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ISSUE 03 - APRIL 2019 www.dairygoldagri.ie

INSIDE THIS ISSUE

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A View from the Field

Growing Maize 2019

Growing Fodder Beet

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A View from the Field

30/4/19

by Liam Leahy Dairygold Tillage & Beef Area Manager I.A.S.I.S.

What a change a year can bring. All cereal crops are planted and emerging in what can only be described as near perfect planting conditions. This time last year we were struggling to get work done in awful and often unsuitable field conditions. The saying “well sown is half grown” should argue well for crop performance this season as long as we get the other parts of the jigsaw put in place. The first objective of all growers is to get the established plant count right and big efforts in recent times are being deployed by the industry to publish the TGW and what is required at any given time to reach the desired numbers. Also, growers are paying more attention to soil fertility by applying adequate amounts of N, P and K and trace elements in a more timely and focused way, all after getting the soil pH right firstly and it’s paying dividends many times over. It is this that builds the yield and quality of the crop, plant protection products only protect and help bring home what you have grown.

Winter Barley is in full bloom at present with its dark rich colour as the full effects of nitrogen and other nutrients become evident. All crops are fully fertilised at this stage with Nitrogen ranging from 140 - 180 units per acre applied both in Ammonium Nitrogen and Urea (protected and/or regular form). Crops are varying from GS33 to flag leaf being fully emerged depending on variety, planting date and sites. They are full of promise and clean by and large. The T2 is applied in most cases along with a well-timed PGR program, which takes the pressure off the timing of the final T3 spray as growers won’t have to be watching the “Awns Emerging Timing,” in fear of being late with the Plant Growth Regulator. The T3 will be applied between the 12th to the 20th May approximately as the head emerges and this will take us all the way to the harvest. There are plenty of excellent chemicals at reasonable value on the market and available for general disease control but always use 2 or 3 different actives which are generally purchased in best value pre-formulated products plus the addition of chlorothalonil. While the T1 fungicides work very well it must be noted that in some cases they gave some crops a significant knockback especially where heavy tank mixes were used or the crop was under stress from nutrient deficiency, BYVD or night frosts. The lessons here are to lighten the tank mixes by applying Wild Oats, Trace Elements and Spring weed clean up herbicide products early in the season as all can be applied in cold conditions and be still very effective while this will leave fungicides and early PGR go together at GS30-GS31.

In some cases this year growers were forced to apply all these together which caused major growth setbacks. Crops recovered and moved on after a while, but it could have been avoided if more planning went into the program.

Oilseed Rape is flowering beautifully in most crops as I write. The Early sown crops have been so, for 2 to 3 weeks at this stage and some growers wisely have applied a Sclerotinia fungicide in the last 7 to 10 days and will repeat after 3 weeks to protect the crop fully. This is especially important if there is a history of OSR growing in the rotation or Beans and Potatoes even, as both crops can host the fungi. Later developing crops should be sprayed just once at early petal fall. Crops this year are at a much more manageable size with less biomass evident. This is mainly due to variety of selection and growth patterns. There was a significant saving on Nitrogen made with the forward crops, as they need approximately 60 units/acre less due to their overwinter advanced growth – “no need to grow something that had already grown”. There were no major issues with the crop during the growing season except that of pigeon grazing. In a few cases they set on an individual crop or field and gave it a constant and unrelenting graze. While this is awfully annoying and damaging, the crop is continuing to develop as in most cases the growing point weren’t damaged, but these will develop later with lower yield potential and often end up with a weed burden due to lack of crop competition, which is the greatest weed killer of all. The final field pass in all crops will be the desiccation pre harvest and I feel that this is often applied too early and reduces the true potential of the crop. The main purpose of this field operation is to enhance ripening of the late uneven patches within the crop so as it all comes ready for harvesting together. However, now it’s often applied as a total crop desiccant while the crop is still filling; in order to bring the harvest forward. This operation should be delayed as long as possible and timing decided by the “late patches” within the crop not the main body; then use a better brand of Glyphosate with built-in adjuvants that maximise plant uptake quickly.

Winter Wheat is now at GS32 to GS34 and powering on nicely. Most crops have taken on 170 to 200 units of Nitrogen at this stage and are starting to show the true effects of it. All crops have received their allocation of PGR along with chlorothalonil and in some cases a fungicide to control Yellow Rust. This is a relatively new disease for the greater Cork area

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ISSUE 03 - APRIL 2019

www.dairygoldagri.ie

Dear Grower,

Welcome to our Third edition of Trust in Tillage for our 2019 season. After a period of dry weather, it’s great to see so many spring crops sown due to the favourable weather we have received this year in comparison to last year, with the remainder of spring crops being sown in the coming days. It’s great to see beans progressing well and are now nearly peeping in most areas. We have some focus points for the grower watch out for in the spring bean crop later in this issue.

Liam Leahy gives us an insight into how Spring sowing is going and how winter crops are progressing in East cork.

With spring crops coming along nicely, Michael English advises us around crop nutrition and the benefits of using protected fertilisers. Also, Ciaran Collins provides us with excellent husbandry recommendations for malting barley in order to maximise crop yields in 2019.

Our focus then switches to forage maize, where Matt Lawlee looks at the economics of growing the crop and up to date husbandry recommendations for 2019.

As always, our Technical Tillage Team are available and willing to help you make decisions going forward surrounding fertiliser regimes and spray programmes over the coming season and we will be available to advise on market trends also.

On behalf of our Tillage team may I wish you all a successful growing season ahead and we hope to help you our growers wherever we can. If you have any feedback on this edition or if there is any area you would like to cover in future editions, I would be delighted to hear from you.

Yours Sincerely,

Nial Griffey B.Agi.Sc. I.A.S.I.S.

TILLAGE TECHNICAL MANAGER, DAIRYGOLD AGRIBUSINESS

WELCOME TO

DAIRYGOLD’S AGRONOMY BULLETIN

View from the Field

Ramularia leaf spot in Barley

Sprayer Checks

Growing Forage Maize 2019

Crop Nutrition & Fertilisers

Weed Control in Spring Cereals

Growing Fodder Beet

Spring Malting Barley

Spring Barley Aphid

Spring Beans - Things to watch out for

TABLE OFCONTENTS

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Nial Griffey

Trust inTillage

CONTACT

Trust in Tillage 086 2461642 [email protected] www.dairygoldagri.ie

but has been present further up the country for some years now. It can be devastating if left untreated as it multiplies rapidly. I think going forward we will need to spend more time critically examining the disease profile of the various varieties as we will have a reduced arsenal of chemistry to deal with what seems a growing disease treat. In truth plant breeders have a huge part to play by breeding more disease tolerant and/or resistant varieties in keeping with good IPM techniques. As I write, crops are just approaching the correct timing for T1, which is leaf 3 fully expanded. It is very important to get this timing correct as doing so maximises the effect of an expensive fungicide but also sets you up for a correctly timed T2 flag leaf fully emerged spray, 21 days post T1. Too early now will expose the crop mid program to the onset of disease and force you in with another spray which, still won’t be as effective as the correctly timed T1 spray. There are several sprays that can be applied in both instances but as in the case of Barley, it must be a combination of 3 different actives including chlorothalonil and SDHI while alternating chemical families between T1 and T2. It would be important to get professional advice here if unsure of the programs needed. T3 at early flowering will be bases on a combination of triazoles to complete the fungicide program and bring the crop to harvest.

Winter Oats has started to grow again after going through a very slow spell during March. All crops are topped-up with full nitrogen at this stage, ranging from 120 to 130 units per acre. Most crops got Crown Rust to some degree and were treated accordingly at GS30 and GS31 along with the early PGR. They cleaned up nicely and at this stage, GS32 to GS33 are receiving their proper PGR program along with a significant fungicide to control and prevent both mildew and further outbreaks of crown rust going forward. The final spray will be applied at GS51 to GS55 as the ear emerges where it will get a strong preventive type program as re-entering the crop thereafter must be avoided as it will become overly tall and easily damaged and only encourage lodging.

Spring Beans are growing very nicely with all crops emerged at this stage and moving on rapidly in ideal weather for such a crop. Acreage has risen significantly this year as a result of several factors including the strong contract price offered by Dairygold, the high protein top-up payment but most of all the true value that growers have place on them as a break crop. It was very evident during the winter that wheat crops, sown after what can only be described as a very disappointing 2018 bean crop, were much more vigorous and better established than wheat crops in lesser rotations. They have all been sprayed with pre-emergence herbicides and will be monitored for Bean Weevil during the coming weeks. (This is dealt with in greater details further down this publication). Thereafter, in late May and mid-June they will receive two preventative type fungicide programs, and this should bring them all the way to a September harvest. It is a relatively simple crop to grow by any standards and my opinion will prove to be one of the most profitable crops this coming harvest.

Spring Barley in contrast to last year has been planted in excellent conditions. Most crops have come through at this stage with good plant numbers as growers pay attention to the TGW counts on all commercially assembled seed. All crops have received their initial dressing of base NPK and are now receiving their full allotment of Nitrogen top-up. We are now entering the most critical stage of crop management in spring crops in my opinion, that of Aphid control and early weed management. It’s important that all crops receive just one application of a well-timed aphicide at GS13-GS15 where you can include the herbicide and wild oats spray also. Going in too early with this program will require respraying while too late could well leave you with a serious BYVD problem later. Multiple aphides will also increase our chances of further resistance developing to the only chemicals left registered to combat the problem. As I said weeds will be sprayed early in most crops but where not, can be included with the T1 fungicide at GS24 to GS31. The same rules apply with fungicide choice as with winter barley except that chlorothalonil isn’t necessary until the T2 as the awns emerge.

Beet planting is well underway and so far, looks like a significant reduction on last season’s acreage, possibly 15% at an estimate only. Again, crops are being planted in excellent conditions but be mindful of “capping” as the heavy rains last week caused damage to some of the early sown ground. There isn’t a lot that can be done about it at present but a little rain now and again generally rectifies the problem. The early sown crops have emerged now and will receive their first of 3 herbicides in the coming days. It’s important that crops are sprayed in a planned proactive way and not let a weed burden develop as the crop will not compete with same in this early stage of its life. Lime was applied to all ground pre planting along with the required NPK dressing and will receive its final Nitrogen at 2 to 4 leaf stage of the crop. Pests will need to be monitored over coming weeks as the crop is very vulnerable at this early delicate stage of its life even though there are only limited options available in the event of a pest attack. Once more, it’s another crop that’s becoming very exposed with the removal of certain actives from the industry.

Maize is about 30% planted in the area. It looks like last year’s acreage at best at this stage and nearly all grown under plastic. There is a detailed article in this publication that covers all aspects of maize growing.

Grain Markets and Cropping AreaGrain markets have slipped back considerably at this stage from last season’s high as the Native and Western EU grains compete with the cheaper Maize for market share. This may change in the coming months but will take a major weather issue or political event in my opinion to trigger such actions; but who knows, this time last year grain was roughly the same price as it is today. National acreage seems to have fallen again this season by about 3% (unconfirmed) accumulating to a total reduction of near 20% over the last 10 years. There have been major crop swings within that with the major one being the swing of spring to winter barley.

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Ramularia RamulariaLeaf Spot in Barley Leaf Spot in Barley

Latest Information• Resistance ratings for spring and winter

barley varieties are published in the DAFM Recommended list.

• Mature ramularia lesions can be distinguished from other foliar symptoms by applying the 5 R’s.

Action• Consider using a more resistant variety if

yield losses have occurred in recent years• In high risk situations, use a preventative

spray at booting (GS45-GS49)• Use identification guidelines and look for

symptoms late in the season• Avoid saving seed for re-sowing from heavily

infected crops• Ensure Nitrogen does not become limiting

in malting barley crops, as this will increase ramularia levels

ImportanceRamularia leaf spot symptoms have been reported with increasing frequency across Ireland. However, ramularia is probably still underreported, due to unfamiliarity with the symptoms. Though previously associated with

Figure 1. Ramularia leaf spot symptoms - the “5R’s”: 1. Ringed with yellow margin of chlorosis, 2. Rectangular shape, 3. Restricted by the leaf veins, 4. Reddish-brown colouration, 5. Right through the leaf.

spring crops, evidence of ramularia in winter crops has increased in recent years. Trials suggest yield loss can be up to 0.5t/ha in heavily infested crops.

Life Cycle & SymptomsThe Fungus Ramularia collo-cygni causes ramularia and grows from infected seed. It then moves systemically within new plant growth. Airborne spores produced on trash and crop debris, however, can also infect plants.

Infected crops do not display visible symptoms initially. Senescing leaves may show signs of infection early in the season, but the main damage occurs on the top leaves after flowering.

Later in the season, rows of white spores can be seen with a hand lens on the undersides of affected leaves. As leaves senesce, these structures can be seen with the naked eye.

Stressed crops are thought to be more likely to show symptoms, including those exposed to high light levels, waterlogging and rainfall after flowering. However, even stress associated with flowering may be enough to initiate symptoms.

Figure 2. Life cycle of Ramularia Collo-cygni

Early symptoms comprise small brown pepper spots on the upper leaves. These develop quickly into typical ramularia leaf spot lesions. Mature ramularia lesions can be distinguished from other foliar symptoms by applying the 5 R’s. See figure 1 above.

1. Ringed with yellow margin of

chlorosis

2. Rectangular shape

3. Restricted by the leaf veins

4. Reddish brown colouration

5. Right through the leaf

Ramularia is often mistaken for other diseases, such as the spot form of net blotch, tan spot or physiological spotting. Net blotch, Tan spot or physiological spotting. Net blotch and tan spot lesions are not rectangular or restricted by leaf veins. Physiological leaf spots, caused by oxidative stress, tend to be caused by superficial browning on the upper leaf surfaces, while the undersides remain unaffected. These cause less yield loss but can trigger the production of ramularia leaf spots.

Control Ramularia is seed borne but it is not controlled effectively by seed treatments. Farm saved seed from crops which had high levels of ramularia symptoms should be avoided.

Some foliar fungicide treatments can control ramularia but resistance to fungicides is increasing. Resistance to strobilurin fungicides was reported many years ago. Cases of resistance to azole and SDHI fungicides have also reported in Ireland and further Europe.

Chlorothalonil is not affected by mutations in the fungus and should be included in programs to ensure effective control and slow further spread of resistance to azoles and SDHI’s.

The most effective timing for fungicide applications against ramularia is at booting (GS45-GS49). Later applications, up to ear fully emerged (GS59), may also be effective but may be restricted for malting barley crops. Once symptoms develop on the upper leaves post flowering, treatment is not effective.

ForecastingPrevious research suggested that long periods of leaf surface wetness at stem extension could be the main influence on ramularia disease severity. More recent work, however, shows the relationship between environmental and crop factors and ramularia levels is more complex. Factors now being examined include previous cropping, cultivation system, variety, rainfall and light levels after flowering.

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Key Message: Target good yield and quality. To achieve this; choose a good site, use plastic cover where appropriate, use the most suitable variety for your site, follow best practice crop nutrition and weed control recommendations.

by Matt Lawlee Beef & Tillage Area Manager

I.A.S.I.S.

Prepare GrowingSprayer for new season Forage Maize 2019

Dairygold recommends that sprayer operators are wearing PPE (Proper Protective Equipment) when

handling agrochemicals. Safety is vital. These are available at all our chemical stocking stores. Always remember that chemicals can be very corrosive and can burn skin and damage eyes. For safety have tractor switched off and check PTO.

If your sprayer has a boom width over 3 m

under the Sustainable Use Directive it has to be inspected and certified. They have to be tested every five years until 2020 and every 3 years after that.

Check all nozzles by running machine, if some are damaged it is best to

replace them all for a uniform spray pattern, also choose nozzles that suit type of spraying you will be doing.

Make sure all controls whether

manual or electronic are working properly.

Check pump for blocked valves and falling pressure,if pump is failing

it may need to be reconditioned.

Check pipes and

hoses for wear and frost damage.

Check booms, breakback mechanism and that boom pipes are attached properly.

Check the tank and sprayer body, watch for any cracks.

SAFE SPRAYING

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Clean your sprayer properly before new season, powerwashing inside as well as outside to get rid of all

contaminants that may have lodged in or stuck to it in previous season. Rinse out tank properly away from open water courses

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Forage crop costs Fodder beet Kale Maize uncovered Maize covered

Growing cost (€/ha ex VAT) 1894 729 1383 1643

Green yield (tons/ ha) 124 37 45 55

DM utilised (tons/ ha) 13.0 6.0 12.5 15.0

Cost (€/ton DM) 146 116 111 109

As seen in the table below, Maize can offer good quality feed at a low price compared to other forage options below.

*based on Teagasc Crop costs and returns 2018 booklet.

Agronomic Factors when sowing:

Site: Your choice of site is critical to giving you an economic return to growing maize (growing maize on margin sites is high risk). Choose a sheltered south facing field (warmest on farm) with light to medium soil type and good drainage as maize will not tolerate compaction. Site altitudes should not exceed 100m. Preparation of a fine, firm seedbed 10-12cm deep. Rolling after sowing should only occur under very dry conditions.

Plastic: Plastic covers help to deliver consistent yield and quality and crops under plastic are also likely to mature earlier which can enable early harvesting which can also be important. Plastic is likely to consistently deliver an economic return as sites become more marginal.

Varieties: Use varieties from the Irish recommended list as they are proven independently under Irish conditions. Consider energy values as well as yield as energy values dictate animal performance. Higher starch levels give higher energy values (although the digestibility of the rest of the plant is also important) and this emphasizes the need to select varieties that will mature promptly. Match your choice of variety to your site (choosing a slightly earlier maturing variety may mean marginally less yield but will deliver a more reliable maturity, quality and suitable harvest date). Contact your Dairygold Tillage ASM for further advice.

As a result of the fodder shortage last spring, the area of maize sown increased to 18,000ha from 11,000ha in 2017. For 2019 there is only a slight reduction expected in the total area in 2019 as livestock farmers will need to build reserves. Despite being late in 2018, yield and quality were excellent as a result of the increased temperatures during the summer. Sowing will now take place in the coming weeks.

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Diarygold variety and site recommendations 2019

Maize Silage (units/ac)

Index N P K

1 144 56 200

2 112 40 180

3 88 32 152

4 60 0* 96** Typical nutrient value 5000 gallons/ac Slurry -30 -21 -127

Field Req=Req-Slurry

Site Site Description Varieties Under Plastic Varieties Uncovered

Excellent site < 50m altitude, South facing LG31.235, Award, Ambition, Severus Not exposed Feeditop, LG30211, Spyci P8201*

Good site 50m to 75m altitude, Not too LG31.235, Award, Ambition, Severus exposed, Good sunshine Feeditop, LG30211, Spyci

Moderate site 75m to 100m altitude Award, Feeditop, Spyci Use Plastic

Marginal site Over 100m altitude or Do not grow maize Do not grow maize Very exposed, North facing

*Only on excellent sites, late to ripen

• *Can apply 20kg/ha P at index 4 • **No fertiliser K is required where soil K is above 250mg/l • N & P rates as per Nitrates Directive.

Maize nutrient requirement units/ac Soil testing to determine requirements is strongly recommended. Maize is a hungry crop; ensuring adequate nutrients are supplied, especially phosphorus (P) and potassium, is essential. While slurry is very useful in supplying significant proportions of the P & K requirements, some level of available (artificial) P & K may also be required.

Weeds Controlling weeds early is very important for a successful maize crop. Maize needs 30-50 days weed free after sowing to avoid a serious reduction in yield due weed competition. Using glyphosate before sowing for perennial weeds and to lower the overall weed burden. The use of residual herbicides works best on fine seedbeds with some moisture after spraying. Do not spare on rates under plastic and consider adding a good wetter e.g. Silwet which can significantly improve weed control (particularly in less than ideal conditions). Proper seedbed preparation is vital (fine and firm). Weed control between the rows is difficult if the weather is dry after sowing or difficult brassica weeds are prevalent. A follow-up overspray of an appropriate post emergence product may be necessary if weeds come through (between the rows).Weed control in uncovered crops is best done early around the 2-4 leaf stage of the crop but may have to be delayed if the crop is struggling. Including Nutriphite (liquid Phosphite that increases rooting) with the post-emergence weed control spray (plus any required trace elements) is recommended to ensure the crop keeps progressing at this critical stage.

Higher yielding crops may require higher levels of nutrients than above, particularly P & K. Placing125kg/ha (1 bag/ac) of maize starter/at sowing is essential for uncovered maize. The Maize starter isalso available with Avail, a product which is added to the fertiliser making the P more available, it isrecommended particularly for the maize starter, given the demand maize has for P.

Spray programme: Option 1 is preferable, c. €10/acre cheaper with same weed spectrum.

Option 1 Rate

Wing P 4 I/ha

or

Stomp Aqua 1 I/ha

Option 2 Rate

Calaris 1.5 I/ha

or

Stomp Aqua 3.2 I/ha

Features and Benefits• The Nitrogen in Maize Gold Boost is Urea based. As the product will be incorporated into the

soil there are no issues or fears with regard ammonia losses.• Nitrogen from Urea is held longer in the soil and provides a prolonged release thus feeding the

crop later into the season.• Sulphur – Maize Gold Boost supplies much needed Sulphur to the plant that

can increase Dry Matter Yield by up to 15%. Sulphur applications can also increase starch levels and protein content

• Wolftrax Zinc – Zinc is the most common trace element deficiency found in Maize grown in the South West of Ireland. Early intervention with zinc coated fertiliser can prevent yield penalties from the outset.

Dairygold Maize Gold Boost

19 – 4 – 19 + 1.3% Sulphur + Wolftrax Zinc

Dairygold Maize boost is specifically formulated to meet maize nutrient requirements in the South West of Ireland. It should be applied at a rate of 8-9 bags/ac and incorporated into the soil prior to sowing.

Nitrogen Phosphorus Potassium Sulphur Zinc Index 1 Index 3 Index 3

Crop Requirements 144 32 152 16 Yes

16-4-20 x 9 bags/ac 144 36 180 0

Maize Gold Boost x 8 bags/ac 152 32 152 10.4

Sulphur Trials by the Maize Growers Association in the UK have shown:

• Up to 15% increase in DM Yield• Increase in starch content• Increase in crude protein

Zinc• Trials have shown DM Yield increases of between

3.8% & 8% • Better emergence and more uniform crop size• Zinc application through fertiliser when soils are cold

and roots are small is much more timely that through foliar applications (warmer soils, larger roots)

Maize Response to Sulphur

120 ...............................................................................................

115 ...............................................................................................

110 ...............................................................................................

105 ...............................................................................................

100 ...............................................................................................

95 ...............................................................................................

90 ............................................................................................... Dry Matter Yeast Starch Content Protein

No Sulphur Sulphur

Maize Response to Zinc

125 ............................................................................................... 120 ............................................................................................... 115 ............................................................................................... 110 ............................................................................................... 105 ............................................................................................... 100 ............................................................................................... 95 ............................................................................................... 90 ............................................................................................... 85 ............................................................................................... 80 ............................................................................................... Plant tissue Uptake Yield

Untreated Treated

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by Michael English I.A.S.I.S. Dairygold Agribusiness

Crop Nutritionand Fertilisers

Spring CerealsKey points

• Apply lime as recommended on based a recent soil test.• Apply 30% of the crop N requirements at sowing. • Adjust P and K Rates for high yields.• Select a suitable fertiliser to deliver enough seedbed N for early establishment and sufficient P & K for

crop yield in a single application• Apply P and K at time of sowing time and incorporate into the seedbed. Trials have indicated the

benefits of placing P fertiliser in the seedbed in terms of root and tiller development

Continuous Tillage (Crops that follow short Leys (1-4 years tillage crops)

Nitrogen Index

Index 1 Index 2 Index 3 Index 3

Cereals Sugar beet Swedes grazed in situMaize Fodder beet Oil seed rape, Peas, Beans Kale Potatoes, Leys (1-4 years) grazed or cut

Tillage crops that follow permanent pasture

Index 1 Index 2 Index 3 Index 4

Any crop sown as Any crops sown as Any crop sown as Any crop sown as thethe 5th or the 3rd or 4th tillage the 1st or 2nd tillage 1st or 2nd tillagesubsequent tillage crop following crop following crop followingcrop following permanent pasture. permanent pasture permanent pasturepermanent If permanent (see also index 4). pasture. pasture was cut only, If original permanent use index 1. pasture was cut only, use index 2

Determining Nitrogen requirement for tillage crops

Maximum fertilisation rates of Nitrogen on Tillage crops

Crop Nitrogen Index

1 2 3 4

Available Nitrogen kg/ha

Winter Wheat 210 180 120 80Spring Wheat 160 130 95 60Winter Barley 180 155 120 80Spring Barley 135 100 75 40Winter oats 145 120 85 45Spring oats 110 90 60 30Fodder beet 195 155 120 80Maize 180 140 110 75Field Beans 0 0 0 0

• An additional 20 kg/N ha may be applied for each additional tonne above the following yields.

• Please contact your Tillage ASM when deciding maximum fertilisation for Malting barley crop as an extra 20kg N kg/ha maybe applied where it is shown based on agronomic advice.

• To convert kg/ha to Units/acre, Multiply by 0.8

Winter wheat- 9 tonnes/ha Spring Wheat 7.5 tonnes/ha Winter barley 8.5 Tonnes/ha Spring Barley 6.5 tonnes/ha Winter Oats 7.5 Tonnes/Ha Spring Oats 6.5 tonnes/ha

These higher yields can be based on the best yield achieved in any of the past three harvests at 20% Moisture.

Fertiliser P & K for Spring CerealsThe table across shows the rate of P which is required at index 3 for 6.5t/ha grain crop. Where yields higher than this are achieved with the correct proof, an extra 3.8kg of phosphorus for each tonne of grain yield may be applied. This is applicable for wheat, Barley or oats.

Recommend rates of P for Cereals at 6.5t/ha

Soil P Index P Rates (kg/Ha)

1 452 353 254 0

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When to Apply Fertiliser?Fertiliser N, P & K’s make up the largest input cost in tillage systems. It is now more important than ever to use especially N as efficiently as possible from both an environmental and crop profitability perspective to reduce potential N Losses. Nitrogen should only be applied at key crop timings when soil and weather conditions are suitable. After the application of 30% Of the Crops N requirement at sowing. Apply the remaining N at mid tillering or alternatively split the remaining N requirements as follows: 2/3 of crop N at tillering and the remaining 1/3 by GS 31/32.

How to Adjust Nitrogen for Soil N and Cover Crops?After the huge uptake in the growth of cover crops for fodder for dairy and beef farmers alike. It is an extremely difficult task to quantify how much nitrogen remains in our soils over winter and how much will be readily available for the subsequent crop. There are many variables such as management of fields from post-harvest to ploughing and what types of cover crops were sown on the land. See below guidelines for consideration before applying nitrogen.

Check Consider Where to check

Soil Temperature No Growth Below 5.5°C Met Eireann

Soil moisture conditions When conditions are suitable, spread on Met Eireann Website dry soils first. If soils are saturated or near saturated, Soil structural damage from machines is likely to occur.

Forecast Predicted forecast for cold weather Met Eireann (air temp <4°C) will indicate little growth. Forecast for wet weather – N Loss likely

Rate Apply lower rates (1st split) to reduce No more than 30-70 kg/ha risk of loss (1st split)

Choosing area of farm Start with drier, sheltered locations, Farmers’ owner knowledge avoid watercourses

Crops post-Harvest 2018 Potential N available to crop Adjust N applied to crop

No crop- stubbles Very low No

Catch Crop- Ploughed in Medium Yes- Reduce N - 10-15kg/Ha

Catch Crop- Grazed High Yes- Reduce N – 15-20kg/Ha

The figure below shows the forms of N which urea and CAN are in when applied and a summary of how they change in the soil system. The ammonium and nitrate supplied by CAN are not readily available for plant up take at the time of application. Urea is firstly converted to ammonium by the activity of the urease enzyme (urea hydrolysis).

This process is relatively rapid under Irish conditions. Plants may take up some urea, but it will usually convert ammonium over a period of hours to days depending on soil temperatures or soil moisture.

The urea hydrolysis processis slowed when conditions are drier and cooler. Once ammonia converts to ammonium it may be fixed to the soil and less prone to loss by volatilization to the air.

N-Sources – Urea & CAN Urea (46%) is a less expensive source of N than CAN (27%)

P & K Advice for 7.5t/ha1 Spring Barley Suggested Fertiliser Programmes

Soil index P kg/ha K Kg/ha P: K Ratio Kg/ha²

1 49 115 1: 2.2 480kg 10-10-20²

2 39 100 1: 2.4 480kg 12-8-20

3 29 85 1.:2.6 480kg 13-6-20

4 0 0

¹: Adjust P by 3.8kg/t, K by 11.4kg/t for lower or higher grain yields²: Additional K is required at Index 1 & 2 at 40 & 190 kg/ha as 50% K (MOP)

once every 5 years (for soil K build-up)

Spring BarleyWhen selecting a suitable compound fertiliser for spring barley it is important to select a fertiliser that will supply all the P and K in a single application at sowing time. It will be important to consider the N % in the fertiliser compound. Aim to deliver 30 to 60kgN/ha depending on sowing date. Regardless of soil P index it is recommended to apply all P and K at sowing time near the seed. Examples of appropriate fertiliser blends / programs based on P: K ratios and soil P and K indexes are shown in the below table.

The additional P allowance for higher yields is based on the highest gain yield in any of the three previous years at 20% moisture. This below table shows the P rates for cereal crops as grain yield increases.

Available P advice for cereals based on crop grain yield (kg/Ha)

Soil P index 6.5 7.5 8.5 9.5 10.5 11.5

1 45 49 52 56 60 64 2 35 39 42 46 50 54 3 25 29 32 36 40 44 4 0 0 0 0 0 0

14 15



Weed Controlin Spring Cereals

Crop growth and ultimately yield, is driven by green leaf area. Weeds compete with crops for light water, water and nutrients, all of which can reduce the crops ability to amass green leaf area. Ear number is a key factor of in yield determination and weed competition can reduce the shoot number especially during early tillering. Crops under stress will compete poorly against weeds and can be adversely affected by the herbicide applications. Ensuring crops are adequately supplied of nutrients will keep crops stress free.

Barley can tolerate low levels of weeds as it will compete well where barley plant numbers are high, when numbers are high, action needs to be taken.

Spring control of broad leaf weeds in cereals has become relatively straight forward. With a high degree of weed-control performance available from our listed products at Dairygold.With a large range of products available, choosing the right one for your farm and your specific field has become more important. Under DAFM regulations we should all be following best practice when it comes to utilising integrated pest management practices when making the decision what / when and how much to spray.

There are several steps to follow

• Identification: Take the time to go through your fields and identify your weeds, if in doubt contact your Dairygold agronomist and he will help with their identification. It’s always good practice as the weed profile in land doesn’t change much from year to year. However, there are a couple of exceptions, as always, if there is a dry spell or wet spell it can promote different weed species, some weed species are carried in by wind, or are transported by animals and of course weed seed introduced from machinery. Many weed species seeds can remain dormant in the soil for many years and may only emerge if conditions are appropriate.

Actions:Record weeds: This becomes the basis of justifying your product selection and application rates.Timing: In a spring crop you must optimise timing based on a few criteria

• Spray early at the 3-5 Leaf stage for successful weed control in spring cereals. • If spraying too early, not enough weeds have emerged.• To maximise the uptake of herbicides the weeds need to be actively growing for 3-4 days before

spraying.• Too late and the weeds are too big, and possibly the crop growth stage has moved beyond a point

where it is safe and legal to use certain products.• If Broad leaved Weed (BLW) control is delayed until GS30-GS31 you may lose yield potential from early

weed competition.

Where weed competition is significant, yield responses of over 1.2t/ha can be expected from herbicides.

Protected Sources of UreaStudies from Teagasc over 3 years evaluated the performance of protected Urea (NBPT) in spring barley at Johnstown castle. The fertilisers evaluated in the trial over the 3 years were CAN, Urea and Urea + NBPT.• The N recovery was the highest for urea + NBPT

followed by CAN and urea with the lowest N uptake. This study also showed similar grain protein between CAN and Urea.

• Urea had the lowest N recovery due to ammonia gas (NH3) loss.

• Other studies have found reduced yields using urea due to ammonia volatilisation.

• Urea + NBPT reduced NH3 losses compared to Urea and consistently produced similar yields to CAN.

• Urea + NBPT also reduced N20 emissions.

So, Protected Urea 46% or CAN 27% for cereals?• Nitrogen Costs are approximately CAN (€1.11/kg N)

and protected Urea (€0.96kg/N)• Protected Urea can fit well for N application to winter

crops generating significant savings.

Points to watch when using protected Urea:• Protected Urea may be more difficult to spread over

wider tramline widths• Urea granule size between 2 to 4 mm is desirable for

even spread pattern• Calibrate fertiliser spreader for each batch of fertiliser

Average grain protein % over 3 years

Relative star rating of the different N Fertilisers

Dairygold Agribusiness your sustainability partner:Within Dairygold, we have always offered the best quality, latest innovation and best value within our product range. We also believe it is our responsibility to be your partner in sustainable farming. Our fertiliser range now offers product that can help make our industry more sustainable.

Until 2015, the nitrogen market in Ireland was dominated by Urea and CAN. Both these forms of nitrogen have considerable limitations in our changeable and somewhat inclement weather conditions. Experience shows us that one of the problems with using untreated Urea is the risk of nitrogen loss due to ammonia release during hot drying conditions. On the other hand, CAN products run the risk of leaching during wet conditions. Moving from CAN to an unprotected urea fertiliser decreases the risk of nitrous oxide losses but increase the risk of ammonia losses. Protecting the Urea fertiliser while decreasing this risk of ammonia losses. This can be seen in the results from the Teagasc 3-year study as seen above.

Within Dairygold, we have a ranged of protected Urea products. These products are powered by differing additives some coating the urea granule, some contained with the CCF. These products:• Decrease the ammonia losses versus Urea, by 84% compared to urea• Decrease the nitrous oxide emissions versus CAN, by 73% when compared to CAN. Our Tillage specific -Protected Urea products available through Dairygold Agribusiness.

Protected Urea 46% N Maize boost 19-4-19+1.3% S +0.5kg ZNSweet 18’s 4 Pack (18-6-10+3%S+4%NA) 12-5-18+ 3% Sulphur + Avail12-5-18+ 3% S+ Wolftrax MN- Spring Cereal Boost 12-7-23+ 3% S+ GEN-Winter Cereal Boost12-7-23+ 3% S+ GEN-Winter Cereal Boost + MN Pasture Boost GEN 28-2.5-5+5%S+MG+CA 375kgGG TOP DRESS CEREAL BOOST 26%N+4%S+WTRAX MG G Elite W Cereal Boost 12-7-23+ GEN +3%S + MN+ ZN

Average nitrogen uptake of CAN, Urea and Urea + NBPT at an application rate of 150kgN/ha across 6 Spring barley sites over 3 years.

Pro

du

cts

If you like to find out more about our sustainable fertiliser range, contact your Tillage ASM for more information.

16 17



Fodder beet has the potential to be an extremely high yield fodder crop that is easy to grow but attention to detail is vital. To date, very little beet has been sown as priority will be given to the sowing of cereals, but beet can be sown from now on. Like maize growers, farmers need to ensure they have a contract in place with a purchaser before sowing beet. Fodder beet varieties are generally classified by their dry matter content and root colour. Traditionally in Ireland, the demand is for a white beet high dry matter to suit our livestock industry. The grower should bare this in mind when selecting variety, choose varieties with a high DM score, High leaf score and low dirt levels, your Dairygold ASM is available to talk advise around variety selection.

The best practices to growing fodder beet are:• Rotation: A strict crop rotation practice should

be observed. Beet should only be grown after two years have elapsed since a beet, brassica or soil seed rape crop was sown.

• Sowing period: Fodder beet can be sown from early April. Beet is a sensitive crop and will not thrive in harsh conditions. Delays after mid-April will reduce yields by about 4% per week. The latest sowing time is may.

S = Susceptible to Herbicides MS= Moderately susceptible to Herbicides

Firstly, prioritise the most problematic weeds you have. It is important to base your spray timing around these weeds as they are most susceptible at an early stage.

Prescription – What options are available to optimise control. Get your Dairygold agronomist out to talk through the options, brands Like Presite® Max, Cameo® max®, Omnera® and Ally®Max have been the principal products used for the last few years, they offer cost effective broad spectrum weed control, with class leading crop safety characteristics, allowing a wide range of tank mix partners to be included in a single sprayer pass. Most of these products are recommended in conjunction with a second herbicide to further broaden the spectrum of weeds controlled, with possibly one exception, the brand Omnera®, where you have a combination of three herbicides pre-formulated in one can. This 5L can will treat 12.5 acres. “a 1-can solution”.

With the weeds you have identified from the field noted, you now match these weeds against the weed spectrum on the product. There are a range of weeds that are common to most fields, charlock, groundsel, mayweed, chickweed, speedwell, pansy etc.. These must be controlled by the “principal product”. Choosing the tank mix partner, is relatively straight forward, it’s based on the weed control offered by the additional product, and the compatibility ion tank mix (how crop safe is it)

Application – All sprayer operators (professional users “PU”) and application equipment are licenced by the Dept. of Agriculture, the PU number must be recorded and please keep a record of theses licence numbers for your records. With our chemical suppliers we have worked on these herbicide programs to maximise performance, at a realistic cost for their customer base. Some new products are introduced every year and can add to the performance of the existing range, but the standard of weed control, now, is so high it makes it difficult to improve on the current range “it’s hard to argue with 97% weed control”

Please contact your Dairygold Tillage ASM who will discuss what programme best suits each farmer needs.

Weed Species Plants up to 2 Plants up to 6 Plants up to 15cm expanded true leaves expanded true leaves across/high

Black-bindweed S S MSCharlock S S SChickweed, Common S S SCleavers MS MS MSDead-nettle, Red S S SFat-hen S S MSField-speedwell, common S S MSForget-me-not, Field S S SHemp-nettle, Common S S SKnotgrass S S MSMayweeds S S SOrche, Common S S _Pansy, Field S S MSParsley-piert S S SPoppy, Common S S MSRedshank S S SShepherd’s-purse S S S Thistle, Creeping S S S

Growing FodderBeet

• Seeding rate: Seeds are precision drilled. Aim to establish 30,000 plants per acre. Average field emergence for fodder beet is about 65%. With 56cm (22in) row widths and 18cm (7in) spacing, 40,700 seeds are planted per acre; assuming 74% establishment, this gives 30,000 plants per acre. It’s advisable to sow at a depth of 3.2cm. Most drills were designed to be driven at 3mph, so watch your forward speed to ensure even depth and seed rate.

• Lime & Fertiliser: Beet is very sensitive to pH, ideally a target of 6.7-7. Lime should be applied one year ahead of growing a beet crop. Farm yard manure can be applied at heavy rates and should be calculated in fertiliser applications.

18 19



Soil Index 1 2 3 4

Nitrogen 195kg/ha 155kg/ha 120kg/ha 80kg/haPhosphorus 70kg/ha 55kg/ha 40kg/ha 20kg/haPotash & Sodium 320kg/ha 240kg/ha 160kg/ha 80kg/ha

Growing Fodder Growing FodderBeet Beet

Boron should be applied to all beet crops, boron tends to be easily leached from soils. Choose a compound fertiliser with boron and aim to apply 3kg B/ha before sowing and mix into the soil. A Nitrogen topdressing can be applied at the 4-8 leaf stage. Low boron soils may require a further foliar boron application in June/July. Manganese and magnesium will need treatment if soil levels are low or if the pH is above 7 where Mn deficiency will occur, foliar applications will control this and is best applied at 4-10 leaf stage.

Weed Control: Poor weed control is the most common cause of crop failure. Beet is a poor competitor with weeds. The aim is to keep the crop weed free until at least eight weeks after emergence. There are a range of herbicides available and two applications will be required in most crops. Very early sown crops may require a third application. Each application usually includes at least two herbicides and possibly an adjuvant. Herbicide choice, rate of application and timing are critical, and it is recommended to get advice from an your Dairygold tillage ASM.

One tall weed above the canopy in a metre square (m²) has the capacity to reduce yield by 10%. T1 timing is generally at 18-21 days with T2 at 10-14 days post T1.

Pest Issues:Fodder beet, like all root crops is susceptible to soil borne pests. As present, there is one seed treatment available to control these soils borne pests.

Force: (Tefluthrin 200g/l) is a soil-acting pyrethroid insecticide which reduces the damage caused by a range of pests that include springtails; symphlids; millipedes; and pygmy beetle. This will give protection for up to 35 days.

Due to the slow development of the beet seedlings and the fact that crop is sown to a stand, beet is very prone to pest problems, particularly slugs, leatherjackets and rabbits.

Slugs: They feed on the leaves and stems and big losses can occur. Apply ‘Metarex’ Slug pellets preventatively in a band at sowing or broadcast at first sign of attack.

Aphids:Black Aphids cause leaf curling and sap loss. The Peach Potato Aphid Spreads Virus Yellows which can reduce yields in some seasons. Control by spraying with Dimethoate.

Mangold Fly: The larvae feed between the upper and lower leaf surface of seedlings. Spray with Dimethoate.

Rabbits: Shooting, trapping and Rabbit Bait are moderately effective. Where numbers are high a wire fence, either mesh or electric, will give best results but must be erected properly.

Diseases:Ramularia Leafspot and Rust are the main problems and usually occur in the autumn. They can result in severe defoliation which will increase harvesting losses with belt lifting harvesters. Crops to be harvested after Nov 1st should be treated with a fungicide in late July or early August. For crops to be harvested in October, treatment is justified when disease symptoms are seen before August 1st.

20 21



by Ciaran Collins B.Agi.Sc. I.A.S.I.S.

TEAGASC TILLAGE SPECIALIST

Barley AgronomySpring Malting

Successful weed control needs the following:• Control weeds early, i.e. Crop @ 4 leaf stage to early tillering• Know the major target weeds• Select the most appropriate herbicides from the suggested list below• Good growing conditions will heavily influence control• Ideally apply a herbicide after 2- 3 growthy days with 2-3 growthy days after application

Aphid ControlCrops emerging in March are at low risk of BYDV. April sown crops are a higher risk of BYDV.

Aphid numbers are at moderate levels but will rise as temperatures increase.

There is low levels of pyrethroid resistance.

Best control of aphids is from a SINGLE application of a full rate of a pyrethroid insecticide at the four leaf stage (GS 14).

Apply Ninja 50ml /ha @ GS 14

Recommendations Notes Field type

Cameo Max 35 - 45 g/ha+Hurler 0.75 L/ha

Cameo Max 35 - 45g/ha+Galaxy 0.75 - 1.0L/ha

Presite Max 70 - 100 g/ha+Zypar 0.6L/ha

• Will work well in most situations• Key weeds- Charlock, Chickweed, Fat Hen, Deadnettle, Redshank,• Max rate Hurler 0.75L

• Use where resistant weeds are a problem• Marigold – use high rate of Galaxy (max 1.0L/ha)• Chickweed - use Hurler (Starane)

• Use where field weeds unknown or where the previous control was not good or where weeds are strong

Clean Field

Resistant weeds

Dirty Field

Wild Oat Control

Wild Oats 0.5 L/ha Axial Pro

Canary Grass 0.6L/ha Axial Pro

Can add to the disease control at GS30

Adding more chemicals to the tank• If disease is visible at the weed timing then add a fungicide.• Where trace elements are needed (check soil results) add to the tank.• Carefully consider where wild oat control should be applied to the cropConsult your agronomist, if in doubt.

Spring Malting Barley: 1st Disease Control and Nitrogen Recommendations

Achieving best returns for fungicide spend• Apply first fungicide at mid to late tillering• Apply final fungicide when awns appearing• Spend equal amount at first and second timing• Best control from using mixtures (triazole/strob/SDHI)

Variety Disease Characteristics

Control Strategies at first timing(mid to late Tillering)

Apply 1/2 rate Triazole + Strob or SDHI (or mixture product) +/ -mildewicideOptions may include

• Zepher 0.75L/ha• Proline 0.4L/ha plus Jenton 0.8L/ha• Opera 1.25L/ha

Note: There are many other options. Best returns will be obtained by observing the general guideline mix above.

Fertiliser for Malting barley• Historically high protein has been the main reason for rejections. • To stay within the protein limits total nitrogen needs to be applied in

line with crop yield potential. • Use sowing date and establishment percentage as a guide. A 6.5t/ha

crop has a requirement of 135kg/ha on index 1 soils. Add 20kg/ha for every tonne/ha expected over 6.5t.

• Apply final nitrogen when tramlines visible.

Resistance to Net Blotch

Resistance to Mildew

Resistance to Rhyncho

HIGH

MED

LOW

HIGH

MED

LOW

HIGH

MED

LOW

GangwayGangway

Planet

GangwayPlanet

Planet

22 23



Spring BarleyAphid (BYDV) Management & Control

As discussed at a Recent Teagasc Spring Crop Walk in Ballyderown, Fermoy, Cork hosted by Ciaran Collins, Elaine Clifford & Michael McCarthy. The emphasis was placed on the control of BYDV and management practices that can lessen yield losses in Spring barley.

Aphids are the most serious pests of Cereal crops in Ireland. Damage occurs in two ways:1. By transmitting virus disease (BYDV) to and within crops.2. By Direct feeding on tillers.

The grain-Aphid, Sitobion Avenae, is the most common aphid vector of BYDV in Ireland. BYDV can reduce the yield of April drilled barley by 2t/Ha, while feeding Aphids can reduce yield by 0.8 t/ha. In general, March drilled barley is at lower risk of BYDV Damage than crops later crops sown in April due to aphid activity patterns. Aphids flight has been low in March due to sub optimum (<15°C) conditions for winged Aphid Development. The Majority of Spring Barley will emerge in April this year and this is historically when aphid numbers increase rapidly.

When should I apply an insecticide?• Apply an Aphicide at the leaf 3-5 leaf stage (GS13-GS15) in crops at

risk of BYDV. (Aim for leaf 4/GS14 for best effect as seen from below study)

• All Aphicides should be applied according to their labels, ensuring spray coverage.

• Monitor pyrethroid efficacy for a week after application for the presence of dead aphids, this will indicate pyrethroid resistance. (Contact your Tillage ASM if control is poor to consider applying a non-Pyrethroid treatment as a follow-up treatment.)

Key Points• Aphids, Leatherjackets and slugs are the main pests of Spring Barley.• Late sown crops are more prone to yield loss due to BYDV. • A fine, Firm, Seedbed will reduce the risk of damage from both Slugs and leatherjackets.

24 25



Spring Barley BYDV Control

Spring BYDV Control

Crop BYNV Risk* Control Action

March Sown Spring Cereals Very Low Aphicide spray may not be necessary

April Sown Spring Cereals Medium to High Signal pyrethroid spray at G.S.14

Spring Barley (Late April) Spring Barley (Late April) Spring Barley (Late April)

Seed Treatments not permitted in Spring

Spring Wheat and Oats

Normal sowing dates (pre-April) ...............................................Negligible riskJan & Feb sown..................................No treatment neededIf sown in April........................Spray pyrethroid @ 3-4 leaf

Message from this is if you sow in April you should spray with a pyrethroid

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

2 Le

af

4 Le

af

1st N

ode

2nd

Nod

e

LSO

(5%

)

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

SIGNIFICANT INCREASE

G.S. Spraying %BYDV Yield t/ha

2 Leaf 17.2 5.1

4 Leaf 8.6 5.6

2 Leaf + 4 Leaf 8.0 5.5

4 Leaf + First Node 6.7 5.5

First Node 24.7 5.1

Second Node 27.5 4.8

G.S. 12 + 14 + 31 5.7 5.5

Untreated 36.4 4.3

LSO (5%) 5.986 0.506The best response to yield coincided with spraying at the four leaf stage

Sown 26th April (Kennedy 2014)

Spring BeansThings to Watch for in the Field

This Disease is easily preventable by using diseases free seed and good rotations. Volunteer beans (in a following cereal Crop) will almost always display the characteristic symptoms on their leaves and later, their stems. The main yield effect is from lodging as the diseases weakens the stem. Control with fungicides is rarely warranted in spring beans but is quite common in autumn drilled crops.

Beans grown in tight rotations are often the first affected by this disease, however all crops are at risk given warm, humid weather. As it is related to Potato blight, its symptoms are similar with a brown/grey growth on the underside of the leaves. This makes early detection and the extent of infection in a crop difficult to notice early in its disease cycle. Varietal resistance is important. It is recommended that a fungicide should be applied if Downy mildew is seen on >20% of plants.

The black bean aphid overwinters on the spindle tree and can be very damaging to field beans if colonies develop just prior to flowering. Spring sown Crops are usually more likely to suffer damaging attacks than winter beans. Spring sown crops usually more likely to suffer damaging attacks than winter beans. As well as forming dense, smothering colonies on the upper part of the stem, these and the less obvious pea aphid can transmit several viruses which add to the yield loss. Aphids can be controlled using pirimicarb as soon as 5% of the plants have been colonized. Care must be taken if using other insecticides, especially when flowers are present on the crop, as there is a serious risk to bees. Aphid populations initiated after flowering cause little damage.

Ascohyta Downy Mildew Black Bean Aphid

Now that beans are in the ground and are coming along nicely, the grower must be vigilant when in the field. Here are the main points to note when walking the field.

Diseases and Pests

Ascohyta lesion with ‘Target’ and black pycnidia.

Early downy mildew symptoms- Brown/grey fungal growth

Characteristic notching from weevils in beans.

The bean weevil is tiny insect that is best known by its characteristics feeding damage on young bean leaves (U shaped notches). The adult beetle lives in hedges (especially where beans or peas were grown previously) and migrate in the early spring when the air temperature exceeds 15°C. The adult feeds on the leaves and lay eggs that hatch into larvae. These larvae burrow through the soil and into the developing nitrogen ‘Making’ nodules on the bean roots, thus reducing the plants ability to produce nitrogen.

Control is simply based disrupting adult feeding and egg laying by applying an approved insecticide once leaf notching is noticeable across the field and the bean plants have at least two open leaves. Look out for fields where peas or beans have been grown in the past as they are most likely to have high populations of the weevils surviving in hedges etc. Pheromone traps can be placed along hedgerows to give an indication of adult numbers. Dairygold will be monitoring weevil movement in 2019 with these traps.

Beans are very susceptible to weed competition, especially in their early stages of growth, therefore a good weed control program is essential. Later, weeds can cause serious harvesting difficulties especially if harvesting occurs in broken weather. Uncontrolled grass weeds such as scutch and vol. cereals can carry over take-all, reducing the benefits of beans as a break crop.Almost all broad-leaved weed control options in beans are residual herbicides which need a level, reasonably fine seed bed for optimum efficacy. These products should be applied before the crop emerges (>13 mm soil cover).

Broad-leaved weed control options

include:

• Defy 4.0l/ha + Nirvana 2.5l/ha• 4.5 l/ha Nirvana• Basagran is the only option as a post-

emergence spray but is restricted to a narrow timing window.

Grass-Weed Control options include:

• Stratos Ultra @ 1.5-4 l/ha• Fusilade Max @ 1 – 1.5 l/ha• Falcon

Bean Weevil Weed Control

Beans with a pre-emerge applied – note the weeds emerging from soil cracks, reinforcing the

need for a good seedbed

Bean weevils feeding

26 27



28 www.dairygoldagri.ie

Dairygold Agri Business Tillage Team

Nial Griffey ManagerB.Agr.Sc. I.A.S.I.S.mob: 086 2461642

Nial Griffey

Michael English

MattLawlee Liam

Leahy

Liam Leahy Tillage & Beef Area ManagerI.A.S.I.S.mob: 086 2441370

Matt Lawlee Tillage & Beef Area ManagerI.A.S.I.S.mob: 086 2461631

Michael English Tillage & Beef Area ManagerI.A.S.I.S.mob: 086 2554237

Trust in Tillage I APRIL 2019 www.dairygoldagri.ie

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