insitu space plasma observations in our solar system · pdf filedoublestar china earth‘s...

INSTITUT FÜR WELTRAUMFORSCHUNG

IWF.OEAW.AC.AT

Rumi Nakamura and Tielong Zhang

Institut für Weltraumforschung, Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften

INSITU SPACE PLASMA

OBSERVATIONS IN

OUR SOLAR SYSTEM


IWF.OEAW.AC.AT

Since 40+ years engaged in the exploration

of near-Earth space and solar system

About 100 scientists & engineers from

20 nations work in four research fields:

Space plasma physics

Physics of exoplanets

Solar system exploration

Planetary geodesy

using instruments, data analysis,

and theory


2


IWF.OEAW.AC.AT

Satellite Mission Agency Target Launch Instruments

Venera 13/14 Russia Venus 1981

Spacelab 1 ESA/NASA Earth‘s magnetosphere 1983

VEGA 1/2 Russia Venus, Comet Halley 1984

Phobos Russia Mars, Phobos 1988

AustroMIR Russia/Austria Earth‘s magnetosphere 1991

Interball Russia Earth‘s magnetosphere 1995

MIR Russia Earth‘s magnetosphere 1997

Deep Space 1 NASA Asteroid Braille, Comet Borrelly 1997

Cassini/Huygens NASA/ESA Saturn 1997

Equator-S Germany Earth‘s magnetosphere 1998

Cluster ESA Earth‘s magnetosphere 2000

Mars Express ESA Mars 2003

DoubleStar China Earth‘s magnetosphere 2003

Rosetta ESA Comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko 2004

Venus Express ESA Venus 2005

COROT France Exoplanets 2006

STEREO NASA Sun 2006

THEMIS NASA Earth‘s magnetosphere 2007

GOCE ESA Earth’s gravity field 2009

Juno NASA Jupiter 2011

Yinghuo China Mars 2011

Van Allen Probes NASA Earth‘s magnetosphere 2012

Magnetospheric MultiScale NASA Earth‘s magnetosphere 2015

China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite China Earth‘s ionosphere 2016

InSight NASA Mars 2016

BepiColombo ESA/Japan Mercury 2018

CHEOPS ESA Exoplanets 2018

Solar Orbiter ESA Sun 2018

GK-2A Korea Space weather 2018

Resonance Russia Earth‘s magnetosphere 2018

JUICE ESA Jupiter 2022

Chinese Mars Orbiter China Mars 2022

PLATO ESA Exoplanets 2024

Lead Contribution

33 MISSIONS - 96 FLIGHT INSTRUMENTS

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IWF.OEAW.AC.AT

First four-point measurements in

space to differentiate spatial and

temporal variations

Principal Investigator for potential

control device

(ASPOC)

CoI-ship in development and

construction of FluxGate

Magnetometers

(FGM)

CoI-ship for Electron Drift

Instrument (EDI), Cluster Ion

Spectrometry experiment (CIS)

Plasma Electron and Current

Experiment (PEACE)

ACDC(Austrian Cluster Data Center

2000: Launch (ESA)

CLUSTER: MAGNETOSPHERE PHYSICS

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IWF.OEAW.AC.AT

ASPOC (Active Spacecraft Potential

Control) enables to measure low

energy particles by reducing the

spacecraft potential

Indium ion emitted from ASPOC

reduces the positively charged

spacecraft potential

Mass: 1,9 kg

Power: 2,7 W

IWF-Contribution:

Principle Investigator

Elektronics

Cooperation partners:

RSSD/ESA

ARC Seibersdorf, A

CLUSTER/ASPOC

5

Electron count rate PEACE

with ASPOC without ASPOC


IWF.OEAW.AC.AT

FGM (FluxGate-Magnetometer)

enables measurement of magnetic

fields with accuracy of 10 pT

IWF-Contribution:

Analog/Digital-Converter

with interface-elektronics

Study of magnetic cleanliness

Calibration of sensors in high-

frequency region

Cooperations partners:

ICL, UK (PI)

NASA/GSFC, USA

TU-Braunschweig, D

CLUSTER/FGM

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IWF.OEAW.AC.AT

EDI (Electron Drift Instrument)

measures electric field and magnetic

field(gradient) based on triangulation

and time of flight measurement of

electron beam emitted perpendicular

to the ambient magnetic field

Gun-Detector-Unit:

Power: 3,6 W

Mass: 4,4 kg

Emitted current: 0,1 µA

IWF-Contribution:

Software

Cooperation partners:

MPE, D (Federführung)

UNH, USA

UCSD, USA

CLUSTER/EDI

7


IWF.OEAW.AC.AT

Rosetta orbiter and Philae lander

flying together to comet Churyumov-

Gerasimenko

Principal Investigator of MIDAS

for microanalysis of dust particles

in the environment of the comet

Co-I for dust mass spectrometer

and lander penetrometer

Co-I for magnetometers

aboard orbiter and lander

2004: Launch (ESA)

2014: Begin of measurements

Jan: end of sleeping mode

Aug: arrival at comet

Nov: land on nucleus

2016: End of measurements

2018: End of data analysis

ROSETTA: COMETARY PHYSICS

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IWF.OEAW.AC.AT

VENUS EXPRESS

First ESA mission to Venus

Launch Nov 9, 2005

Arrived Venus April 11, 2006

Seven Instruments

Magnetometer and plasma

instrument

It‘s NOT an Aeronomy Mission

No magnetic cleanliness

One meter boom by MAG team


IWF.OEAW.AC.AT

MAGNETOMETER


IWF.OEAW.AC.AT

VENUS MAGNETIC ENVIRONMENT

11 IWF/ÖAW GRAZ


IWF.OEAW.AC.AT

Solar wind

ICMEs

Magnetic holes

Ion pick-up in solar wind

Bow shock

Location & structure

Magnetosheath

Low frequency waves

Turbulence

Magnetic barrier

Induced magnetosphere

Magnetosphere disappearing

Boundaries

Lightning

Ionosphere

Magnetized

Flux ropes

Tail region

Hemispheric asymmetry

Magnetic reconnection

FROM SOLAR WIND TO VENUS’ WAKE

12 IWF/ÖAW GRAZ


IWF.OEAW.AC.AT

VENUS MAGNETIC ENVIRONMENT

IWF/ÖAW GRAZ 13

Induced magnetosphere

Magnetic Barrier: “Little or no solar

wind enters Venus’ atmosphere at

Solar Minimum”

Magnetotail: “The loss of ions from

Venus through the plasma wake”


IWF.OEAW.AC.AT

NASA’s four MMS satellites

(Magnetospheric MultiScale)

will study electron physics of

reconnection process in the Earth’s

magnetosphere

Like Cluster mission, but

closer mutual distances

faster measurements

IWF biggest non-US partner

Lead for satellite potential control

Co-I for electron beam instrument

& magnetometer

Launch: 2015 (NASA)

MMS: ELECTRON PLASMA PHYSICS

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IWF.OEAW.AC.AT

The two BepiColombo spacecraft

(MMO & MPO) will study Mercury’s

surface, interior and magnetosphere

Principal Investigator

for magnetometer

on Japanese MMO

Principal Investigator

for ion spectrometer

on European MPO

Technical Management for

MPO magnetometer

Launch: 2018 (ESA/JAXA)

BEPICOLOMBO: MERCURY

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IWF.OEAW.AC.AT

2-D pictures of the ion diffusion region

obtained from Hall-MHD reconstruction

technique

RECONNECTION

16

Multi-point observations combined with model

reconnection jet reversal

Hall field

electron streamline

X-point

Hall current loop carried by electrons

resolved


IWF.OEAW.AC.AT

Electron physics are main target in

Magnetospheric Multi-Scale (MMS)

Magnetotail reconnection region with

Cluster: highly structured, small normal

component

New method developed to determine

spin-axis offset from electron drift

instrument (EDI)

and applied to

Cluster data

Magnetic field

measurement

accuracy of 0.1nT

during entire

orbit achieved

MAGNETIC FIELD CALIBRATION

17

Highly structured current sheet near X-line (reconnection region)

Accuracy of 0.1 nT at MMS X-line structures can be determined within few 10s km resolution in magnetotail

(Wang et al., 2014)


IWF.OEAW.AC.AT

3D PIC simulation of K-H instability:

solar wind plasma entry/transport due to

induced reconnection and interchange

instability

Observation of surface

waves

MAGNETOSPHERE BOUNDARY

18

Different modes of plasma mixing and

momentum transfer at boundary

Combination of multi-scale multi-point

observations and simulation is essential [Plaschke et al., GRL, 2014]

[Nakamura et al., GRL, 2014]


IWF.OEAW.AC.AT

Plasmoid observed Magnetic reconnection

A pathway for

channeling fraction

of incident energy

flux of the solar

wind into the night

side atmosphere

(similar to Earth)

It might be responsible for Venus aurora.

19

VENUS MAGNETOTAIL RECONNECTION

Disconnected tail implication to cometary tail disconnection event

IWF/ÖAW


IWF.OEAW.AC.AT

August 2014: arrival of Rosetta

at 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko

Plasma physics with RPC:

Rosetta Plasma Consortium

Preparation study for detecting comet

Estimation of amplitude of water-group ion

cyclotron (IC) waves in the undisturbed solar

wind for different outgassing

Expected mirror waves using previous

cometary mission

Waves observed by

Rosetta due to freshly

produced,

non-magnetized

H2O+ ions

COMETARY PLASMA PHYSICS

Cyclotron waves during Rosetta approach phase will provide indication of the outgassing rate of the comet

(Volwerk et al., 2013)

Lower limit from SW 0.1 nT

amplitude

[Volwerk et al., AG, 2014] [Richter et al., AGComm, 2015]


IWF.OEAW.AC.AT

Insitu measurements are tools to study fundamental

space plasma processes in our solar system and beyond

Earth’s magnetosphere as space plasma laboratories to

study:

Reconnection, turbulence, current sheet, plasma jets,

waves and instabilities

With multi-point spacecraft fleet (Cluster, THEMIS, MMS)

Comprehensive research of induced “magnetospheres”

at 67P/C-G, Mars, Venus

Ion-pickup, mirror-mode waves, bow shock,

diamagnetic cavity, current sheets

With (Rosetta, MAVEN, VEX):

Further studies of space plasma at different planets and

heliosphere : Bepi-Colombo, Solar Orbier, JUICE

SUMMARY

21


IWF.OEAW.AC.AT

THE OTHER SLIDES ARE JUST BACKUPS

IF YOU NEED MORE EXAMPLES.

22


IWF.OEAW.AC.AT

Rosetta wave observations around comet 67P

Expectation from previous mission

Discovery of waves generated by freshly

produced, non-magnetized H2O+ ions

Venus low-altitude

ionosphere

Magnetic field

enhancements

at polar region

PLASMA PHYSICS AT PLANET AND COMET

23

[Richter et al., AGComm, 2015]

[Volwerk et al., AG, 2014]

[Zhang et al., JGR, 2015]

Further studies on induced magnetospheres: solar cycle variation (VEX) &

evolution due to solar distance (Rosetta) ongoing


IWF.OEAW.AC.AT

Development of MMS data processing

methods

New magnetic field offset determina-

tion scheme (Plaschke et al., 2014)

Density derivation using ASPOC ion

beam current and spacecraft potential

Motion of X-line determined by

Cluster multipoint observations

RECONNECTION

24

High temporal/spatial resolution essential for studying thin current sheet

MMS: commissioning completed (Aug) and science phase just started

[Andriopoulou et al., JGR, 2015] [Alexandrova et al., GRL, 2015]


IWF.OEAW.AC.AT

Dawn-dusk asymmetry of

dipolarization front and outflows

Low altitude electron precipitation due

to fast flow-induced kinetic Alfven waves

Anharmonic oscillatory flow braking

FAST FLOW EVOLUTION

25

Magnetotail configuration and

interaction with ionosphere are

important factors for evolution of

magnetotail reconnection jet

[Nakamura et al., GRL, 2014]

[Schmid et al., JGR, 2015]

[Panov et al., GRL, 2015]


IWF.OEAW.AC.AT

Bended current sheet with near-Earth minimum Bz during growth phase

UNSTABLE CURRENT SHEET

IWF/ÖAW 26

3D MHD simulation

2

0

1

4

x zf

z

B B

z x

THEMIS observation

N

3D evolution of the current sheet essential in magnetotail dynamics

Double-gradient instability (for dBz/dx<0) produces consistent frequency


IWF.OEAW.AC.AT 3

[Dwivedi et al., ApJ, 2015]

[Narita, NPG, 2014]

4-D spectrum in solar wind turbulence

PLASMA TURBULENCE

Energy spectra in solar wind

First-time measurement of energy

spectrum in 4-D Fourier domain

Spectral anisotropy (filaments)

and Doppler broadening

Cluster observations and hybrid

plasma simulations

Magnetosheath turbulence at Venus

Formation of power-law spectra

Mirror mode turbulence hypothesis

Wave modes and dissipation mechanism

Kinetic extension of slow mode

[Narita et al., ApJ, 2015]


IWF.OEAW.AC.AT

Change in normal component (Bz) of

current sheet around substorm onset

More in POSTER (E. Panov)

IWF/ÖAW 28

NEAR-EARTH MAGNETOTAIL CURRENT SHEET

Dipolarization front & flow bouncing:

Multiple fronts with different scales

before flow-bouncing

Near-Earth current sheet disturbances are multi-scale in time and space

(Nakamura et al., 2013)

(Petrukovich et al., 2013)

Oscillatory flow braking:

Observed profile recovered in MHD models more in Poster (Panov)


IWF.OEAW.AC.AT

High-speed (super-Alfve ́nic/magneto-sonic)

jets in the subsolar magneto-sheath impact

Earth’s magnetopause with higher pressure

ionospheric effects expected

Magnetic field structures associated with

different types of high-speed flow events

are obtained using different analysis

methods

PLASMA JET STRUCTURES

IWF/ÖAW 29

2

0

1

4

x zf

z

B B

z x

Localized plasma jets play significant roles in magnetosphere dynamics

(Plaschke et al., 2013)

(Kiehas et al., 2013) (Teh et al., 2013)

insitu space plasma observations in our solar system · pdf filedoublestar china earth‘s...

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