insectiside etc 2016bw

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INTOXICATION OF INSECTICIDES,PLANT AND ANIMAL POISONING

Ngatidjan

Department of Pharmacology and Therapy, Faculty of Medicine UGM

Lecturer for Faculty of Medicine UMY



ACUTE INTOXICATIONS

Drugs OAD, insulin,

acetyl salicylic acid,

digoxin, theophyline, etc.

Food mushroom,

cyanide containing food,

canned / bottled food,

bacterial contaminated food :

- Clostridium perfingen,

- Salmonella, etc.

- shigella,

cause diarrhea

House-holds

pesticides (insecticides,

herbicides, rodenticides, etc.),

strong acid or base (NaOH,

H2SO4, HCl, HNO3, etc.) Plant - animals

snake bites,

insect bites – sting,

etc.

Others

Solvents (toluene, alcohol,

aldehyde, etc.)2Ngatidjan INSECTICIDES ETC - 2016



INSECTICIDES,

PLANT AND ANIMAL POISONING

3Ngatidjan INSECTICIDES ETC - 2016



Ngatidjan INSECTICIDES ETC - 2016 4

PESTICIDES

Insecticides (zat –

obat pembasmi hama-serangga)

Herbicides (zat – obat pembasmi tanaman pengganggu)

Fungicides (zat –

obat pembasmi hama-jamur)

Rodenticides (zat – obat pembasmi hama-tikus)

Larvacides (zat –

obat pembasmi hama-larva)

Etc.




INSECTICIDES

Organophosphate (diazinon, dichlorvos, malathion, parathion,

and azinphosmethyl)

Carbamate (aldicarb, carbaryl carbofuran, and propoxur)

Organochlorine (aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor, and lindane)

Alkaloida (nicotine, and pyrethroids : allethrin, cypermethrin,

deltamethrin, resmethrin, and phenothrin)




– TEP (tetraetylpyrophosphate), 1,1 2,4

– Mevinphos 6,1 4,7

– Azinphosmethyl 13 220

– Parathion 13 21

– Chlorphenvinphos 15 31

–Dichlorvos 80 107

– Diazinon 108 200

ORGANOPHOSPHATELD-50 (mg/ kg) in rat

orally perdermally




– Dimethoate, 215 260

– Trichlorvon 630 > 2.000

–Chlorothion 880 > 1.500

– Malathion 1375 > 4.000

–Ronnel 1250 > 5.000

– Abate 8.000 4.000

ORGANOPHOSPHATELD-50 (mg/ kg) in rat

orally perdermally




–Propoxur 83 > 2.400

– Carbaryl 850 > 4.000

– Mobam 150 > 2.000

–Temik 0,8 3,0

– Zectran 37 > 1.500

CARBAMATES LD-50 (mg/ kg) in rat

orally perdermally




ORGANOPHOSPHATES and CARBAMATES

Organophosphates and Carbamates

Inhibits cholinesterase

Acetylcholine accumulation (in synaptic clefts)

Sympathetic nerve, autonomic ganglia, motor end plate, etc.

Cholinergic receptor stimulation (r-M and r-N)

Symptoms of acute intoxication



10




Sign & symptom of acute intoxication

• Exocrine glands r-M (increase salivation, lacrimation, perspiration)

• Eyes r-M (miosis, blurred vision)

• GI tract r-M (vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal cramp)

• Respiratory tract r-M (bronchial, hypersecretion, brochoconstriction),

• Bladder r-M (urinary frequency),

• Cardiovasc system r-M (bradycardia, hypotension),

•Cardiovasc system r-N (tachycardia, transient hypertension),

• Skeletal muscle r-N (muscle fasciculation, twitching, weakness, etc),

• CNS r-M and r-N (dizziness, lethargy, fatigue, headache, confusion, coma, etc).




Symptoms of acute intoxication

• 30 –

60 minutes (after the insecticide enter into the body)

• Maximal symptoms (2 – 8 hours after the insecticide enter into the body)

• Headache, chest discomfort, tremor palpepra and tongue, blurred vision

• Nausea, hypersecretion saliva and lacrima,

• Vomiting, sweaty, fasciculation,

• Diarrhea, miosis, dyspnea, convulsion, cardiac arrest.




Therapy

Mild intoxication

• Atropine 1 –

2 mg intravenous

• Pralidoxim 2 mg intravenous

• Emesis, gastric lavage and forced diuretics are not

effective




Therapy (in moderate to severe case)

Airway facilitation from mucous material,

Atropine injection intravenous 2 mg

repeat every 15 minutes until reverse of the symptoms,

pallor of the face become redness,

hypersalivation dry mouth,

bradycardia slight tachycardia (critical),

sweaty dry skin,

Cholinesterase reactivator oximes (pralidoxim etc.)




- DDT (Diphendiphenyltrichlorethana) 217 2510

- Aldrien 25 98

- Dieldrin 18 18

- Heptachlor 100 195

- Chlordane 335 840

- Lindan 80 1.000

- Methoxychlor 5.000 7.000

ORGANOCHLORINE LD-50 (mg/ kg) in rat

orally perdermally




Organochlorine

active transport

(Na+ and K+ axon)sensory and motor nerve

paraesthesia of tongue, lips and face

excitable, irritable, dizziness, disturbances on balancingtremor, convulsion

tissue oxygenation

death




Therapy of acute organochlorine acute intoxication

1. Facilitation of respiration

- remove mucous from respiratory tract

- oxygen

2. Antidote (nonspecific)

- phenobarbital 100 – 200 mg (15 mg/kgBW) intramuscularly

- diazepam 5 – 10 mg (0,3 mg/kgBW) intravenously

3. Gastric lavage

4. Laxant MgSO4

5. Adsorbent




Organochlorineand environment




Organochlorine

difficult to be eliminated spontaneous decomposition

(t1/2 335 days) (t1/2 6 months)

depositionin adipose tissue

pollutes of food chain

BIOMAGNIFICATION


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bird(10 ppm)

river fish(2 ppm)

sea fish(0,5 ppm)

river, lake and sea plant

(0,1 ppm)

river, lake and sea plant

(0,01 ppm)plankton

(0,05 ppm)

plan water

(0,00001 ppm)

sea water

(0,000001 ppm)




Organochlorine

insecticides

now is prohibited




Pyrethroids pyrethrum

Allethrin

Resmethrin

Phenothrin

Deltamethrin

Cypermethrin

Cyhalothrin




Neonicotinoids

Imidacloprid

Acetamiprid

Thiacloprid

Nitenpyram

l-Nicotine



TOXIN(PLANT AND ANIMAL ORIGIN)

Ngatidjan 24INSECTICIDES ETC - 2016



25

TOXIN PLANT ORIGIN

Cyanide Casava, etc.

Muscarine Amanita muscaria

Phalotidine Amanita phaloides

Antimuscarinics Datura Sp

EtcNgatidjan INSECTICIDES ETC - 2016




Emetics

Family Amaryllidaceae in open space yard

Elicits vomitus

Mild vomitus – severe vomitus

Last until 24 hours

Therapy : symptomatic (phenothiazine)

May stimulates CTZ




Diarrhea

• Traditionally for cathartics

• Anthraquinone derivatives

•

Plant consists of saponins – Phytolacta americana, horse chestnut fruit, Hedera helix

leaf, seed of Pachyrhizus erosus, etc.

– Unabsorbed, may cause gastroenteritis

• Cause gastroenteritis (Ricinus communis)

• May cause chest pain, hypersalivation, emesis,

colic abdomen




Antimuscarinics

• Datura stramonium (kecubung)

• Brogmansia spp. (angel trumpets)

• Consists of belladonna alkaloids

• Seed and dry leaf may cause delirium

• Effect : dry mouth, dysphonia, dysphagia, tachycardia, dry-

skin, pyraxia, blurred vision, mydriasis, delirium.



Amanita muscaria



30

Papaver somniferum



31

Animal Venoms

• Snake

• Insects

– Bee

– Scorpion

– Spider




Toksin (small molecule) Sumber Mekanisme aksi

Tetrodotoxin

Saxitoxin

Ciguatoxin

Cardiac glycosides

Batrachotoxin

Domoic toxin

Palytoxin

Puffer fish, octopus, salamander

Shellfish contaminated with

dinoflagellates

Large tropical fish contaminated

with dinoflagellates

Toad skin

Frog skin

Shellfish muscle

Sea anemone

Na+ channel blockers

Na+ channel blockers

Actin on Na+ channels

ATP-ase inhibitor

Na+ channel activator

CNS toxin

Ionophores

RACUN IKAN, KATAK DSB.




Toksin

(protein and polypeptides) Sumber Mekanisme aksi

α-bungarotoxin

β-bubgarotoxin

α-canotoxin

μ-canotoxin

ω-canotoxin

Cardiotoxin

phospholipases

Elapid snake,(kraits)

Elapid snake (kraits)

Coneshells

Coneshells

Coneshells

Elapid snakes

Many snakes

Nicotinic recetor blockers

Presynaptic cholinergic nerve

-

Skeletal muscle Na+ channel blocker

N-type Ca2+

antagonist

Direct acting cardiotoxin

Cell membrane destruction

BISA ULAR.




Racun (bisa) Ular

• Terdiri atas (campuran) :

– protein terutama enzim (> 25 macam)

– peptida atau polipeptida

– substansi (zat) anorganis Na, Ca, K, Mg (sedikit

Zn, Fe, Co, Mn, Ni




Racun (bisa) Ular

• Enzim yang ada : proteolitik

– arginine like hydrolase

– thrombine like enzyme

– hyaluronidase

– fosfolipase

–asetilkolinesterase

– fosfodiesterase

– dsb.




Racun (bisa) Ular

• Kegunaan zat-zat itu bagi ular (dalam bisa) : – immobilisasi mangsa

– membunuh mangsa

– mencerna (pendahuluan) mangsa

bersifat neurotoksik

bersifat digestive

hemotoksik.




Therapy of snake bite

– it is an emergency case, local and systemic

– facilitate respiratory tract

– coagulopathy : give antivenin

– hypotension : give intravenous electrolyte

– give antidote (specific antivenin)

– decontamination : clean and wash wound using soap, immobilization of

bitten area i.e. limb, do not apply tourniquet, suck bitten wound before 15 minutes,

do not do excision of wound.



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insectiside etc 2016bw

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