institute for transport studies faculty of environment human factors and vehicle automation the...
TRANSCRIPT
Institute for Transport StudiesFACULTY OF ENVIRONMENT
Human Factors and Vehicle
Automation
The good, the bad and the uglyTyron Louw
National Road Safety Conference
25-26th November, 2014
The Grand, Brighton, UK
www.its.leeds.ac.uk
The race is on!
The race is ON!
www.its.leeds.ac.uk
Automated? Driverless? Self-driving?
Automated Road Transport Systems Level
4
Platooning Level 2 & 3
Highly automated/dual mode vehicles Level 2 & 3
Connected Vehicles
Military driverless vehicles Level 4
Self-driving autonomous trucks Level 2 & 3
www.its.leeds.ac.uk
Automated? Driverless? Self-driving?
Definitions are Important!
Autonomous •“not subject to control from outside; independent” 1
•“undertaken or carried on without outside control” 2
Automated •“automatically controlled operation of an apparatus, process or system by mechanical or electronic devices that take the place of human labour” 1
Sources: 1 http://dictionary.reference.com
2 http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary
www.its.leeds.ac.uk
Levels of Automation
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA)
www.its.leeds.ac.uk
Focus of this talk is on the human factors of Level 2 and Level 3 vehicle automation
www.its.leeds.ac.uk
The GOOD – The claims
Science Digest, April 1958
NOT A NEW IDEA!
• Without driver error, fewer vehicle crashes, fewer deaths
• Increased mobility of the young, the elderly, and the disabled
• More efficient traffic flow, decreased congestion
• Engage in other activities, lower costs of travel time
• Increase fuel efficiency
• No need for parking spacesSource: Rand Corporation (2014)
www.its.leeds.ac.uk
The BAD
NHTSA (2013)
www.its.leeds.ac.uk
Lessons from aviation
www.its.leeds.ac.uk
The BAD
Fact: Human error accounts for 90% of road accidents
Claim: Vehicle automation will remove the human and therefore eliminate 90% of road
accidents
TRUE or FALSE?
www.its.leeds.ac.uk
The BAD
My answer?FALSE
Why?Automation does not remove the
human from the driving taskIt simply changes its role within it
www.its.leeds.ac.uk
What’s the State of the Art ?
www.its.leeds.ac.uk
What we DO know
• Drivers are able to return to the loop within 5 to 7 seconds (Louw, Merat & Jamson, submitted; Gold & Bengler, 2014)
• When required to resume control drivers take ±30-45 seconds to stabilise behaviour (Merat et al., 2014)
www.its.leeds.ac.uk
What we DO know
• The higher the automation, the more drivers look elsewhere and engage in other tasks (Merat et al., 2012, Carsten et al., 2012).
• Situation awareness is lower than in manual and increases with increasing automation, especially if drivers engaged in another task (Merat et al., 2012)
www.its.leeds.ac.uk
The UGLY – What we don’t know
• What is the effect of long durations under automation on ability to resume control?
• How will impaired/older drivers handle automation?
• What are effective hand-over strategies/user interfaces for automation?
• From driving simulator studies to the real world
www.its.leeds.ac.uk
The UGLY – What we don’t know
How will drivers handle complex scenarios after automation?
Source: lionspire.com
www.its.leeds.ac.uk
The UGLY – What we don’t know
• How do we manage trust/complacency in automated vehicles?
• Will drivers misuse automation and should we monitor this?
• What are the needs and interactions of other road users?
What does all of this mean for vehicle automation?
www.its.leeds.ac.uk
What does it mean for vehicle automation?
Design of automated driving systems needs to be human-centred and robust
Source: automotive.electronicspecifier.com
www.its.leeds.ac.uk
What does it mean for vehicle automation?
Possible driver training for automated vehicles?
Source: automotive.electronicspecifier.com
www.its.leeds.ac.uk
What does all of this mean for road safety?
www.its.leeds.ac.uk
What does it mean for road safety?
• Without driver error, fewer vehicle crashes, fewer deaths
Initially fewer minor crashes, eventually fewer deaths
Not until full-automation• Engage in other activities, lower costs of travel time
How do the claims weigh up? True or False?
Possibly for automated public transport but not until full-automation in personal vehicles
• Increased mobility of the young, the elderly, and the disabled
www.its.leeds.ac.uk
What does it mean for road safety?
DON’T HAVE AUTOMATION FOR THE SAKE OF AUTOMATION
ONLY WORTH REPLACING THE HUMAN IF THE ALTERNATIVE IS BETTER
Institute for Transport StudiesFACULTY OF ENVIRONMENT
Thank you for your attention!
Tyron LouwInstitute for Transport Studies
University of [email protected]
Institute for Transport StudiesFACULTY OF ENVIRONMENT
Carsten, O., Lai, F. C. H., Barnard, Y., Jamson, A. H. & Merat, N. (2012). Control task substitution in semi-automated driving: Does it matter what aspects are automated? Human Factors, 54, 747–761.
Gold, C. & Bengler, K. (2014). Taking Over Control from Highly Automated Vehicles. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics AHFE 2014, Kraków, Poland 19-23 July.
Louw, T., Merat, N. & Jamson, H. (submitted). Engaging With Automation: To be Or Not To Be In The Loop. Driving Assessment 2015: 8th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle Design.
Merat, N., Jamson, A. H., Lai, F. F. C. H., Daly, M. & Carsten, O. M. J. (2014). Transition to manual: Driver behaviour when resuming control from a highly automated vehicle. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 26, 1–9.
Merat, N., Jamson, H., Lai, F., & Carsten, O. (2012). Highly automated driving, secondary task performance and driver state. Human Factors, 54, 762–771.