inside the earth · web viewthe age of the plants or animals that leave the fossils can help...

Name ________________________________________________ Mod ____________ Date ________________________

Rocks, Minerals, & Earth’s Changing SurfaceUnit Study Guide and Notes

Chapter 4: Minerals

Section 4-1: Properties of Minerals (p. 118-126)

Vocabulary• _________________________________: A naturally-occurring, inorganic solid that has a crystal

structure and a definite chemical composition.

• ________________________: Not formed from living things or the remains of living things.

• Crystal: A solid in which the atoms are arranged in a ___________________that repeats again

and again.

• Mohs _____________________ scale: A scale ranking ten minerals from softest to hardest; used

in testing that hardness of mineral.

• ______________________: The color of a mineral’s powder.

• ______________________: The way a mineral reflects light from its surface.

• ______________________: A mineral’s ability to split easily along flat surfaces.

• ______________________: The way a mineral looks when it breaks apart in an irregular way.

• Fluorescence: The property of a mineral in which the mineral glows under

____________________________light.

Notes A mineral has all __________________ of the following properties.

A mineral must be formed by ________________________ processes. For example, a

mineral might be formed by the ______________________ of magma.

A mineral must be _____________________________. Something that is inorganic was

never part of a living thing.

A mineral is always ____________________. A mineral is not a liquid or a gas.

The particles that make up a mineral always line up in a certain

_________________________ that keeps repeating. The repeating pattern forms a solid

called a ________________________. A crystal has flat sides that meet at sharp edges.

1

All Minerals have these properties

Naturally occurring Crystal structure ____________Definite chemical compositionb. ____________a. ____________

Name ________________________________________________ Mod ____________ Date ________________________

A mineral has a certain “________________________.” For example, the mineral quartz is

always made of oxygen and silicon, and there is always twice as much oxygen as

silicon.

Review Questions (Answer the following questions. Use your textbook and the ideas in your

notes to help you.)

1. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about minerals.

a. Some minerals are gases.

b. Some minerals come from living things.

c. All minerals have a definite makeup.

2. Read the words in the box. In each sentence below, fill in one of the words.

a. Something that was never part of a living thing is _______________________________.

b. A solid made up of particles in a repeating pattern is a(n) _________________________.

c. A material that is not a liquid or a gas is a(n) ____________________________.

d. Quartz is an example of a(n) ____________________________.

3. Fill in the blanks in the concept map about minerals.

2

crystal inorganic solid mineral silicon

Name ________________________________________________ Mod ____________ Date ________________________

Notes

There are almost _______________________ known minerals. You can tell minerals apart by

their characteristics. You can observe some characteristics just by looking at minerals.

You can observe other characteristics only by ______________________ minerals.

________________________ is a property that is easy to observe. Only a few minerals can be

identified by color alone. Malachite is one of them. Malachite is always green, and no

other mineral is exactly the same color.

The streak of a mineral is the color of its ___________________________. You can see streak by

rubbing a mineral against rough tile. The streak color may not be the same as the color of

the mineral itself.

__________________________ depends on how a mineral reflects light. A mineral’s luster is

described by a word such as shiny, metallic, waxy, dull, or greasy.

A mineral’s density is always the same. Remember, the density is the amount of mass in a

given volume of a substance. Density equals mass ______________________________ volume.

Each mineral has a certain ___________________________. Hardness is measured by

____________________ a mineral. A mineral can be scratched by any mineral harder than itself.

The softest mineral is talc. The hardest mineral is diamond. The hardness of minerals can

be compared with the ten minerals on the ____________________________________ Scale.

A mineral’s crystals always have the same _______________________. For example, a mineral’s

crystals might be shaped like cubes.

Some minerals split easily into flat pieces. These minerals have a property called

___________________________. Mica is a mineral with cleavage.

Other minerals do not split easily into flat pieces. These minerals have a property called

__________________________. A mineral with fracture always breaks into pieces with a certain

shape. For example, quartz always breaks into pieces shaped like seashells.

Some minerals can be identified by special characteristics. For example, magnetite is

_________________________. It attracts iron.

3

Name ________________________________________________ Mod ____________ Date ________________________


notes to help you.)

4. Is the following sentence true or false? Each mineral has its own specific characteristics.

_______________________________


a. If a mineral does not split easily into flat pieces, it has a property called

________________________.

b. The color of a mineral’s powder is its ____________________________.

c. How a mineral reflects light is its ___________________________.

d. If a mineral splits easily into flat pieces, it has a property called _______________________.

e. The amount of mass in a given volume of a substance is the substance’s

_______________________.

f. A property measured by scratching a mineral is ___________________________.

6. Fill in the blanks to label the mineral that has cleavage and the mineral that has fracture.

4

streak hardness luster

cleavage density fracture

Name ________________________________________________ Mod ____________ Date ________________________

7. The table shows scratch-test results for five minerals. Circle the letter of the choice that

shows the minerals in the correct order, from softest to hardest.

a. feldspar, talc, quartz, calcite, diamond

b. talc, calcite, feldspar, quartz, diamond

c. talc, quartz, feldspar, diamond, calcite

d. talc, feldspar, calcite, quartz, diamond

Chapter 5: Rocks

Section 5-1: Classifying Rocks (p. 146-149)

Vocabulary• _____________________________: The look and feel of a rocks’ surface, determined by the size,

shape, and pattern of a rock’s grains.

• Grain: A particle of mineral or other rock that gives a rock its ________________________.

• __________________________ Rock: A type of rock that forms from the cooling of molten rock at

or below the surface.

• __________________________ Rock: A type of rock that forms when particles from other rocks or

the remains of plants and animals are pressed and cemented together.

• __________________________ Rock: A type of rock that forms from an existing rock that is

changed by heat, pressure, or chemical reactions.

5

Name ________________________________________________ Mod ____________ Date ________________________

Notes

Rocks are mixtures of ________________________ and other materials. A rock may contain one

or more minerals. Granite contains at least four minerals: feldspar, quartz, hornblende,

and mica.

About _______________ minerals make up most of the rocks in Earth’s crust. These 20

minerals are known as ____________________________________ minerals.

A rock’s ____________________ may help identify its minerals. For example, granite is usually

light-colored because it is made of minerals that contain a lot of silica.

To identify the minerals in most rocks, you also need to see the ___________________ and

____________________ of the mineral crystals.


notes to help you.)


a. A light-colored rock that contains feldspar and other minerals is _________________________.

b. All rocks are made of ___________________________.

c. An example of a rock-forming mineral is __________________________.

9. Is the following sentence true or false? The color of a rock lets you identify all the minerals

that the rock contains. ____________________________

Notes

Most rocks are made up of particles, called _______________________. Grains are the particles

of minerals and other rocks.

Grains give rocks their texture. A rock’s texture is how the rock’s surface _________________

and __________________. For example, a rock’s texture could be smooth or rough. Texture is

used to help identify rocks.

The grains in rock may be big or small. Some grains are big enough to see easily. Other

grains are too small to see, even with a microscope. Rocks with big grains have a

_______________________ texture than rocks with small grains.

6

granite quartz crystal minerals

Name ________________________________________________ Mod ____________ Date ________________________

The __________________________ in rock have many different shapes. For example, some grains

are smooth and rounded. Other grains are jagged.

The grains in rock often form _________________________. Some rocks have grains in flat layers

like a stack of pancakes. Other rocks have grains in bands of different colors.


notes to help you.)

10. Draw a line from each term to its meaning.

Term Meaning

grains a. how a rock’s surface looks and feels

texture b. the particles that make up rocks


a. Rocks are made up of particles called ____________________________.

b. If you say the surface of a rock feels smooth, you are describing the rock’s

____________________________.

12. Fill in the blanks in the concept map about grains in rock.

7

grains bands texture

Name ________________________________________________ Mod ____________ Date ________________________

13. Circle the letter of each choice that describes a grain pattern in rock.

a. Grains are stacked flat layers.

b. Grains are large with jagged edges.

c. Grains are in bands of different colors.

Notes

Rocks are classified into the _____________________ major groups based on how they form.

Igneous rock forms when ___________________ or _______________ cools. Igneous rock forms

near _________________________.

_______________________________ rock forms when particles are pressed and stuck together.

Sedimentary rock slowly builds up in ____________________. Newer layers cover up older

layers.

Metamorphic rock forms when ___________________ and ___________________ change any kind of

rock. Metamorphic rock forms ____________________ Earth’s surface.


notes to help you.)

14. List the three major groups of rock.

a. __________________________ b. __________________________ c. _________________________

15. Complete the table.

How Rocks Form

Type of Rock How It Forms

Particles are pressed and cemented.

Molten rock cools.

Existing rock is changed.

8

Name ________________________________________________ Mod ____________ Date ________________________

16. Label each diagram with the kinds of rock that could form.

Earth’s Changing SurfaceChapter 2: Weathering and Soil Formation

Section 2-1: Rocks and Weathering (p. 40-48)

Vocabulary

• _________________________- The chemical and physical processes that break down rock at

Earth’s surface.

• Erosion- The process by which water, ice, wind, or gravity _________________ weathered rock

and soil.

• ________________________ Weathering- The type of weathering in which rock is physically

broken into smaller pieces.

• _____________________- The grinding away of rock by other rock particles carried in water, ice,

or wind.

• Chemical Weathering-The process that breaks down rock through ___________________

____________________.

9

Name ________________________________________________ Mod ____________ Date ________________________

Notes

_________________________ is the breaking down of rocks and other materials at Earth’s

surface. There are _____________ kinds of weathering: __________________ weathering and

__________________ weathering.

Weathering is caused by _______________, cold, water, ____________, and gases in the air. For

example, heat and cold crack rocks into smaller pieces.

Erosion is the ______________________ of rock pieces and other materials on Earth’s surface.

Erosion is caused by wind, ________________, ice, and ______________. Erosion carries away rock

pieces made by weathering.


notes to help you.)

17. Match the process with its description.

Process Description

_____ weathering a. Movement of rock particles by wind, water, ice, or gravity.

_____ erosion b. Breaking down of rock and other substances at Earth’s surface.

18. Complete the concept map.

10

Name ________________________________________________ Mod ____________ Date ________________________

Notes

In mechanical weathering, rock is broken into smaller pieces. But the makeup of rock

_______________ ___________ change.

There are _____________ major forces of mechanical weathering:

o _____________________ and ___________________ cause ice wedging. In ice wedging, water

seeps into a crack in a rock. The water freezes. Ice needs ______________ ______________

than water, so the ice pushes the crack apart. The ice melts. Water seeps into the

deeper crack. This process keeps repeating until the rock ________________ apart.

o As erosion removes material from the surface of a mass of rock, pressure on the

rock is ______________________. This release of pressure causes the outside of the rock

to _________________ and flake off like the layers of an onion.

o ________________ growth is also a cause of mechanical weathering. Plant roots can

grow into cracks and break apart rocks.

o Animals that ___________________ in the ground—including moles, gophers, prairie

dogs, and some insects—loosen and break apart rocks in the soil. The actions of

these animals cause _____________________________ _________________________.

o Rock particles can be _________________ by water, ice, wind, or gravity. The particles

scrape rock like ______________________ scrapes wood. This scraping is called

_____________________.


notes to help you.)

19. The type of weathering in which rock is physically broken into smaller pieces is called

________________________ weathering.

20. List the forces of mechanical weathering.

a. _____________________________________ b. _____________________________________

c. _____________________________________ d. _____________________________________

e. _____________________________________

11

Name ________________________________________________ Mod ____________ Date ________________________

21. Fill in the blanks in the cycle diagram about ice wedging.

22. Circle the letter of each example of mechanical weathering.

a. Moles dig tunnels in the ground.

b. Wind blows sand against a rock.

c. Plant roots grown into a crack in a rock.

Notes

In chemical weathering, the makeup of rock ____________________. Chemical weathering

makes holes or soft spots in rock. This makes it _________________for mechanical weathering

to break rocks into smaller pieces.

__________________ slowly dissolves rock.

Some rocks contain iron. Oxygen turns iron to _________________. When iron in rocks turns

to rust, the rocks get ________________.

Carbon dioxide in air mixes with rainwater to make a weak _______________. The acid easily

_____________________ some rocks.

Plant _______________ also make weak acids. The acids slowly dissolve rocks around the

roots.

Acid rain is rain that contains acids because of air ______________________. Acid rain quickly

dissolves rocks.

12

Name ________________________________________________ Mod ____________ Date ________________________


notes to help you.)

23. The process that breaks down rock through chemical changes is _____________________

weathering.

24. How does chemical weathering help mechanical weathering? Circle the letter of each

correct answer.

a. by breaking rocks into smaller pieces

b. by making holes in rocks

c. by making rocks softer

Chapter 3: Erosion and Deposition

Section 3-1: Changing Earth’s Surface (p. 66-71)

Vocabulary

________________________- The process by which water, ice, wind, or gravity moves weathered

rock and soil.

Sediment- Earth materials deposited by _____________________.

_____________________________- Process in which sediment is laid down in new locations.

Notes

___________________ is the movement of pieces of rock and other materials on Earth’s surface.

Erosion can be caused by __________________, running water, glaciers, ________________, or wind.

_______________________ is the material moved by erosion. Sediment is made up of pieces of

rock or soil or remains of living things.

Most sediment comes from __________________________. Remember, weathering is the

breaking down of ___________________ and other materials at Earth’s surface.

Deposition happens when sediment is _________________. Dropped sediment can build up

over time and make new _________________________.

13

Name ________________________________________________ Mod ____________ Date ________________________


notes to help you.)


Term Meaning

Weathering a. the material moved by erosion

Erosion b. the movement of pieces of rock and other materials

Sediment on Earth’s surface.

Deposition c. the dropping of sediment

d. the breaking down of rock and other materials at

Earth’s surface.

26. Circle the letter of each choice that is a cause of erosion.

a. gravity b. running water c. weathering

Notes

Mass movement is any process that moves sediment ________________________. Mass

movement is caused by ____________________. Gravity is the force that _________________

everything toward Earth’s center.

Landslides happen when rocks and _________________ quickly slide down a steep slope.

Mudflows happen when rocks and ________________ quickly slide down a steep slope.

_________________ happens when a mass of rocks and soil _______________________ slides down a

steep slope. Slump is different than a landslide. The material in a slump moves down the

slope in _____________ ________________ _________________.

Creep happens when rocks and soil _____________ _____________ ________________ down a hill.

Creep can happen even on gentle slopes.


notes to help you.)

27. Any process that moves sediment downhill is called _________________________________________.

28. Circle the letter of the cause of mass movement.

14

Name ________________________________________________ Mod ____________ Date ________________________

a. rain.

b. wind

c. gravity

29. Fill in the blanks in the concept map about kinds of mass movement.

Section 3-2 & 3-3: Water Erosion (p. 72-83) & The Force of Moving Water (p. 85-88)

Notes

In abrasion, sediment in the water _____________________ against the bottom and sides of the

river. Bits of rock are chipped away to form new ________________________.

Sediment moves downstream with the water. Bigger pieces of sediment ________________ or

bounce along the bottom. Smaller pieces are lifted and ________________ by the water. As

rocks move downstream, they are worn down and ______________________ by the water and

river bed. This causes the rocks to become _____________________ ___________

____________________.


notes to help you.)

30. The scraping of the bottom and sides of a river by sediment is called _____________________.

15

Name ________________________________________________ Mod ____________ Date ________________________

31. The drawing below shows the original size and shape of a rock sample before it is thrown

into a rapidly moving stream. Circle the drawing best shows the actual size and shape the

rock will have after being carried several hundred miles downstream and deposited.

Section 3-5: Waves (p. 94-97)

Notes

Waves are the major cause of erosion along __________________. When waves hit the shore,

the force of the water can ________________ ______________. Over time, the rocks break into

___________________ pieces and wash away.

Close to shore, waves pick up sediment from the bottom. When the waves hit rocks on

shore, the sediment ______________ ______________ the rocks by _______________________.

Waves can wear away the bottoms of ___________________ along the shore. Waves can also

wear away holes in cliffs and ________________ ___________________.

16

Original rock

Name ________________________________________________ Mod ____________ Date ________________________


notes to help you.)


a. The major cause of erosion along coasts is _________________________.

b. Waves that carry sediment cause _______________________.

Section 3-6: Wind (p. 98-100)Notes

__________________________ is the main way that wind causes erosion. Deflation is the process

by which wind picks up sediment from the surface. The stronger the wind, the

___________________ the pieces of sediment the wind can pick up.

Wind may carry away all the sediment in a _____________________ and leave behind only

rocks. The rocky surface that is left behind is called desert pavement.

Sediment carried by wind causes ______________________. The blowing sediment _______________

________ __________________ rock.

The rate of erosion by wind can be slowed by features that _________________ the wind. The

_______________ _______ ____________ can also affect the rate of erosion. Fast-moving wind will

cause rock to erode ____________________ than slow-moving wind.


notes to help you.)

33. Fill in the blanks in the concept map about how wind causes erosion.

17

cliff abrasion headland waves

Name ________________________________________________ Mod ____________ Date ________________________

Section 5-3: Sedimentary Rocks (p. 154-158)

Vocabulary ____________________________: Small, solid pieces of material that comes from rocks or

organisms.

Deposition: The process by which _________________________ settles out of the water or wind

that is carrying it.

____________________________: The process by which sediments are pressed together under

their own weight.

Cementation: The process by which dissolved ______________________ crystallize and glue

pieces of sediment together as one mass.

Notes

_________________________________ is the particles that make up sedimentary rock. Sediment

may include pieces of rock, shell, or bone.

Most sediment comes from _______________________. In erosion, moving water, wind, or ice

loosens and carries away pieces of rock.

When the moving water, wind, or ice slows down, it __________________ sediment. This is

called deposition.

______________________ of sediment build up over millions of years. Newer layers press down

on older layers. This _______________________ the sediment together. The squeezing is called

compaction.

Water seeps between sediment particles. Dissolved minerals in the water form

____________________. The crystals “glue” the sediment particles together. This is called

________________________________.

When dead or decaying plants and animals are caught between the layers of sediment,

____________________ can form. The age of the plants or animals that leave the fossils can help

scientists determine the age of the rock. Because the sediment is compacted in layers, the

fossils found in the upper layers of rock are __________________ or __________________ than the

rocks in lower layers.

18

a. ______________________Moves sediment

b. ______________________Drops sediment

c. ______________________Squeezes the sediment together

d. ______________________Mineral crystals “glue” the sediment together.

Sedimentary Rock is formed.

Name ________________________________________________ Mod ____________ Date ________________________


notes to help you.)

34. Circle the letter of the process that loosens and carries away pieces of rock.a. compaction

b. erosion

c. deposition

35. Is the following sentence true or false? It takes only a few years for sedimentary rocks to

form. _________________________

36. Fill in the blanks in the flowchart showing the series of processes that forms sedimentary rocks.

Process That Forms Sedimentary Rocks

37. The rock layers below have NOT been displaced by crustal plate movement. Use the

fossils in the rock to identify the oldest layer of rock and the youngest layer of rock.19

Name ________________________________________________ Mod ____________ Date ________________________

Oldest Layer ____________________________

Youngest layer _________________________

Section 5-2: Igneous Rocks (p. 150-153)

Vocabulary _____________________________ Rock: Igneous rock that forms from lava on Earth’s surface.

Intrusive Rock: Igneous rock that forms when ___________________ hardens beneath Earth’s surface.

Notes

Igneous rock is rock that forms from _______________________ or __________________. Igneous

rock may form _____________ or ________________ Earth’s surface. Where igneous rock forms is

its origin.

Extrusive rock is igneous rock that forms _________________ Earth’s surface, when lava cools.

Lava cools _____________________, forming small crystals. As a result, extrusive rock has a

__________________ texture. The most common extrusive rock is basalt.

Intrusive rock is igneous rock that forms ____________________ Earth’s surface, when magma

cools. Magma cools ____________________, forming big crystals. As a result, intrusive rock has

a ____________________ texture. The most common intrusive rock is granite.

Igneous rocks differ in how much _______________________ they contain. Low-silica rocks,

such as basalt, are dark-colored rocks. High-silica rocks, such as granite, are light-colored

rocks.

Igneous rocks have several uses. Examples of useful igneous rocks are granite, pumice,

and obsidian.

Granite is very _________________ and _________________. Granite has long been used for

buildings and bridges. Today, granite is also used for curbstones and kitchen counters.

Pumice is very __________________. Pumice is used for cleaning and polishing.

20

Name ________________________________________________ Mod ____________ Date ________________________

Obsidian is ___________________ and __________________ like glass. Obsidian was used by ancient

Native Americans to make knives and other sharp tools.


notes to help you.)

38. Circle the letter of the definition of igneous rock.

a. Rock that forms from minerals. b. Rock that contains iron.

c. Rock that forms from lava or magma. d. Rock that contains crystals.

39. Why do intrusive rocks have a rough texture?

a. Intrusive rocks have big crystals.

b. Intrusive rocks form quickly.

c. Intrusive rocks form from lava.

40. Label each circle in the Venn diagram with the kind of igneous rock it describes.


a. A rock used for curbstones and kitchen counters is __________________________.

b. A rock used for cleaning and polishing is __________________________.

c. A rock used for making knives and other sharp tools is ____________________________.

21

obsidian granite igneous pumice

Name ________________________________________________ Mod ____________ Date ________________________

Section 5-5: Metamorphic Rocks (p. 162-164)

Vocabulary Foliated: Term used to describe __________________________ rocks whose grains are arranged

in parallel layers or bands.

Notes

When a rock becomes a metamorphic rock, the pattern of its grains can change.

Metamorphic rocks are classified by their _________________ ______________________.

Foliated rocks are metamorphic rocks with their grains lined up in ___________________.

Foliated rocks split into flat pieces. Slate is a foliated rock.

Nonfoliated rocks are metamorphic rocks with their grains ______________________ at random.

Nonfoliated rocks do not split into flat pieces. Marble is a nonfoliated rock.

Marble and slate are two of the most useful metamorphic rocks. Marble can be cut,

carved, and polished. Marble is used for ______________________ and ___________________. Slate

splits easily into flat pieces. Slate is used for floors, roofs, and _____________________________.


notes to help you.)

42. Label each circle in the Venn diagram with the type of metamorphic rock it describes.

43. Metamorphic rocks are classified by their _________________________ patterns.

44. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about marble.22

Name ________________________________________________ Mod ____________ Date ________________________

a. Marble is a kind of sedimentary rock.

b. Marble is used for buildings.

c. Marble can be carved.

45. Is the following sentence true or false? Slate is good for chalkboards because it splits

easily into flat pieces. ____________________________

Section 5-6: The Rock Cycle (p. 166-169)

Notes

The rock cycle is a series of processes that change rocks from one kind to another. There

are many ways rocks go through the rock cycle. Here is one way rocks go through the

rock cycle:

Igneous rock on the surface is turned into sediment by _______________________. The

sediment is deposited and slowly becomes sedimentary rock.

The sedimentary rock is buried by more sediment. ________________ and

____________________ slowly change the sedimentary rock into metamorphic rock.

The metamorphic rock is forced into the mantle. The metamorphic rock melts to

form ____________________. The magma erupts and cools to form ______________________

rock again.


notes to help you.)


a. A rock that melts to form magma will next become a(n) __________________________

rock.

b. A rock that is being heated and pressed is on its way to becoming a(n)

____________________________ rock.

47. The diagram shows the rock cycle. Fill in each blank in the diagram with the kind of rock

that forms. 23

sedimentary igneous metamorphic

Name ________________________________________________ Mod ____________ Date ________________________

Notes

Two plates move apart or move together. When two plates move apart, magma may

erupt between the two plates and form _________________________ rock.

Sometimes when two plates move together, one plate sinks into the mantle. This is called

_______________________. Heat and pressure may melt the rock to form _______________________,

which later hardens as igneous rock. Or heat and pressure may turn the rock into

______________________________ rock.

At other times when two plates move together, the edges of the plates crumple. When

this happens, rocks are pushed up to form __________________________. Mountains slowly wear

away to form sediment, which turns into _____________________________ rock.


notes to help you.)

48. Fill in the blanks in the flowchart with the kind of rock that forms.

24

Name ________________________________________________ Mod ____________ Date ________________________

49. Label the arrows in the cycle diagram, using the following terms: erosion, melting, heat/pressure, volcanic activity. Some of the terms may be used more than once.

Chapter 1: Mapping Earth’s Surface

25

Name ________________________________________________ Mod ____________ Date ________________________

Section 1-4: Topographic Maps (p. 29-34)

Vocabulary

Topography- The shape of the land determined by _____________________, relief, and

landforms.

_____________________________ map- A map that shows the surface features of an area.

_________________________- Height above sea level.

Relief- The _______________________ in elevation between the highest and lowest parts of an

area.

___________________- How steep or flat the ground is.

Contour line- A line on a topographic map that connects points of _________________

elevation.

Contour ______________________- The difference in elevation from one contour line to the

next.

Notes

A ________________________ map is a map that shows elevation, relief, and slope. Elevation is a

place’s height above _____________ level. Relief is the difference in elevation between the

____________________ points and the _________________ points of an area. __________________ is how

steep or flat the ground is.

A topographic map shows elevation, relief, and slope with ____________________ lines. A

contour line connects points that have the _________________ elevation.

Every _________________ contour line is called an index contour. Index contours are

____________________ than other contour lines. Index contours also are __________________ with

elevation.

The contour interval is the _____________________ ________ ________________________ from one

contour line to the next.


notes to help you.)

50. A map that shows elevation and relief is a(n) _____________________________ map.

26

Name ________________________________________________ Mod ____________ Date ________________________


Term Meaning

Contour interval a. line connecting points that have the same elevation

Contour line b. darker line that is labeled with the elevation

Index contour c. change in elevation between contour lines

Notes

Topographic maps are usually large-scale maps. Large-scale maps show a

__________________________ view of a small area.

Like other maps, topographic maps use _____________________ to show features such as rivers,

swamps, highways, and airports.

A topographic map also has _________________ ___________. You can tell the ________________ of an

area from the contour lines. When contour lines are close together, the ground has a

______________ slope. Where contour lines are far apart, the ground has a ______________ slope.

If a contour line is a closed loop without any other contour lines inside the loop, it shows a

________________________. If the closed loop has _____________________ inside, it shows a hollow.


notes to help you.)

52. Is the following sentence true or false? Topographic maps show only elevation and relief.

__________________

53. Label each set of contour lines to show whether it stands for a steep slope, gentle slope,

hilltop, or hollow.

27

Name ________________________________________________ Mod ____________ Date ________________________

a. __________________ b. ___________________ c. ___________________ d. __________________

Notes

Remember, topographic maps show how ______________________ ______ ___________________ the

land slopes. Topographic maps also show where there are rivers, swamps, and other

features.

Topographic maps can be used to plan _______________________. The maps also can be used to

decide where to build new houses, factories, and other buildings.

A topographic map can even be used to plan a _____________________ trip. The map shows

where the trip would be ___________ _____ _______________.


notes to help you.)

54. Circle the letter of each use for a topographic map.

a. planning a bike path that is not too hilly

b. finding out where the ground is steep enough to build a ski slope

c. learning how much rain a city gets each year

55. Is the following sentence true or false? Topographic maps would be useful for planning a

new highway. __________________

Reading a Contour Map Practice

1. _______________________________

2. _______________________________28

Name ________________________________________________ Mod ____________ Date ________________________

3. _______________________________

4. _______________________________

5. _______________________________

6. _______________________________

7. _______________________________

8. _______________________________

9. _______________________________

10. _______________________________

11. _______________________________

12. _______________________________

13. _______________________________

14. _______________________________

15. _______________________________

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inside the earth · web viewthe age of the plants or animals that leave the fossils can help...

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