institute for climate and atmospheric science balloons, waves and cirrus in the tropics steven...
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![Page 1: Institute for Climate and Atmospheric Science Balloons, waves and cirrus in the tropics Steven Dobbie Institute for Climate and Atmospheric Science University](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070413/5697bfd91a28abf838caf822/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Institute for Climate and Atmospheric Science
Balloons, waves and cirrus in the tropics
Steven Dobbie
Institute for Climate and Atmospheric ScienceUniversity of Leeds
Sardar Al-Jumur
Benjamin Murray, Theodore Wilson, Zhiqiang Cui
Ottmar Möhler, Martin Schnaiter, Robert Wagner, Stefan Benz, Monika Niemand, Harald Saathoff, Volker Ebert, Steven Wagner and
Bernd Kärcher
Neil Gordon
MOGUL Meeting – Feb 28, 2013
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Institute for Climate and Atmospheric Science
Balloons, waves and cirrus in the tropics
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Institute for Climate and Atmospheric Science
What is interesting about TTL region?
Ice supersaturations frequently exceed 100% Rhi
(Jensen et al, 2005; Peter et al., 2006).
Is something inhibiting the formation of cirrus?
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What is interesting about thin TTL cirrus?
High in-cloud supersaturations and low ice number concentrations
(Kramer et al., 2009)
Why aren’t high supersaturations in cloud being quenched?
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“Supersaturation puzzle”
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Source of supersaturation
- As air rises the air cools and RHice rises
Sink of supersaturation
- As RHice rises vapour deposits on ice crystals present
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- Homogeneous nucleation results in numerous crystals of small size so RHice is quenched quickly
- Heterogeneous nucleation results in few crystals of larger size and RHice is slower to quench.
- Numbers of traditional IN are too few
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Institute for Climate and Atmospheric Science
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Institute for Climate and Atmospheric Science
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Institute for Climate and Atmospheric Science
What is up there?
Froyd et al 2010:
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Candidates?
-Mineral dust?
- Low numbers
“Even if all mineral dust nucleated they couldn’t explain the ice numbers” (Froyd et al 2010)
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What if?
What if some of the numerous solution aerosols were nucleating at lower super-saturations—below water saturation?
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Candidates?
Sulphates crystallise in low relative humidity conditions.
- numbers are high
- solid so could act as an ice nuclei?
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Candidates?
- Sulphates are too viscous at TTL conditions to crystallise (Bodsworth et al., 2010)
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Candidates?
-Very low accommodation coefficient (0.0075) and so slow uptake of water vapour? (Magee et al., 2006)
-Recent work by Skrotzki (2012) shows it is > 0.1
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Candidates?
What else could be solid and act as an IN at low temperatures?
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Glassy aerosols
”Temperature at which materials change from hard and brittle to soft and pliable”
“The temperature below which an amorphous material is a glassy solid and above which it is a viscous liquid“
Murray et al., 2008 and Zobrist et al., 2008
Previously not thought to be applicable to troposphere but is relevant for TTL.
Thought to potentially inhibit nucleation
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Brittle glassy aerosol
T / RHi decreasing
Laboratory glassy aerosols
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Brittle glassy aerosol Liquid solution aerosol
T / RHi increasing
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AIDA Chamber, Karlsruhe Aqueous citric acid,
Raffinose/M5AS,
Levoglucosan,
HMMA
i) it has similar functionality to oxygenated organic
compounds known to exist in atmospheric aerosols;
ii) its glass forming properties are similar to a range of other atmospherically relevant aqueous organic solutions and aqueous organic-sulphate mixtures; and
iii) Representative of products found in the atmosphere.
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What did the AIDA results show for glassy behaviour during nucleation?
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AIDA results:
Above 212K
(non-glassy regime)
Below 212K
(glassy regime)
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AIDA results:
Above 212K
(non-glassy regime)
Below 212K
(glassy regime)
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Modelling results
1-D APSC (Karcher, DLR) runs:
185 190 195
16.6
16.8
17.0
17.2
17.4
17.6
17.8
18.0
80 90 100 0 20 40 60 80 100 0 1 2 3 4
Alti
tude
/ km
Temperature / K Pressure / mBar RHi (%)
H2O mixing ratio
/ ppm
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0 100 200 300100
110
120
130
140
150
160
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
0.20
0.22
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
0 100 200 300
b) HET
(%)RHi
IWC
Nice
(%)R
Hi
Time / minutes
a) HOM
Nic
e / cm
-3
Nice
IWC
IWC
/ m
g m
-3
(%)RHi
R / m
R
Time / minutes
R
APSC results: Constant uplift
b) Glassy
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0 100 200 300 400100
110
120
130
140
150
160
0 100 200 300 400
0.01
0.1
1HOM, 0.76 K hr-1
3.8 K hr-1
3.8 K hr-1
2.5 K hr-1
1.26 K hr-1
0.25 K hr-1
0.76 K hr-1
0.50 K hr-1
HOM, 0.76 K hr-1
% R
Hi
Time / minutes
0.25 K hr-1
0.50 K hr-10.76 K hr-1 1.26 K hr-1
2.5 K hr-1
Nic
e /
cm-3
Time / minutes
Me
asu
red
Nic
e
APSC results: Citric acid/constant uplift
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APSC results: Raffinose/M5AS
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IN indirect response
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Glassy indirect effect
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Forced by single waves: het/glassy
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Forced by observed
superposition of waves:
(Jensen and Pfister, 2004)
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Deposition coefficient sensitivity
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High altitude balloon observations (Hertzog et al., LMD)
- 2-3 months floating around in the tropics
advected on constant density surfaces
- measuring temperature and pressure
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High altitude balloon (LMD; Hertzog et al)- 2-3 months floating around in the tropics
advected on constant density surfaces
- measuring temperature and pressure
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Hertzog et al
Balloon trajectory
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Temperature variations
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Het (glassy) model run
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Hom activated
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Optical depth
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Cloud lifetime
Hom Glassy
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Radiative properties
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Satellite observations
Can we obtain remote sensing at the location of the balloon?
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Satellite observations
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MLS – AURA CALIPSO - Lidar
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Conclusions
Experiments:
- A range of common organics and organic/sulphate mixtures become glassy and nucleate ice heterogeneously
Modelling:
- Modelling results using glassy aerosols are consistent with observed high in-cloud super-saturations and low ice number concentrations
- Modelling agree for ice number, RHi, optical depth, heating rates, etc.
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Conclusions
Modelling:
- Consistency for both constant lifting and gravity waves forcings
- Strong potential indirect response with glassy nucleation
- Suppression of ice number
- Shorter lifetime
- Heterogeneous nucleation mechanism is needed to explain observations.
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Next steps
Remote sensing:
- Frequency of cloud: average the cloud occurrence from Calipso that are detached, at TTL heights, and close to balloon.
- Launch a balloon with humidity, particle counters, etc.
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Challenges
-Need an instrument to measure glassy particles.
-Understand aerosol spatial variations in the TTL and transport mechanisms.
-Assessing potential anthropogenic influences/indirect effects.
-Looking at warmer temperature glassy particles. Are they playing a role outside the tropics?
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- Thank you -
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Radiative heating rates Optical depth
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Forced by single waves: hom
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Radiative heating rates