insects in animal feed: beyond the protein concept€¦ · hossain & blair, 2007. poultry...
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Insects in animal feed: beyond the protein concept
GASCO L.
D e p a r t m ent o f Ag r i c u l t u r a l , F o r e s t a n d F o o d S c i e n ces
l a u r a . g a s c o @ u n i t o . i t
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Insects: part of our life
• pest
• resource
• food
• feed
Insects: part of our life
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PESTS
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Insects: part of our life: PESTS
Insect = little (flying, jumping, crawling), ugly
animals that can sting or bite us, or even
ruin our homes or our crops
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Insects: part of our life: PESTS
despite all our efforts to eradicate them…
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RESOURCE
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Insects: part of our life: RESOURCE
If all insects were to die, human
beings would run out of food in
just four years.
The bigger part of the insect
population are not pests but good
insects that help in the pollination
of flowering plants, which produce
most of our food
Insects = key factor for food production
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FOOD
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Insects as FOOD
Entomophagy
éntomos insect
eating
+
phăgein
+
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Edible species: 21002 billion people
Insects as FOOD
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In 2013, FAO recommended eating insects
to help tackle food and nutrition
challenges of today and tomorrow
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Insects as FOOD
“Considering the seasonal contribution of insects to the diet, the fact that they
provide key nutrients, the low risk compared to hunting, ………….. it is highly likely
that insects were an important dietary component for early humans”
van Huis, 2017. JIFF, 3:161-163;
Un insetto nel piatto: Maffei e Tacchini, 2016; www.taccuinistorici.it/ita
more than 2,5 milion years ago 2,5 milion years ago 2000 years b.C about 1200 years b.C 1452-1519 today
chimpanzees using tools to eat termites
insect bbq Assyrian banquets Old Testament(Lv. 77,20-25) Leonardo da Vinci
…and still are…
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Insects as FOOD
“Locanda delle tre lumache (tre rane)” Ponte Vecchio (Florence)
Un insetto nel piatto: Maffei e Tacchini, 2016; www.taccuinistorici.it/ita
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FEED
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Melotti et al., 1987 – Rivista Italiana di Piscicoltura e Ittiopatologia, XXII, 151-154
Lindner (1919)Production protein and fat by housefly from human excreta
1969
Renewed
interest
Insects as FEED: Innvovative?
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2050: meat (poultry / pork /
bovine) and milk productswill double while fishproducts (aquaculture)will be triplicated
IFIF, 2014. http://www.ifif.org/pages/t/The+global+feed+industryFAO, 2011. World Livestock 2011 – Livestock in Food Security. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome
Today protein production for FEED cannot
cover tomorrow demand
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• protein content
• EAA
• digestibility
• fat extraction
• Sustainability (low gas emission, low value rearing
substrates, verticality, yield,..)
• part of natural diet
July 2017 – EU Reg. 2017/893: aquaculture market
Insects as FEED
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Insects as FEED
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HEALTH
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Insects for HEALTH
▪ Chitin
▪ Fatty acids
▪ Anti-microbial peptides
Bioactive
compounds
• antimicrobial effects• strengthen immune system• fat reducing properties
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Insects for HEALTH
microbial resistance
Antimicrobial resistance is one
of the biggest threats to global
health, food security, and
development today
Global over-use of drugs treatments in
human and animal nutrition to treat diseases
(or as growth promoters)
Ventola, 2015. P&T, 40:277-283
• Animals: associated with decrease in performances,
high morbidity & mortality
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Insects for HEALTH
P&T, 2015. 40:277-283
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Insects for HEALTH
Chitin
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Insects for HEALTH: Chitin
• structural polysaccharide that contains nitrogen
• polymer of N-acetylglucosamine
• major element in the exoskeleton of insects
Chitin chiton
• antioxidant
• anti-inflammatory
• anticoagulant
• antitumoral & anticancer
• antibacterial
• antihypertensive
• immunostimulant
• hypocholestorolemic
Ngo & Kim, 2014
medicinal & pharmaceutical applications
crustacean chitin
• particles size?
• small size = anti-inflammatory
• chitin composition?
• insect chitin: matrix of protein, lipids + other
compounds
• crustacean chitin: matrix of protein & minerals
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Insects for HEALTH: Chitin
2014
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Insects for HEALTH: Chitin – Antibacterial effect
Islam & Yang, 2017. Poultry Science, 96:27-34
• improved performances (ADG, ADFI, FCR)
• decrease of mortality
• increased IgG & IgA
• reduced bursa of Fabricius weight
fermented insect meal (TM & ZM) through L. plantarum & S. cerevisiae
• cecal E.coli & Salmonella contents reduction
TM & ZM larvae meal probiotics =
alternative to antibiotics
larvae probiotics fed one-day chicks challenged with Salmonella & E. coli
Antibacterial effect
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Insects for HEALTH: Chitin – microbiota modulation
Borrelli et al, 2017. Scientific Reports, 487:56-63
Probiotic effect of BSF
Ceacal microbiota modulation
Microbiota modulation
development of bacteria having a
chitin degradation activity
connected with SCFAs
production
BSF
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Insects for HEALTH: Chitin – microbiota modulation
Bruni et al, 2018. Aquaculture, 487:56-63
increased incidence of Carnobacterium genus
modulation microbial community
Mucosa- (MAB) & Digesta- (DAB) Associated Bacterial community
• in vitro inhibition of pathogens
• stimulate non-specific immune response
• in vivo improvement of disease resistance
Microbiota modulation
BSF
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Microbiota modulation
Insects for HEALTH: Chitin – microbiota modulation
Crickets
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Insects for HEALTH: Chitin: immunostimulation
Immunostimulation
Esteban et al., 2001. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 11:303-3015
increased seabream immune activity through the non-specific
modulation of haemolytic complement activity, leucocyte respiratory
burst activity and cytotoxicity.
fish fed 2,5 or 5% of purified crab shell chitin
crustacean chitin = insect chitin???
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Insects for HEALTH: Chitin – immunostimulation
• Serum:
• lysozyme
• complement C3 and C4
• glutathione peroxidase
• superoxide dismutase
• catalase
• malondialdehyde (decrease)
• Liver:
• superoxide dismutase
• catalase
• malondialdehyde (decrease)
Ming et al., 2013. Journal of the Chinese Cereals and Oils Association 28(2):80-86
Immunostimulation
Low doses of dietary MD can:
• promote the growth
• improve the non-specific
immunity and antioxidation
capacity
• enhance fish resistance to
disease
▪ increased survival rate in fish challenged
with Aeromonas hydrophila
Black carp fed MD meal (2,5%)
▪ increased performances indexes
▪ improved parameters
MD
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Insects for HEALTH: Chitin – immunostimulation
Ido et al., 2015. Appl Entomol Zool, 50:213–221
Immunostimulation
• increased peritoneal leucocyte
phagocytic activity
• increased protection against
Erdwardsiella tarda
(6 month trial)
MD chitin or AMP or other
bioactive compounds?
Pagrus fed MD pupae mealMD
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Su et al., 2017. Fish & Shellfish immunology, 69:59-66
• decrease in plasma MDA content + increase in plasma SOD activity
• increase in plasma
• lysozyme activity
• IgM levels
• up-regulation of immune related genes (MHC II, IL-1, CypA, Img, HE)
• increase of survival rate after challenged with Edwardsiella ictaluri
TM could improve immune response & bacterial resistance
Insects for HEALTH: Chitin – immunostimulation
Immunostimulation
TM: 0%, 9%, 18%, 27%
in fish fed 18% TM TM
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Xiao et al., 2018. Aquaculture Research, 49:1569-1577
• Increased weight (+21.7%)
• Lysozyme activity (+ 6.8%)
BSF had positive effects on growth performance & immune indexes
Insects for HEALTH: Chitin – immunostimulation
Immunostimulation
Yellow catfish fed 10.8% or 22.3%, BSF larvae meal
• Increased weight (+29.1%)
• Lowest FCR: 0.9
• Lysozyme activity (+ 31.9%)
BSF
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Insects for HEALTH: Chitin – immunostimulation
fish fed 25 & 50% of full fat TM larva meal
Henry et al., 2018. Dev & Comp Immunol, 81:204-209
Immunostimulation
• improved lysozyme activity (tendance)
• increased anti-protease activity
correlated with anti-parasitic activity of fish immune system
similarities between the composition of insects and parasites exoskeleton
Immunostimulant effect
TM
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Insects for HEALTH: Chitin – immunostimulation
Bovera et al., 2015. British Poultry Science, 56:569-575
lower albumin / globulin ratio
Immunostimulation
suggests a higher immune response
TM
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Insects for HEALTH: Chitin – immunostimulation
Marono et al., 2017. Poultry Science, 96:1783-1790
lower albumin / globulin ratio
Immunostimulation
suggests a higher immune response
TM
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Lee et al., 2018. J Vet Med Sci, 80:736-740
increase of:
• performances
• frequency of CD4+ T lymphocyte
• serum lysozyme activity
• spleen lymphocyte proliferation
• survival rate of broiler challenged with
Salmonella Gallinarum
BSF: positive effect on growth + stimulate non specific immune response
Insects for HEALTH: Chitin – immunostimulation
Immunostimulation
Birds fed low levels of BSF larvae meal (1%, 2%, 3%) BSF
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Insects for HEALTH: Chitin: hypolipidaemic & hypocholesterolaemic effects
Hypolipidaemic & hypocholesterolaemic
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Insects for HEALTH: Chitin: hypolipidaemic & hypocholesterolaemic effects
Hossain & Blair, 2007. Poultry Science, 48:33-38
• Reduction of:
• Triglyceride concentrations in liver and breast meat
• Serum cholesterol and triglycerol concentrations
Dietary ingestion of crustacean chitin (0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75%)
Hypolipidaemic & hypocholesterolaemic
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Insects for HEALTH: Chitin – cholesterol
Ido et al., 2015. Appl Entomol Zool, 50:213–221
rats fed MD meal
• reduction of visceral fat
• reduction of serum LDL cholesterol
promote the efflux of excess cholesterol
in the body and inhibit cholesterol re-
absorption from the intestine
Hypolipidaemic & hypocholesterolaemicMD
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Insects for HEALTH: Chitin – cholesterol
Hypolipidaemic & hypocholesterolaemic
Li et al., 2017. Aquaculture, 477:62-70
Jian carp fed BSF meal (0%, 2.6%, 5.3%, 7.9% & 10.6%)
• no differences in growth performances
• reduction of hepatopancreas fat
• reduction of serum cholesterol
• Increase in CAT activity
Hypocholesterolaemic effect + bost antioxidant status
BSF
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Insects for HEALTH: Chitin – cholesterol
Marono et al., 2017. Poultry Science, 96:1783-1790
lower cholesterol & triglycerids
in birds fed BSF
ability of chitin to bind bile acids &
free fatty acids
Hypolipidaemic & hypocholesterolaemic
BSF
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Insects for HEALTH
Fatty acids
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Insects for HEALTH: Fatty acids
Fatty acids: Lauric acid (MCFAs)
Nakatsuji et al., 2009. Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 129:2480-2488
strong antibacterial properties of C12:0
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Insects for HEALTH: Fatty acids
C12:0: more active against Gram+
could be used in combatting some
microbial strains resistant to
antibiotics
Abbas et al., 2017. Annals of Clinical & Laboratory Research, 5:2480-2488
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Insects for HEALTH: Fatty acids Insect fatty acid composition
• Fatty acid composition is specie – specific
• Could be manipulated through rearing substrate
• BSF: lauric acid (C12:0)
• TM: Oleic acid (C18:1) – linoleic acid (C18:2)
Barroso et al., 2014
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Insects for HEALTH: Fatty acids
Spranghers et al., 2018. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 235:33-42
• In vitro trial (0,58g/100 ml):
• suppressed growth of lactobacilli & D-streptococci
Fatty acids: Lauric acid (BSF)
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TM oil against some
common rabbit bacteria
Gasco et al., in progress
Insects for HEALTH: Fatty acids
Pure TM oil
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Insects for HEALTH
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• = small cationic proteins that exhibit activity against bacteria, fungi,
parasites & virus
• AMPs boost host specific innate immune response and exert
selective immunomodulatory effects
• Insects are a primary source of AMPs
Faruk et al., 2016. Peptides, 80:80-88; Józefiak & Engberg, 2017. J Anim & Feed Sci, 26:87-99; Li et al., 2017. Scientific Reports, 7:12124
Insects for HEALTH: Antimicrobial peptides
AMPs
great potential to be use in animal nutrition
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Insects for HEALTH: Antimicrobial peptides
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Insects for HEALTH: Antimicrobial peptides
Mylonakis et al., 2016. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 371: 20150290
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Insects for HEALTH: Antimicrobial peptides
Tian et al., 2018. bioRxiv doi.org/10.1101/353367
• Isolation and purification of an active antimicrobial peptide HI-3 (5th instar)• antibacterial activity
• Staphylococcus aureus• Bacillus subtilis• Escherichia coli• Enterobacter aerogenes
• inhibitory activity on the proliferation of CNE2 cells (nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells)
Potential antitumoral drug
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Insects: WHY???? Many reasons…
God in his wisdom made the fly
And then forgot to tell us why
Ogden Nash
There is a world in which people do not
let things happen.
They make them happen.
Sergio Marchionne