.67) (72.04) (70.46) (54.04) (52.82)

Amino acid (µg/gm) 0.9113±0.007 0.807±0.0035 0.799±0.0055 0.72±0.0038 0.692±0.005 0.608±0.0023 0.578±0.002 0.497±0.0052 0.485±0.0048(100) (88.55) (87.67) (79.00) (75.93) (66.71) (63.42) (54.53) (53.22)


It decreases the protein level in Spodoptera litrua larvae Inhibition of Enzymatic Activity: In addition to itin comparison to control. Few organophosphorus significantly (p<0.05) sub-lethal concentration ofinsecticides such as chloropyrifos, thiamethoxam, fipronil C. decidua solvent extracts and constituents haveand malathion caused significant depletion in total protein significantly altered the activity of acid phosphatase,in haemolymph and fat body of silk worm Bombyx mori alkaline phosphatase, glumtamate transaminase and[85]. Similar results were reported in Pimpla turionella glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase and lacticwasp when its larvae, pupae and adult females were dehydrogenase in adults and larvae of S. oryzae,treated with cypermethrin [86]. Cypermethrin affected the R. dominica, Callasobruchus chinenesis andlevel of glycogen, protein and lipid [87]. Similar Odontotermes obesus at a very low concentration after 16macromolecular abnormalities are generated by malathion hrs treatment (Tables 11-14). More especially, toxicand permethrin in Tribolium castaneum larvae [88]. components have cut down the level ofUsually organochlorine and organophosphate pesticides acetylcholinesterase up to 60-61% after 4 hrs that provessignificantly affect the level of glucose, glycogen, lipid nuerotoxic effects in stored grain insects. Similarly,and protein contents in tissue of the freshwater snail active components of C. decidua and its extractsBellamya dissimilis (Muller) [89] and Philosamia ricini increased the transamination of amino acids that has[90]. Fenvalerate toxicity effect the level of protein and affected the level of glutamate pyruvate transaminaseamino acids [91] while malathion and permethrin toxicity (GPT) and glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase enzymesdeveloped major macromolecular abnormalities in (GOT) in treated insects [94] (Tables 11-14). MoreTribolium castaneum larvae [92]. Moreover, both specifically, both GPT and GOT also play an importantorganochlorine and organophosphate toxicity effect the role in protein metabolism and were also found to betotal body weight, glycogen, protein and lipid and protein inhibited. Further, fat body and heamolymph exhibitedcontents [93]. higher glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase activity

Table 11: Effect of 40% and 80% of LD of Capparis decidua aqueous fraction on ACP, ALP,GPT, GOT, LDH and AChE of Sitophilus oryzae Linn50

Time (hr)------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4 8 12 16----------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ----------------------------------


ACP 2.559±0.009 2.148±0.017 2.095±0.002 1.868±0.004 1.762±0.004 1.581±0.005 1.600±0.003 1.578±0.005 1.549±0.005ALP 1.871±0.007 1.541±0.003 1.52±0.004 1.416±0.002 1.402±0.004 1.385±0.002 1.359±0.002 1.348±0.004 1.325±0.002GPT 4.335±0.012 3.731±0.008 3.647±0.003 3.599±0.013 3.593±0.001 4.00±0.006 3.424±0.036 3.369±0.003 3.357±0.004GOT 3.22±0.003 2.749±0.004 2.727±0.003 2.715±0.021 2.689±0.001 2.669±0.002 2.652±0.044 2.6112±0.008 2.211±0.003LDH 8.32±0.003 8.228±0.002 8.212±0.009 7.978±0.005 7.856±0.015 7.658±0.003 7.548±0.002 7.223±0.006 7.126±0.002AChE 0.957±0.011 0.815±0.017 0.803±0.0012 0.765±0.002 0.715±0.031 0.657±0.004 0.555±0.078 0.600±0.004 0.593±0.001


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Table 12: Effect of 40% and 80% of LD of Capparis decidua aqueous fraction on ACP, ALP,GPT, GOT, LDH and AChE of Rhizopertha dominca (Fabr.)50

Time (hr)------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4 8 12 16----------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ----------------------------------

Parameters 0 (Control) 40% 80% 40% 80% 40% 80% 40% 80%ACP 2.313±0.002 2.330±0.005 2.110±0.001 2.057±0.013 1.974±0.004 1.992±0.002 1.810±0.001 1.752±0.002 1.640±0.008ALP 1.583±0.002 1.772±0.007 1.695±0.002 1.706±0.003 1.684±0.007 1.620±0.003 1.69±0.002 1.562±0.002 1.467±008GPT 4.273±0.001 4.116±0.002 4.106±0.002 4.116±0.004 4.069±0.007 4.017±0.003 3.986±0.002 3.984±0.001 3.666±0.008GOT 3.108±0.002 3.027±0.016 3.009±0.001 2.973±0.007 2.993±0.002 2.863±0.006 2.790±0.003 2.746±0.001 2.564±0.002LDH 8.314±0.003 8.241±0.027 8.175±0.005 8.074±0.002 8.066±0.005 7.992±0.001 7.818±0.004 7.641±0.012 7.439±0.004AChE 0.953±0.010 0.925±0.015 0.896±0.004 0.817±0.002 0.811±0.006 0.814±0.001 0.795±0.003 0.786±0.005 0.710±0.016Values are mean ±SE of three replicates

Table 13: Effect of 40% and 80% of LD of Capparis decidua aqueous fraction on ACP, ALP,GPT, GOT, LDH and AChE of Callosobruchus chinensis50

Time (hr)------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4 8 12 16------------------------------------ ----------------------------------- ------------------------------------ ----------------------------------

Parameters 0 (Control) 40% 80% 40% 80% 40% 80% 40% 80%ACP 2.240±0.004 1.941±0.003 1.938±0.013 1.931±0.023 1.925±0.038 1.913±0.019 1.903±0.003 1.841±0.023 1.823±0.021

(100) (86.65) (86.51) (86.20) (85.93) (85.40) (84.95) (82.18) (81.38)ALP 1.792±0.01 1.686±.0001 1.671±0.0009 1.666±0.04 1.624±0.031 1.619±0.0002 1.594±0.0011 1.512±0.024 1.497±0.0045

(100) (94.08) (93.24) (92.96) (90.62) (90.34) (88.95) (84.37) (83.53)GPT 4.145±0.007 4.127±0.0021 4.115±0.011 4.112±0.0013 4.109±0.002 4.056±0.013 3.991±0.02 3.901±0.031 3.891±0.0032

(100) (99.56) (99.27) (99.20) (99.13) (97.85) (96.28) (94.11) (93.87)GOT 3.019±0.002 2.915±0.005 2.911±0.031 2.906±0.021 2.897±0.0034 2.891±0.012 2.671±0.0045 2.611±0.006 2.601±0.0009

(100) (96.55) (96.42) (96.25) (95.95) (95.76) (88.47) (86.48) (86.15)LDH 8.301±0.019 8.269±0.001 8.256±0.006 8.248±0.03 8.149±0.017 8.041±0.031 7.981±0.01 7.914±0.023 7.911±0.05

(100) (99.61) (99.45) (99.36) (98.16) (96.86) (96.14) (95.33) (95.30)AChE 0.938±0.012 0.911±0.024 0.909±0.0023 0.901±0.04 0.896±0.0023 0.881±0.006 0.863±0.003 0.813±0.031 0.791±0.003

(100) (97.12) (96.90) (96.05) (95.52) (93.92) (92.00) (86.67) (84.32)Parameters Time (hr)Values are mean ±SE of three replicates

Table 14: Effect of 40% and 80% of LD of Capparis decidua aqueous extract on acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, lactic dehydrogenase, glutamate pyruvate transaminase, glutamate50

oxaloacetate transaminase and acetylcholinesterase in Odontotermes obesus (Rambur)

Time (hr)-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4 8 12 16------------------------------------ ---------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------


ACP 4.85*±0.022 4.67*±0.0058 4.62*±0.0058 4.59*±0.0088 4.48*±0.0375 4.28*±0.0346 4.31*±0.0546 4.036*±0.0218 4.14*±0.0546(100.00) (96.28) (95.26) (94.63) (92.37) (88.25) (88.87) (83.22) (85.36)

ALP 1.25±0.0057 1.243*±0.0029 1.234*±0.0023 1.224*±0.0023 1.217*±0.0041 1.194*±0.0035 1.179*±0.0029 1.146*±0.0061 1.132*±0.0027(100.00) (99.44) (98.72) (97.92) (97.36) (95.52) (94.32) (91.68) (90.56)

LDH 14.59±0.039 14.55*±0.0176 14.21*±0.015 14.44*±0.0218 14.10*±0.042 14.63*±0.0185 14.10*±0.043 14.246*±0.012 13.91*±0.0208(100.00) (99.73) (97.40) (98.97) (96.64) (100.27) (95.89) (97.64) (95.34)

GPT 6.55±0.015 6.53*±0.053 6.37*±0.0176 6.42*±0.029 6.31*±0.02 6.64*±0.0317 6.1*±0.0176 6.19*±0.034 5.97*±0.021(100.00) (99.69) (97.25) (98.02) (96.33) (101.37) (93.13) (94.50) (91.15)

GOT 1.64±0.023 1.75*±0.0176 1.4*±0.0425 1.66*±0.012 1.16*±0.024 1.56*±0.0185 1.04*±0.02 1.464*±0.0208 0.99*2±0.0033(100.00) (106.70) (85.37) (101.22) (70.73) (95.12) (63.41) (89.27) (60.48)

AchE 0.0116±0.009 0.01136*± 0.0116*± 0.00987*± 0.0115*± 0.00976*± 0.00987*± 0.00963*± 0.00862*±(100.00) 0.000088 0.000058 0.000019 0.0000176 0.0000185 0.000024 0.000033 0.0000775

(97.93) (100.00) (85.08) (99.14) (84.14) (85.00) (83.01) (74.31)

values are mean ±SE of three replicates values in parantheses indicate percent enzyme level in comparison to control taken as 100%. *Significant at (P<0.05, student t-test) acid phosphatase (ACP) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP)- µ moles of p-nitrophenol formed /30 minute/mg protein. lactic dehydrogenase (LDH): µ moles of pyruvate reduced/ 30min/mg/protein. glutamate-Pyruvate transaminase (GPT): Units of glutamate-pyurvate transaminase activity/hour/mg protein. glutamate oxalo acetate transaminase (GOT): Units of glutamate oxalo acetate transaminase activity/ hour/ mg protein. Acetylcholine esterase (AchE): µ moles ‘SH’ hydrolysed/min/mg/protein

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than the glutamate pyruvate transaminase during Pesticidal Activity: Capparis stylosa methanolic rootsuccessive developmental stages. Hence, the level ofheamolymph aminotransferase is significantly decreased.Therefore, a decline in the level of above enzymes directlyaffects oxygen consumption in insects. Further, inhibitionof phosphatase and lactic dehydrogenase level generatetissue necrosis in insects [95]. In the present studyelevation or reduction in enzyme level is associated withmetabolic alterations in insects [96]. Hence, this imbalancein the levels of various enzymes such as AChE, estrasesand phosphatases and lactic dehydrogenase [97](either increase or decrease) led to significant alterationsin important metabolic pathways [98] and lead to thedeath of insects after insecticide poisoning [99]. In insectspesticides significantly affect the activity of esterase,phosphatase and among amino transferase enzymes [100]The extract of C. moonii produced significant (p<0.001)lowering of the elevated serum glutamicoxalo acetictransaminase (SGOT), serum glutamic pyruvatetransaminase (SGPT), alkaline phosphatase(ALP) and arise of depleted total protein when compared with thetoxic control was reported [101]. Hence, all significantchanges in the level of various enzymes andmetabolites indicate very high insecticidal activity ofthe C. decidua extracts towards the S. oryzae, inT. castaneum, R. dominica, Callasobruchus chinenesis[101].

Molluscicidal Activity: Capparis spinosa dry powder actas molluscicide and significantly altered the level ofglycolytic and gluconeogenic enzymes such as lactatedehydrogenase (LDH), pyruvate Kinase (PK), hexokinase(HK), phosphofructokinase (PFK), glucose phosphateisomerase (GPI) enzymes [33]. It significantly affect levelof glucose-6-phosphatase (G-6Pase), fructose 1.6diphosphatase (FDpase), phosphoenol pyruvatescarboxykinase (PEPCK), 5-nucleotidase alpha-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (HBDH) and succinatedehydrogenase (SDH) enzymes which results in asignificant alteration in the level of glycogen, glucose,total protein at a very low concentration in snails [33].Similar, molluscicidal potency was found in driedCapparis spinosa leaves against Bionimphalariaalexandrina [102] in which level of lactate dehydrogenase(LDH), 5'-nucleotidase, acid phosphatase (AP), aspartateand alanine aminotransferases (AST and ALT), alkalinephosphatase (ALP) and glucose, total protein (TP)content was significantly altered in haemolymph after 24hours of plant feeding in snails [102].

extract showed very high pesticidal activity againstpredatory fish Channa punctatus. It shows very highlethality, as LC values obtained were 144.54, 118.30,50

104.13 and 89.33 ppm for 24, 48, 72 and 96 hrs,respectively. In addition exposed fish showed thebehavioral changes such as suffocation, rapid movement,spiraling and convulsion period to death [103].

The Toxicity to Goats: C. tomentosa dried leaves andstem were found highly toxic to Nubian goats. Goatreceiving Capparis stem at 2.5 g/kg on every other daybasis for 8 days developed signs of toxicosis, appetence,loco motor disturbances, paresis especially of the hindlimbs and recumbency. Other symptoms developed werelesions comprised perineuronal vacuolation in the graymatter of the spinal cord at the sacral region, centrilobularhepatocellular necrosis, degeneration of the renal proximalconvoluted and collecting tubules, serous atrophy of thecardiac fat and renal pelvis and straw-colored fluid inserious cavities [104]. Similar toxicity was also noted inDesert sheep and Zebu calves when administered oraldoses of the dry leaves of Capparis tomentosa. Theimportant clinical signs developed in sheep and calvesdue to of Capparis poisoning were weakness of the hindlimbs, staggering, swaying, flexion of the fetlock andphalangeal joints, pain in the sacral region, in appetenceand recumbency. There was obtained a sharp decrease inthe level of total protein and calcium and an increase ofglutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), ammonia,sodium and potassium in serum [105, 106]. Similarly,aqueous leaf extract of Capparis grandiflora showedacute toxicity [107].

CONCLUSION

From the above studies, it is very clear thatC. decidua solvent extracts and its constituents possessgreater potential against various insects i.e. S. oryzae,R. dominica, C. chinensis, T. castanaeum Odontotermesobesus, mosquito Aedes ageypti and tick Tetranychusurticae Koch. These have shown very high toxicity andrepellency in adult insects and their larvae. These haveshown oviposition inhibition (~70-90%) responses infemale insects when exposed to sub-lethal dose and blockthe emergence of F individuals from exposed eggs. It was1

totally dose dependent and volatile exposure hasadversely affected the fecundity, egg to adult survivaland progeny production in various insect species.No doubt, C. decidua qualifies as a good insecticidal

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plant and its active ingredients could be used for 4. Gupta, I.C., L.N. Harsh, K.A. Sharikamarayan andpreparation of herbal or bio-pesticide/ insecticide B.D. Sharma, 1989. Wealth from waste lands, Indianformulations for control of not only stored grain insects Farming., 38(11):18-19, 24.but also to control flying insects. However, activity 5. Singh, M., S.K. Jindla and R. Sivdasan, 2005.against many species of genus Capparis is not still fully Capparis decidua-A multipurpose shrub, In: Shrubsknown but these might be effective against other insect of Indian Arid Zone (Arid Agro-ecosystempests such as ants, beetles, ticks, lice, spiders, earwigs, Directorate, CAZRI Jodhpur).silverfish, fleas and roaches. carpenter ants and bees, 6. Chopra, R.N., S.L. Nayar and I.C. Chopra, 1954.beetles, flies, wasps, mosquitoes, moths and bats. These Gloassary of Indian Medicinal Plants (Publicationsmay be also active against rodents such as rats, mice, and information Directorate, New Delhi), pp: 1949.moles and squirrels. In addition, Capparis species were 7. Chauhan, B.M., A. Duhan and C.M. Bhatt, 1986.found active against harmful fishes, mollusks and Nutritional value of Capparis decidua fruit. J. Foodmammals. These pesticide formulations must be cheaper Sci. Technol., 23: 106-108.than less expensive and non-harmful for human and 8. Ozacus, M., 1999. Pickling and storage of caperenvironmental health than synthetic highly toxic berries (Capparis sp.). Z F Lebensmittel-Unterpesticides. Thus, both biodiversity and environmental Suchung Forchung A., 208: 379-382.health can be restored by using low toxicity bearing 9. Duhan, A., B.M. Chauhan and D. Punia, 1992.herbal pesticides by replacing some of the most Nutritional value of some non-conventional planthazardous pesticides. Hence, for wider insecticidal foods of India. Plant Foods Hum Nutr., 42(3): 193-200.performance and achieving very high efficacy against 10. Dahot, M.U., 1993. Chemical evaluation of theinsect pests constituent’s level study along with structure nutritive value of flowers and fruits of Capparisactivity relationships of natural products isolated from decidua. J. Chem. Soc. Pak., 15: 78-81.C. decidua and its associating species is to be required to 11. Mishra, S.N., P.C. Tomar and N. Lakra, 2007.control not only stored grain insects but also all other Medicinal and food value of Capparis a harsh terraintypes of pests. In addition to keep the traditional practices plant. Indian J. Traditional Knowledge., 6: 230-238.alive, it is very essential to preserve Capparis plant 12. Upadhyay, R.K., S. Ahmad, R. Tripathi, L. Rohtagispecies in larger habitat, by modifying and making natural and S.C. Jain, 2010. Screening of antimicrobialenvironment more favorable for conservation of its potential of extracts and pure compoundsdiversity. Certainly, this plant species may become the isolated from Capparis decidua. J. Med. Plant. Res.,source of nutrition, medicine and herbal pesticides in 4: 439-445.future. 13. Tlili, N., N. Nasri, E. Saadaoui, A. Khaldi and S. Triki,

Figure 1 Showing major components isolated from 2009. Carotenoid and tocopherol composition ofvarious plant species of genus Capparis. leaves, buds and flowers of Capparis spinosa

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insecticidal properties of kareel plant (capparis decidua - idosi.org

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