institute of agricultural technologymasterorg.wu.ac.th/file/ird-20091030-pkr8h.pdf · the objective...

Institute of Agricultural TechnologyWalailak University

Telephone : 66-7567-2301, 66-7567-2303Fax : 66-7567-2302

E-mail : [email protected] Homepage : http://webhost.wu.ac.th/agri

mailto:[email protected]

http://webhost.wu.ac.th/agri

Annual Research Abstracts 2002-2003 Walailak University

47

Identification and Cultivation of Photosynthetic Bacteria inWastewater from a Concentrated Latex Processing FactoryWanna CHOORIT1, Piyarat THANAKOSET2, Jarin THONGPRADISTHA2,

Ken SASAKI3 and Napavarn NOPARATNARAPORN4

Institute of Agricultural Technology1, Walailak University, TasalaNakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand, Department of Industrial Biotechnology2,

Faculty of Agro – Industry, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand,Materials Science and Engineering3, Graduate School of Engineering,

Hiroshima Kokusai Gakuin University, 6 – 20 – 1, Nakano,Aki – ku, Hiroshima 739-0321, Japan and Department of Microbiology4, Faculty of

Science, Kasetsart Universiry, Bangkok 10900, Thailand (E-mail : [email protected])

Ten strains of purple non-sulfur photosynthetic bacteria, isolated fromwastewater produced by a concentrated latex processing factory, were cultivated in awastewater medium without supplementation. After 40 h cultivation, one strain SS51,decreased the COD content of the wastewater by 34%. Optimal ratio of mixed-cultivation between SS51 and SY40 was 14:7 (ml/ml), and the COD content of thewastewater was decreased by 57%. Both strains were indentified as Rubrivivaxgelationosus.

Key words: Concentrated latex processing, photosynthetic bacteria, Rubrivivaxgelatinosus, skim latex, wastewater.

Grant: Core Universities in Biotechnology Project, NRCT-JSPS.Published: Biotechnology Letters 2002; 24 : 1055-1058.



48

Growth of Photosynthetic Bacteria in Wastewater from aConcentrated Latex Processing Factory

Wanna CHOORIT1, Piyarat THANAKOSET2, Jarin THONGPRADISTHA2

Ken SASAKI3 and Napavarn NOPARATNARAPORN4

Institute of Agricultural Technology1, Walailak University, TasalaNakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand

Department of Industrial Biotechnology2, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Prince ofSongkla University, Songkhla 90100, Thailand

Materials Science and Engineering3, Graduate School of Engineering, HiroshimaKokusai Gakuin University 6-20-1, Nakano, Aki-ku, Hiroshima 739-0321, Japan

Department of Microbiology4, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University,Bangkok 10900, Thailand

(E-mail : [email protected])

A concentrated latex processing factory produces concentrated latex and skimlatex after centrifugation of rubber latex. The concentrated latex containing 60% (w/v)rubber, is used as raw material to produce rubber gloves. Chemicals normally used in theprocess for rubber glove production include sulfur, ZnO, HNO3 and CaCl2. The BODand COD contents of the wastewater are usually from 230-1, 430 and 1,500-3,164 mg/l,respectively. To date the wastewater from concentrated latex processing factories istreated by using stabilization ponds, which accounts for more than 70% of concentratedlatex factory land use. The search for microorganisms capable of growing in thewastewater from concentrated latex factories is therefore justified. Moreover, redness inthe treatment ponds led us to investigate if photosynthetic bacteria were the predominantbacteria. This work was designed to identify the bacteria and study the efficacy of theisolated strains in reducing the organic content of the concentrated latex processingeffluent. The purple non-sulfur photosynthetic bacteria ten strains, isolated fromwastewater produced by a concentrated latex processing factory, were cultivated in awastewater medium without supplementation. After 40 h cultivation, strains SS51 andSY40, decreased the COD content of the wastewater by 34%. Optimal culture conditionsof mixed-cultivation between SS51 and SY40 were pH of 6.5 and temperature of 40oC,and with a SS51:SY40 ratio of 2:1 (v/v). Both strains were identified as Rubrivivaxgelatinosus.

Key words: Latex, rubber, photosynthetic bacteria, Rubrivivax gelatinosus.Grant: The Thailand Research Fund.Presented: The 14th Annual Meeting of the Thai Society for Biotechnology

“Biotechnology for Better Living in the New Economy” (2003).



49

Screening of Marine Photosynthetic Bacteria Producing5-Aminolevulinic AcidAmornrat TANGPRASITTIPAP1, Poonsuk PRASERTSAN1 and Wanna CHOORIT2

Department of Industrial Biotechnology1 , Faculty of Agro-Industry, Prince of SongklaUniversity, Songkhla

Institute of Agricultural Technology2,Walailak University, Tasala,Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand


A total of 23 strains of marine photosynthetic bacteria were isolated fromsamples taken in Satun Province (8); Songkhla Province (3 from the beach, 3 from aseafood processing plant, 6 from a shrimp farm); and the eastern coastal area (2) usingGM medium. These were cultivated under anaerobic-light condition (3 klux) at roomtemperature (30±2๐ C). All of them were found to be halotolerant (6% NaCl) and gram-negative bacteria. The isolated strains were cultured under anaerobic-light and aerobic-dark conditions at 37๐ C, and the extracellular ALA determined by colorimetric method.Results indicated that eight strains of photosynthetic bacteria, SSl, SS3, SS4, SH5, FS3,FS4, BK and ES16 produced higher amount of extracellular ALA and will be used forfurther studies.

Key words: Screening, photosynthetic bacteria, marine, 5-aminolevulinic acid.Grant: Royal Golden Jubilee Ph.D. Program, The Thailand Research Fund (TRF);

Graduate School, Prince of Songkla University.Presented: BioThailand 2001, November 7-10, 2001, Queen Sirikit National

Convention Center, Bangkok.



50

Expression of the Cholesterol Oxidase Gene inEscherichia coli M15 (pREP4)

Potjamarn SURANINPONG1, Sontichai CHANPRAME2,Hyeon-Je CHO3, Jack M. WIDHOLM3 and Aree WARANYUWAT4

Institute of Agricultural Technology1, Walailak University,TasalaNakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Department of Agronomy2,

Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen Campus,Nakhon Pathom 73140, Department of Crop Sciences3,

University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA, and School of Crop ProductionTechnology4, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology,

Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand (E-mail : [email protected])

The Streptomyces cholesterol oxidase gene (choA) was subcloned intoQIAexpress vectors. The constructed vectors were transformed into Escherichia colistrain M15 (pREP4) to express the choA gene. Determination of target protein of thisbacterium showed an intracellular soluble protein. Crude cell lysate of a positive controlM15 (pREP4) pCO117 showed much more enzyme activity (560 mU mg protein-1) thandid the in-frame sequence M15 (pREP4) pQE30-choA (317 mU mg protein-1) and anegative control M15 (pREP4) pQE30 (9 mU mg-1 protein) after induction with IPTG.Time course analysis of the M15 (pREP4) pQE30-choA showed the highest activity afterthe cells were grown for 4 h with IPTG. Purified protein of this clone had a specificactivity of 5.59 U mg-1 protein with a single band with the M.W. of 57 kDa. Theproduction of cholesterol oxidase protein in this bacterium appeared to be influenced byvarious factors such as media, culture conditions, density of bacterial cells, IPTGconcentrations, and enzyme assay methods.

Key words: Recombinant plasmid, Streptomyces cholesterol oxidase, choA gene.Grant: The Thailand Research Fund (Royal Golden Jubilee Ph.D. Program) and

Suranaree University of Technology.Published: Thai J Agric Sci 2003 (in press)



51

Rate and Causes of Preweaning Mortality of Thai-native andAnglo-Nubian Cross-bred Kids

S. CHOLDUMRONGKUL1, S. KOCHAPAKDEE1, S. SAITHANOO1 ,A. LAWPETCHARA1 and W. PRALOMKARN2

Small Ruminant Research and Development Centre1, Faculty of Natural Resources,Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112

Institute of Agricultural Technology2, Walailak University, Tasala Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand


The causes of death and factors influencing the preweaning mortality rate ofThai-native and Anglo-Nubian cross-bred kids raised at the Small Ruminant Researchand Development Centre, Faculty of Natural Resources, Prince of Songkla University,were studied. Out of 1,660 kids born during the period of study (1993-2000), 313 died.Major causes of death were still-birth and still-born, weak-starvation complex, accident,helminthiasis, and infection. Genotype, birth weight, birth type, season and year of birthsignificantly (P<0.05) influenced the mortality rate (18.9%) of kids. Mortality rate for75% Anglo-Nubian cross-bred kids (32.4%) was higher than those for other genotypes(14.5-20.1%). Mortality rate for kids born with a birth weight of less than 1 kg was thehighest (62.2%), and mortality decreased as birth weight of kid increased. Kids fromtriple birth had the highest mortality rate (32.7%) followed by those from twin (19.3%)and single birth (9.8%). Mortality rates for kids born during the heavy rainy season(September-December) were greater (22.1%) than those for kids born during the dryseason (17.8%) and light rainy season (15.0%). Mortality rates for kids born in differentyears varied, with the highest and lowest occurring in 1999 (37.0%) and 2000 (9.8%)respectively. The majority of deaths occurred during one month after kidding, with51.1% and 22.7% occurring during 0-7 day and 8-30 day post-kidding respectively.

Key words: Preweaning, mortality rate, Thai goat, Anglo-Nubian.Grant: Small Ruminant Research and Development Centre, Faculty of Natural

Resources, Prince of Songkla University.Published: Songklanakarin J Sci Technol 2002; 24(4) : 601-610.



52

Time of Mating after Buck Introduction and Incidence of Oestrusduring Pregnancy in Thai-native Goats and theirCrosses with Anglo-Nubian

S. SAITHANOO1, S. KOCHAPAKDEE1, S. CHOLDUMRONGKUL1 ,A. LAWPETCHARA1 and W. PRALOMKARN2

Small Ruminant Research and Development Centre1, Faculty of Natural Resources,Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112

Institute of Agricultural Technology2, Walailak University, Tasala,Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand


The objectives of the study were to investigate the effects of genotype [Thainative (TN), 25% Anglo-Nubian cross-bred (AN) and 50% AN], season of mating (dryseason, moderate rainy season and heavy rainy season), and year of mating (1992-1998)on the proportion of does mated and incidence of oestrus during pregnancy. On average63.6% of does were mated within 14 days of buck introduction. The proportions for TN,25% AN, and 50% AN does mated in this period were 67.5, 58.0, and 60.3%respectively. The proportions of does mated within 14 days in dry, moderate rainy andheavy rainy seasons were 61.2, 62.7, and 66.7% respectively. In 1998, only 36.1% ofdoes were mated within 14 days whereas 48.1% were mated after 21 days of buckintroduction. Moreover, 10.9% of does in this study showed signs of oestrus duringpregnancy, and 48.1% of these occurred within 7 days.

Key words: Buck effect, oestrus during pregnancy, Thai goat, Anglo-Nubian.Grant: Small Ruminant Research and Development Centre, Faculty of Natural

Resources, Prince of Songkla University.Published: Songklanakarin J Sci Technol 2002; 24(4) : 595-600.



53

Post-weaning Growth of Thai-native x Anglo-NubianGoats Fed Concentrate Supplement with

Varied Levels of Energy and ProteinSaowanit KUPRASERT1, Surasak KOCHAPAKDEE1 ,

Apichart LAWPETCHARA1 , Surapol CHOLDUMRONGKUL1,Somkiat SAITHANOO1 and Charurat CHINAJARIYAWONG2

Small Ruminant Research and Development Centre1, Faculty of Natural Resources,Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand

Institute of Agricultural Technology2, Walailak University, Tasala,Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand(E-mail : [email protected])

The objective of this research was to study the effects of energy and proteinlevels in concentrate on post-weaning growth of Thai native-Anglo-Nubian crosses.Twenty-four weaners (12 male and 12 female) were used. These goats were fed 50 g/dayof hay and concentrate ad libitum. Energy levels in concentrate were 2,700 and 2,900kcal/kg ME and protein levels in concentrate were 10, 12 and 14%. Goats consumed371-442 g of concentrate daily, and male goats consumed more concentrate than didfemale ones (442 and 350 g/d, p<0.01). Male goats consumed 9.5 kg of concentrate togain 1 kg of body weight whereas female goats consumed 12.5 kg to obtain similarweight gain. Goats gained 35-45 g/d, and energy and protein levels in concentrate didnot significantly affect growth rate of goat. However, growth rate of male goats (47.3g/d) was significantly greater than that of female ones (31.2 g/d).

Key words: Anglo-Nubian crosses, Thai goat, energy-protein requirements, ruminant.Grant: Government budget, Prince of Songkla University.Presented: The First Academic Conference of the Southern Animal Science, p. 117

(2000).

mailto:@ratree.psu.ac.th


54

The Substitution of Palm Kernel Meal for GroundCorn in Layer Diets 2. Laying Period

S. KUPRASERT1, C. CHINAJARIYAWONG2 ,S. WATANASIT1 and W. WANICHAPICHART1

Department of Animal Science1 , Faculty of Natural Resources,Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai , Songkhla 90112, ThailandInstitute of Agricultural Technology2,Walailak University, Tasala,

Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand(E-mail : [email protected])

An experiment was conducted to study the effects of substitution of palm kernelmeal (PKM) for ground corn on the productive performances, egg quality, and feed costof egg production in layers. One hundred and sixty pullets (18 weeks old) from theprevious experiment were subject to continued feeding of 7 dietary treatments (6pullets/replication and 4 replications/treatment), i.e. corn-based diet (control), 10, 20,30% PKM and 10, 20, 30% PKM plus methionine and lysine until they were 33 weeksold. When the diets were supplemented with methionine and lysine, levels of PKM didnot affect the productive performances of layers in terms of their ages at first laying, eggproduction, egg weight, feed efficiency, and feed consumption.

Key words: Palm kernel meal, layer diets, corn, methionine, lysine.Grant: Government budget.Published: Songklanakarin J Sci Technol 2001; 23(3) : 343-350.



55

Using Spirulina platensis for NursingBlack Tiger Shrimp Post Larvae

Piyalai HEMTANON1, Sataporn DIREKBUSARAKOM2,Vera JAROENPAK3 and Opas TANTITAKOON4

Nakhon Si Thammarat Coastal Aquaculture Station 1,3, Sichol,Nakhon Si Thammarat 80120, Thailand, and Institute of Agricultural Technology2,4,

Walailak University, Tasala, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand(E-mail : [email protected])

The study of using Spirulina platensis for nursing black tiger shrimp post larvae10 was designed for 4 control and treatment groups by steamed egg containing 0, 0.1, 1and 5 percent dry weight of S. platensis. Five replications of each trial were performed.

The growth of shrimp larvae fed by using the steamed egg containing 5% of S.platensis was significantly higher than that of shrimp larvae in control. Body weights forcontrol and treatments were 9.82, 9.92, 12.4, and 12.6 mg respectively. While bodylengths were 13.57, 13.68, 14.03, and 14.25 mm respectively. Survival rates fortreatment groups were also higher than that for control. The survival rates were 52.33,69.50, 56.00, and 55.83 percent respectively. After stress tests using formalin 200 ppmand salinity change tests, the survival rates of treatment groups were also higher than thesurvival rate for control. However, there was no significant difference in the survivalrate between control and treatment groups after formalin stress tests (94, 98, 100, and 100percent respectively). On the other hand, the survival rates after salinity change tests oftreatment groups were significantly higher than the survival rate of control (77, 88, 96and 92 percent respectively)

Key words: Spirulina platensis, black tiger shrimp, shrimp larvae, salinity.Grant: Walailak University.Presented: BioThailand (from Research to Market), p.417. Queen Sirikit National

Convention Center, Bangkok, Thailand. November 7-10, 2001.



56

Substitution of Soy Protein Concentrate for Fishmeal inDiets of Tiger Shrimp Penaeus monodon

T. PARIPATANANONT1, M. BOONYARATPALIN2 ,P. PENGSENG1 and P. CHOTIPUNTU1

Institute of Agricultural Technology1,Walailak University, Tasala, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand

Office of Fisheries Technical Advisor2, Department of Fisheries,Jatujak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand(E-mail : [email protected])

The objective of this experiment was to evaluate soy-protein-concentrate (SPC,65% protein) as a replacement ingredient for fishmeal (FM, 65% protein) in shrimp diets.Shrimps (Penaeus monodon, PL-15) were raised in the laboratory to 1.5 g body weightand were then transferred into 120-L aquaria with water temperature maintained at 28 ±2oC. Five isonitrogenous and isocalcoic diets (protein 36%, ME 15.7 kJ g-1) wereprepared using SPC at inclusion levels of 0, 8.75, 17.50, 26.25 and 35% by replacing 0,25, 50, 75 and 100% of the FM from the diet respectively. All diets contained 12%soybean meal. The diets were randomly assigned to 45 aquaria (n = 9), each containing30 shrimps. Shrimps were fed to satiation four times a day for an 8-week period andwere exposed to alternating 12 h light and dark periods. Aggregate body weight for eachaquarium was recorded every 2 weeks when shrimps were also counted.

The feed intake by shrimps was not different at 0, 25 or 50% FM substitutionlevels, but significantly decreased at 75 and 100% substitution levels. The body weightgains of shrimp fed diets with 0, 25 or 50% FM substitution were significantly better thanthose fed diets with 75 or 100% FM substitution. A 100% substitution of FM from thediet had a severe negative effect on the body weight gain. With increasing substitution ofFM with SPC, the feed efficiency ratio, protein efficiency ratio, and protein and fat gainin the shrimp followed the same general pattern as described for body weight. Mortalitywas not significantly different among the dietary treatments. These data indicate that a17.5% inclusion of SPC in the diet of P. monodon can support normal growth of theshrimp with the potential for substituting FM.

Key words: Shrimp, Penaeus monodon, soy protein concentrate, substitution, weight gain.

Grant: Central Soya, Inc.Published: Aquaculture Research 2001; 32 (Suppl, 1) : 369-374.



57

Effect of Extracellular Product of Skeletonema costatum onGrowth of Vibrio harveyi

Orapin KHONGPAKDEE1, Sataporn DIREKBUSAKOM1,Opas TANTITAKOON2 and Tida PECHMANEE3

Institute of Agricultural Technology1 and Institute of Science1, Walailak University,Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand

National Institute of Coastal Aquaculture3, Songkla 90000, Thailand(E-mail : [email protected])

The effect of immobilized Skeletonema costatum on the growth of pathogenicbacteria was investigated using three strains of Vibrio harveyi (1114 GL, VH 046and VH 1256). Approximately 104 CFU/ml of each bacteria strain was inoculated intoimmobilized Skeletonema costatum culture (1.96-3.24 x 106) and named Trial 1. Twocontrol trials were set up using only immobilized Skeletonema costatum (T2) and onlyV. harveyi (T3). Five replications of each trial were performed. After incubation for 6,24, 48, 72 and 96 hr the bacteria were counted by using spread plate method on BTB-teepol agar. The number of 1114 GL and VH 046 decreased after 24 hr, and VH 1526decreased after 6 hr of incubation times respectively. When compared with theirrespective controls (T3). No V. harveyi was detected in the immobilized Skeletonemacostatum only culture (T2). The results indicated that the extracellular product ofSkeletonema costatum contained antibacterial activity which inhibited 3 strains ofV. harveyi.

Key words: Skeletonema costatum , Vibrio harveyi, pathogenic bacteria,antibacterial activity.

Grant: Walailak University.Presented: BioThailand (from Research to Market), p.66. Queen Sirikit National

Convention Center, Bangkok, Thailand, November 7-10, 2001.



58

Study of the Application of Antiviral Substance of Spirulina platensisfor Prevention of the Infectious Disease in Black Tiger Shrimp PostLarvae caused by White Spot SyndromePiyalai HEMTANON1, Sataporn DIREKBUSAKOM2 and

Opas TANTITAKOON2

Nakhon Si Thammarat Coastal Aquaculture Station 1, Sichol,Nakhon Si Thammarat 80120, Thailand

Institute of Agricultural Technology2, Walailak University,Tasala, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand


A study of the inhibiting effects of crude extract isolated from Spirulinaplatensis against white spot syndrome virus (wssv) on Penaeus monodon was carried out.The concentrated crude extract was diluted in Lobster haemolymp medium (LHM) to 1and 0.1 mg/ml, and then mixed with wssv solution diluted from stock to theconcentration of 10-5. The resulting solution was singly intramuscular injected into P.monodon individuals which were about 10-15 g in weight. The experimental P.monodon were carried on culture for 14 days. It was found that the diluted crude extractat the concentration of 1 and 0.1 mg/ml could inhibit the mortality effects from wssv.The survival rates of P. monodon were 92±18 and 88±11%. For application, P. monodonpost larvae 15 were fed with steamed eggs containing 0, 0.5, and 5% dry weight of S.platensis for 3 days and immersed in wssv (1 : 100) 1 ml/30L for 24 hours. Theexperimental P. monodon were carried on culture for 7 days. The survival rates of P.monodon were 73.75±10.34, 86.50±8.80, and 83.17±3.87% respectively. A check forwssv infection by PCR method was made. It was found that P. monodon were infectedby wssv 100, 0, and 16.67% respectively.

Key words: Penaeus monodon, white spot syndrome virus, Spirulina platensis.Grant: Wailailak University.Presented: The 40th Academic Conference of Kasetsart University, p. 591-2 (2001).



59

Utilization of Shrimp Farm Sludge for Soil ImprovementSomsak MANEEPONG

Institute of Agricultural Technology, Walailak University, Tasala,Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand


Shrimp farm sludge is a waste product of shrimp farming, and has to be disposedof. A useful way of disposing of it is to use sludge to improve soil quality. When tested,plants showed a positive response to sludge application. On Khohong soil, a series ofapplications at a rate of not more than 5 ton/rai (6.25 rai = 1 ha) resulted in increasedphosphorous, calcium and magnesium in the topsoil layer, although there was nosignificant change for potassium. Sludge application was also found to increase soilsalinity, and the sodium concentration in the soil. This finding suggests the need tomonitor soil salinity, and that sludge should be applied only to well-drained soils.Concentrations of necessary plant nutrients in the sludge are higher than in typicalcultivated soil, but lower than in available chemical fertilizers. In order to achieve thesame level of fertilization as the chemical product, the sludge must be used inappreciably higher quantities. The cost of transportation can become a factor in its use.

Key words: Shrimp, sludge, soil salinity, fertilizers.Grant: National Research Council of Thailand (NRCT).Published: J Soil Fertil 2002 ; 12 : 104-116.



60

Effects of Pruning Degree before Using Paclobutrazol onOff-season Flowering of Mango CV. Khiew Sawoey

Montree ISSARAKRAISILA



Pruning to control the canopy and to stimulate the new shoot growth beforeusing paclobutrazol on mango cv. Khiew Sawoey was investigated in Supanburiprovince. Degrees of pruning were severe pruning (100% of shoots), semi pruning (40-50% of shoots), and control. The pruning was done in early February followed by thesoil drenching of paclobutrazol in early April when the new leaves were nearly at maturegreen stage. Mango trees flower during early August. It was found that only 10% of thetotal shoots of the severe-pruned trees flowered in comparison with 22% and 25% ofthose of the semi-pruned and control trees respectively. The severe-pruned trees also hada lower number of shoots and leaves per canopy surface area. The importance of foodreserve, timing of paclobutrazol application, and the difference of cultivar response werediscussed.

Key words: Mango, pruning, paclobutrazol, off-season flowering.Grant: Walailak University.Published: J Agri Sci 2001; 32 (1-4 Suppl): 13-16.



61

Effects of Paclobutrazol and Girdling on Off-season Flower Inducingof Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) cv. Rong RianS. SRIKAEW1, M. ISSARAKRAISILA1, S. MANEEPONG1,

M. LIM2 and N. DUM-AMPAI3

Institute of Agricultural Technology1, Walailak University, Tasala, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand

Department of Plant Science2 ,Faculty of Natural ResourcesPrince of Songkla University Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand

Trang Horticultural Research Center3, Segoa, Trang 92150, Thailand (E-mail : [email protected])

The effects of trunk girdling and paclobutrazol application on flower inducing oframbutan cv. Rong Rian were investigated at two orchards in Amphur Tasala, Nakhon SiThammarat Province, from July to December 2002. The experiment was RCB designed:5 treatments with 4 replications. The treatments were 1) control; 2) trunk girdling; 3)foliar spraying of 500 mg/L paclobutrazol followed by 7,500 mg/L potassium phosphatetwo weeks later; 4) foliar spraying of 500 mg/L paclobutrazol followed by trunk girdlingtwo weeks later; and 5) soil drenching of paclobutrazol at the rate of 0.5 (a.i.) per meterof canopy diameter followed by trunk girdling two weeks later. The treatments wereapplied in July at the third vegetative flushes. The results showed that in the first orchardthe girdled trees produced flowers from 75% of total terminal shoots 90 days aftertreatments while the control trees produced about 41.3%. The girdled trees in the secondorchard produced flowers from 70.5% of total terminal shoots 90 days after treatmentswhile the control trees produced 5.3%. Paclobutrazol treatments resulted in flowerproduction of 1-38%. It was found that girdling reduced leaf flushing but had no effecton the length of new shoot and size of inflorescence. The paclobutrazol applicationreduced the length of new shoot and size of inflorescence. All treatments had no effect onfruit quality.

Key words: Rambutan, girdling, mono potassium phosphate, paclobutrazol.Grant: Walailak University.Published: J Agr Sci 2003; 34 (1-3 Suppl.): 203-206.



62

Effects of Terminal Fruit Bunch Cutting on Quality and Yield ofLongan (Euphoria longana Lamk) cv. PetsakornA. NOODUANG1, M. ISSARAKRAISILA1 and

P. MANOCWAI2

Institute of Agricultural Technology1, Walailak University, TasalaNakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand

Department of Horticulture2, Faculty of Agriculture, Maejo University, Sun Sai,Chiang Mai 50290, Thailand(E-mail : [email protected])

Petsakorn is an off-season longan cultivar that is able to flower twice a year incentral and southern parts of Thailand without low temperature induction. Disadvantagesof Petsakorn are small fruit and thin flesh. Different degrees of terminal fruit bunchcutting were investigated in Nakhon Si Thammarat Province in southern Thailand fromMarch to August 2002. About 25, 50, and 75% of the length of every bunch on a treewas cut. It was found that fruit weights increased from 8.24 grams to 8.45, 10.16, and12.12 grams as a result of the length of bunches having been cut by 25, 50, and 75%respectively. Thickness of flesh also increased from 3.63 millimeters to 4.57, 5.36, and5.66 millimeters. Seed weights rose from 1.37 grams to 1.40, 1.51, and 2.18 grams.There was no difference in the quantity of total soluble solids from flesh amongtreatments. Yields of treated trees dropped from 42.8 kilograms to 38.0, 30.1, and 24.6kilograms where the length of bunches had been cut by 25, 50, and 75% respectively.The findings suggest that optimal marketable fruit quality and yield for longan cvPetsakorn may be achieved by cutting off 50% of the length of each fruit bunch onemonth after the fruit have set.

Key words: Longan, fruit bunch cutting.Grant: Walailak University.Published: J Agri Sci 2003; 34 (1-3 Suppl.): 314-317.



63

Effects of Pruning on Tree Canopy and Yield of Mangosteen(Garcinia mangostana L.)Montree ISSARAKRAISILA



The study of pruning to control the size of mangosteen canopy of various heightsbetween 5-6 metres over a period of two years showed that topping of 30-35% of the treecould retard its height. Topping tended to increase the width of canopy compared withthe control trees. Topping with hedging slowed down the growth of both canopy heightand width. Topping with hedging increased light intensity around canopy surface andalso inside canopy area. This stimulated water sprouts on topped trees. There was nodifference in the number of fruit per tree of control and topped trees in the first seasonafter pruning while the trees which had been topped and hedged to 0.5 metre producedlower yields. In the second season, yields were very low due to too much rain nearly allyear round. However, in the orchards with close spacing where trees were crowdedtogether the yields of control trees with a bigger canopy and some branches overlappingwere lower than those of topped or topped and hedged trees. By contrast, in the orchardswith wide spacing where every tree had good light interception around the canopysurface, yields of the control trees with a bigger canopy were higher than those of toppedor topped and hedged trees. The measurements of diurnal photosynthesis of leavesgrown under different light intensity conditions showed that on average leaves whichexperienced half-day direct sun and all day direct sun had higher photosynthesis thanthose that were in the shade all day.

Key words: Mangosteen, Garcinia mangostana L., pruning.Grant: The Thailand Research Fund.Published: J Agri Sci 2002; 33 (1-3) : 71 – 85.



64

Seasonal Abundance and Host Use Patterns of Seven BactroceraMacquart Species (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Thailand andPeninsular Malaysia

A.R. CLARKE1, A. ALLWOOD2, A. CHINAJARIYAWONG3 ,R.A.I. DREW4, C. HENGSAWAD5, M. JIRASURAT6, C. KONG KRONG7,

S. KRITSANEEPAIBOON8 and S. VIJAYSEGARAN9

Tropical Fruit Fly Research Group, Australian School of Environmental Studies1,4,Griffith University Nathan Campus, Nathan, Qld 4111, Australia

61 Thornburgh St2, Oxley, Qld 4075, Australia Institute of Agricultural Technology3, Walailak University,

Tasala, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand, Chiangmai Rice Experimental Station5,San Pa Tong., Chiang Mai 50120, Department of Agriculture, Entomology and Zoology Division6,

Chatachak, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand, Chiangrai Horticultural Research Centre7,Chiang Rai, 57000, Department of Pest Management8,

Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand, and Fruit Research Division9,MARDL, GPO Box 12301, Kuala Lumpur 50774, Malaysia


Based on extensive male trapping, information is presented on the distribution and seasonalabundance of six Bactrocera species in Thailand and Peninsular Malaysia. Bactrocera dorsalis andB. correcta were trapped in northern and central Thailand. B. papayae, B. carambolae and B.umbrosa were restricted to southern Thailand and Malaysia while B. cucurbitae was widespread,although more abundant in the north. Bactrocera dorsalis, B. papayae and B. correcta exhibitedunimodal patterns of population abundance, with populations peaking between June and Septemberdepending on species and locality. Bactrocera carambolae, B. cucurbitae and B. umbrosa showed noclear patterns in their population modalities, varying between regions. Based on fruit rearing workundertaken in northern and southern Thailand, information on host use patterns is also provided forthe above six species, plus B. latifrons. Bactrocera umbrosa, B. latifrons and B. cucurbitae areconfirmed as oligophagous on Artocarpus spp., Solanum spp. and Cucurbit spp. respectively.Species of the B. dorsalis complex (B. dorsalis, B. carambolae, B. papayae) and B. correcta,although with a very wide potential host range, were predominantly reared from a small number ofhosts, including Terminalia catappa, Psidium guajava, Syzygium samarangense and Averrhoacarambola. The number of flies reared from such hosts were generally in excess of the proportion ofthat fruit in regional samples, implying that even though the flies are polyphagous species, not allhosts are use equally.Key words: Bactrocera carambolae, Bactrocera cucurbitae, Bactrocera correcta,

Bactrocera dorsalis, Bactrocera latifrons, Bactrocera papayae, Bactrocera umbrosa.Grant: The Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR)Published: The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 2001; 49(2) : 207-220.



65

Identification of Dengue Fever Vector Mosquitoes in Amphur Lansakaand Amphur Muang, Nakhon Si Thammarat ProvinceAnuchit CHINAJARIYAWONG1, Yuthana SINLAPARATSAMI2and

Supakan SINLAPARATSAMI3

Institute of Agricultural Technology1, Walailak University, Tasala, Nakhon SiThammarat 80160, Nakhon Si Thammarat Provincial Public Health Office2 and

Nakhon Si Thammarat Maharat Hospital3, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80000, Thailand (E-mail : [email protected])

From the samples of the Aedes spp., vectors of dengue fever, which werecollected during July-October 1999 in Amphur Lansaka and Amphur Muang, Nakhon SiThammarat province, two species of the mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti and Aedesalbopictus) were identified. These two species were found mixed in most containers(breeding sites). In Lansaka, a more rural area, there were more Ae. albopictus thanAe. aegypti. By contrast, there were more Ae. aegypti than Ae. albopictus in the moreurban area of Amphur Muang.

Key words: Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus, rural areas, urban areas.Grant: Nakhon Si Thammarat Provincial Public Health Office.Published: Ministry of Public Health Journal 2544; 1: 104 - 112.



66

Product Development: Leb Mu NangJam with Konjac Flour

Narumol NITIMONGKONCHAI



Leb Mu Nang jam was developed according to the ideal attributes proposed by aconsumer panel. The proposed ideal attributes of Leb Mu Nang jam were semisolid10.65, gel 8.76, viscosity 7.75, yellow 8.65, sweet 8.77, sour 5.43, banana taste 8.5, andbanana odor 8.97. The optimized mixture of Leb Mu Nang jam, consisting of 56.82%Leb Mu Nang banana, 42.05% sugar, and 1.13% lemon, was identified using the mixturedesign method. Various ratios of Konjac flour and pectin of 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 2:1, 2:2, 2:3,3:1, 3:2 and 3:3 were then mixed into the Leb Mu Nang jam. Increasing Konjac flourand pectin ratio was found to increase the cohesiveness and decrease the adhesive forceof Leb Mu Nang jam. By using the sensory evaluation technique (QDA), it was foundthat Leb Mu Nang jam with the ratio of Konjac flour and pectin of 1:2 was closest to theideal attributes. Furthermore, its color was not altered by the ratio of Konjac flour andpectin (p≤0.05). Shelf life of Leb Mu Nang jam with Konjac flour and pectin (1:2) was72 days at 5oC.

Key words: Jam, Konjac flour, pectin, adhesive force, banana.Grant: Walailak University.Published: Research Report.



67

Development a New Dryer Prototype for Dried Shrimp Productionunder the Sustainable Economic and Social Development Plan for theSouthern region of ThailandKongdej LIMPAIBOON 1, Ampol SIRIPAN2

Wisakha ANANDHAWAT 3and Sirapat JITTAMALA4

Department of Biotechnology1and Department of Food Technology ,Institute of Agricultural Technology3, Walailak University, Tasala,

Industrial Technology Program2, Rajabhat Institute Nakhon Si Thammarat,and Center for Academic Services4, Walailak University, Tasala ,

Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand(E-mail: [email protected])

The objective of this research is to develop a new and efficient dryer prototypefor dried shrimp production. Designed on a batch pattern, the prototype consists of acylindrical shell inside a rectangular chamber. Wet shrimps are fed into the rotatingshell. As the shell rotates, the wet shrimps are lifted and spread evenly around theinterior of the shell. The heat for drying is supplied by an electrical heater which directs aflow of hot air through the shell for direct contact with the shrimps. The new dryerprototype integrates drying and clapping processes, uses energy efficiently, and has abenign impact on environmental quality. Chemical and biological analyses verify thehigh food and nutrition standards of dried shrimps. Empirical equations for prediction ofhumidity in shrimps are:

H = Ho – 0.023t 1.589 (for drying 7 kg of wet shrimps)H = Ho – 7.15 x 10 –3 t 1.657 (for drying 14 kg of wet shrimps)H = percent humidity of shrimp at any time (t)Ho = percent humidity of wet shrimp at t = 0t = time, minute

Key words: New dryer prototype, dried shrimp production, food and nutrition standards,empirical equation.

Grant: Commission on Higher Education, Ministry of University Affairs.Presented: Academic Conference, Silapakorn University, Nakhonpatom, August 26, 2003 and Academic Conference for the southern region of Thailand, Taksin University, Songkhla, September 1, 2003.



68

Contribution of Soil Respiration in Tropical, Temperate, and BorealForests to the 18O Enrichment of Atmospheric O2

Alon ANGERT1,2, Eugeni BARKAN1, Bruce BARNETT3, Enrico BRUGNOLI4,Eric A. DAVIDSON5, Julianna FESSENDEN6, Somsak MANEEPONG7,Nipa PANAPITUKKUL8, James T. RANDERSON6, Kathleen SAVAGE5,

Dan YAKIR9 and Boaz LUZ1

Institute of Earth Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem1,GivatRam, Jerusalem, Israel,Now at Atmospheric Science Center2,

University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA.Department of Geosciences, Princeton University3, Princeton,

New Jersey, USA.CNR Istituto per l’Agroselvicoltura4, Porano, Italy.Woods Hole Research Center5, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA.Divisions of Engineering and Applied Science and Geological and

Planetary Sciences6, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA. Institute of Agricultural Technology7, Wailailak University, Nakhon Si

Thammarat, Thailand. Department of Earth Sciences8, Faculty of Natural Resources, Prince ofSongkla University, Songkhla, Thailand.

Department of Environmental Sciences and Energy Research9,Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel

(E-mail [email protected])

The 18O content of atmospheric O2 is an important tracer for past changes in the biosphere.Its quantitative use depends on knowledge of the discrimination against 18O associated with thevarious O2 consumption processes. Here we evaluated, for the first time, the in situ 18O discriminationassociated with soil respiration in natural ecosystems. The discrimination was estimated from themeasured [O2] and δ 18O of O2 in the soilair. The discriminations that were found are 10.1 ± 1.5%,17.8 ± 1.0%, and 22.5 ± 3.6%, for tropical, temperate, and boreal forests, respectively, 17.9 ± 2.5%for Mediterranean woodland, and 15.4 ± 1.6% for tropical shrub land. Current understanding of theisotopic composition of atmospheric O2 is based on the assumption that the magnitude of thefractionation in soil respiration is identical to that of dark respiration through the cytochrome pathwayalone (~18%). The discrimination we found in the tropical sites is significantly lower, and isexplained by slow diffusion in soil aggregates and root tissues that limits the O2 concentration in theconsumption sites. The high discrimination in the boreal sites may be the result of high engagement ofthe alternative oxidase pathway (AOX), which has high discrimination associated with it (~27%). Theintermediate discrimination (~18%) in the temperate and Mediterranean sites can be explained by theopposing effects of AOX and diffusion limitation that cancel out. Since soil respiration is a majorcomponent of the global oxygen uptake, the contribution of large variations in the discrimination,observed here, to the global Dole Effect should be considered in global scale studies.

Key words: Dole Effect, oxygen isotopes, soil respiration.Published : Global Biogeochem. Cycles 2003; 17(3) : 1089.


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