institute of environment protection and safety water ... · mbr : worldwide buisiness ~ thousands...
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![Page 1: Institute of Environment Protection and Safety Water ... · MBR : Worldwide Buisiness ~ thousands of installations of MBRs in the World Vivendi (France), Memcore (USA) Zenon (Canada),](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050412/5f895da5f14ad1599c32981e/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Water EnvironmentWater Environment--Membrane Technology Lab.,Membrane Technology Lab., Seoul National UniversitySeoul National University
Membrane Biofouling
Director and Prof. Chung-Hak LEE,
Institute of Environment Protection and SafetyWater Environment – Membrane Technology Lab.School of Chemical Engineering,
Seoul National University, KOREA
![Page 2: Institute of Environment Protection and Safety Water ... · MBR : Worldwide Buisiness ~ thousands of installations of MBRs in the World Vivendi (France), Memcore (USA) Zenon (Canada),](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050412/5f895da5f14ad1599c32981e/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Water EnvironmentWater Environment--Membrane Technology Lab.,Membrane Technology Lab., Seoul National UniversitySeoul National University
Application of Membrane Processes in Water EnvironmentApplication of Membrane Processes in Water Environment
Hydraulics Mol. Biol. Sur. Chem.Nano Particle
난배양성 미샘물모니터링 Biofilm CFD Homo. Catal.
Building
House
Recreation
Industrial water
Groundwater
Space station Airplane
Fusion Tech
Stream water
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Water EnvironmentWater Environment--Membrane Technology Lab.,Membrane Technology Lab., Seoul National UniversitySeoul National University
MBR : Worldwide Buisiness
~ thousands of installations of MBRs in the World
Vivendi (France), Memcore (USA)Zenon (Canada), Mitsubishi, Kuboda (Japan), etc..
~ 750 MBRs in Korea since last 6 years
![Page 4: Institute of Environment Protection and Safety Water ... · MBR : Worldwide Buisiness ~ thousands of installations of MBRs in the World Vivendi (France), Memcore (USA) Zenon (Canada),](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050412/5f895da5f14ad1599c32981e/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Water EnvironmentWater Environment--Membrane Technology Lab.,Membrane Technology Lab., Seoul National UniversitySeoul National University
Commercial MBR plants in Korea *2003(2002)
CROSSFLOWCROSSFLOW
FILTRATIONFILTRATION
200(200(--))13(13)13(13)19961996PSFPSF(30,000Da)(30,000Da)--ZENIX ENG.ZENIX ENG.
TUBULAR TUBULAR MEMBRANEMEMBRANE
RUSSIARUSSIA
734(559)734(559)TOTALTOTAL
2,000(2,000)2,000(2,000)50(50)50(50)19951995PESPES(40,000Da)(40,000Da)
BIOSUFBIOSUFAQUATECHAQUATECHMEMBRATEKMEMBRATEK(SOUTH AFRICA)(SOUTH AFRICA)
350(250)350(250)20(2)20(2)20022002CPVCCPVC(0.25 )(0.25 )--PUREPURE
ENVIENVI--TECHTECH
PUREPUREENVIENVI--TECHTECH
(KOREA)(KOREA)
4,000(900)4,000(900)68(67)68(67)19991999PolyolefinPolyolefin(0.4)(0.4)NIXNIX--MBRMBRZENIX ENG & JIN ZENIX ENG & JIN
WOO ENV.WOO ENV.
PLATEPLATEMEMBRANEMEMBRANE
YUASAYUASA(JAPAN)(JAPAN)
--101020022002PVDFPVDF(0.1(0.1--0.4)0.4)--RAPAHRAPAH
TECHTECH天津膜天社天津膜天社
((CHINA)CHINA)
--10(10)10(10)19981998PSFPSF(0.1)(0.1)KIMAS KIMAS ⅠⅠ,,ⅡⅡKOLONKOLON
SKC,SKC,E.N.E.E.N.E.
(KOREA)(KOREA)
600(225)600(225)150(100)150(100)20022002PE PE (0.4)(0.4)--KMSKMSKMSKMS
(KOREA)(KOREA)
1,000(300)1,000(300)10(7)10(7)20002000PVDFPVDF(0.035)(0.035)
ZENOGEMZENOGEMSAESAE--HANHANZENONZENON(CANADA)(CANADA)
DEADDEAD--ENDENDFILTRATIONFILTRATION
4,000(1,400)4,000(1,400)403(300)403(300)19971997PEPE(0.4)(0.4)
SMAS & HANTSMAS & HANTKEC &KEC &HECHEC
HOLLOWHOLLOWFIBERFIBER
MEMBRANEMEMBRANE
MRCMRC(JAPAN)(JAPAN)
FitrationFitration ModeModeHighest Highest capacitycapacity
(M(M33/d)/d)Number of Number of InstallationInstallation
Starting Starting YearYear
MembraneMembraneMaterialMaterial
(PORE SIZE, (PORE SIZE, ㎛㎛ ))Trade markTrade markCompanyCompanyModule typeModule typeMembraneMembrane
ManufacturerManufacturer
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Water EnvironmentWater Environment--Membrane Technology Lab.,Membrane Technology Lab., Seoul National UniversitySeoul National University
Membranes used for domestic MBR processes
CrossflowCrossflow/ SubmergedSubmerged
In-OutOut-InOut-In
UFMFMF
TubularPlateHollow fiber
![Page 6: Institute of Environment Protection and Safety Water ... · MBR : Worldwide Buisiness ~ thousands of installations of MBRs in the World Vivendi (France), Memcore (USA) Zenon (Canada),](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050412/5f895da5f14ad1599c32981e/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Water EnvironmentWater Environment--Membrane Technology Lab.,Membrane Technology Lab., Seoul National UniversitySeoul National University
Factors Affecting Membrane Performance
![Page 7: Institute of Environment Protection and Safety Water ... · MBR : Worldwide Buisiness ~ thousands of installations of MBRs in the World Vivendi (France), Memcore (USA) Zenon (Canada),](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050412/5f895da5f14ad1599c32981e/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Water EnvironmentWater Environment--Membrane Technology Lab.,Membrane Technology Lab., Seoul National UniversitySeoul National University
Biofouling
: Membranes in contact with the broth of activated sludge reactor will be colonized within short time by microorganisms, leading to the formation of a composite layer known as biofilm.
: Biofouling has restricted the widespread application of MBR,because i) it limits the maximum flux obtainable,
ii) it leads to substantial cleaning requirements, iii) it shortens membrane life time
![Page 8: Institute of Environment Protection and Safety Water ... · MBR : Worldwide Buisiness ~ thousands of installations of MBRs in the World Vivendi (France), Memcore (USA) Zenon (Canada),](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050412/5f895da5f14ad1599c32981e/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Water EnvironmentWater Environment--Membrane Technology Lab.,Membrane Technology Lab., Seoul National UniversitySeoul National University
Development of Biofilm Community
Advances in Microbial Ecology, 1995
J.R.Lawrence, D.R. Korber, G.M. Wolffardt, D.E Caldwell
![Page 9: Institute of Environment Protection and Safety Water ... · MBR : Worldwide Buisiness ~ thousands of installations of MBRs in the World Vivendi (France), Memcore (USA) Zenon (Canada),](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050412/5f895da5f14ad1599c32981e/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Water EnvironmentWater Environment--Membrane Technology Lab.,Membrane Technology Lab., Seoul National UniversitySeoul National University
Scanning electron micrograph (SEM) of an early bacterial biofilm on the surface of a celluloseacetate (CA) reverse osmosis (RO) membrane.
In this case the RO membrane was used to demineralize pretreated municipal wastewater at Water Factory 21 in Orange County, California.Note that the microcolonies appear to have gained foothold in low depressions (imperfections) in the membrane surface where lower hydrodynamicshear forces might be expected. Localized regions of reduced shear allows more time forbacteria to undergo irreversible attachment.
![Page 10: Institute of Environment Protection and Safety Water ... · MBR : Worldwide Buisiness ~ thousands of installations of MBRs in the World Vivendi (France), Memcore (USA) Zenon (Canada),](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050412/5f895da5f14ad1599c32981e/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Water EnvironmentWater Environment--Membrane Technology Lab.,Membrane Technology Lab., Seoul National UniversitySeoul National University
Scanning electron micrographs (SEMs) of individual cells and microcolonies growing on the permeate (product water) surfaces of polyester Texlon fibers of cellulose acetate (CA) reverse osmosis (RO) membranes. The membranes were fed with a pretreated municipal wastewater at Water Factory 21 in Orange County, California. Note the copius production of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) by the attached bacteria,especially those cells associated with the larger microcolonies. Such EPS mediates early cell attachment and physically stabilizes and protects the biofilm.
![Page 11: Institute of Environment Protection and Safety Water ... · MBR : Worldwide Buisiness ~ thousands of installations of MBRs in the World Vivendi (France), Memcore (USA) Zenon (Canada),](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050412/5f895da5f14ad1599c32981e/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Water EnvironmentWater Environment--Membrane Technology Lab.,Membrane Technology Lab., Seoul National UniversitySeoul National University
MBR for advanced wasterwater treatment
Side Stream type
Submerged type
![Page 12: Institute of Environment Protection and Safety Water ... · MBR : Worldwide Buisiness ~ thousands of installations of MBRs in the World Vivendi (France), Memcore (USA) Zenon (Canada),](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050412/5f895da5f14ad1599c32981e/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Water EnvironmentWater Environment--Membrane Technology Lab.,Membrane Technology Lab., Seoul National UniversitySeoul National University
a) Traditional wastewater treatment
(전통적인 생물학적 처리공정)
b) External crossflow and side stream
(외부 십자흐름 분리형)
c) Internal submerged (내부 침지형)
d) External submerged
(분리 침지형)
![Page 13: Institute of Environment Protection and Safety Water ... · MBR : Worldwide Buisiness ~ thousands of installations of MBRs in the World Vivendi (France), Memcore (USA) Zenon (Canada),](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050412/5f895da5f14ad1599c32981e/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Water EnvironmentWater Environment--Membrane Technology Lab.,Membrane Technology Lab., Seoul National UniversitySeoul National University
Models for predicting membrane performance (Flux)
1) Filtration Model
2) Resistance in Series Model
3) Film theory Model
![Page 14: Institute of Environment Protection and Safety Water ... · MBR : Worldwide Buisiness ~ thousands of installations of MBRs in the World Vivendi (France), Memcore (USA) Zenon (Canada),](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050412/5f895da5f14ad1599c32981e/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Water EnvironmentWater Environment--Membrane Technology Lab.,Membrane Technology Lab., Seoul National UniversitySeoul National University
Filtration Models
- If the solute is thought of as a ‘cake’ of deposited particles,
- the cake (gel, deposit, etc) resistance is obtained from filtration theory.
)2(//
)1()(
−⋅=⋅=
−⋅+
∆=
msmbc
cm
AmAVCRRRPJ
ααη
Rc : solute resistance (1/m)Rm : membrane resistance (1/m)V : cumulative solvent volume (m3)Cb : bulk solute concentration ( kg/m3)Am : membrane area (m2)ms : mass of solute (kg)α : specific resistance (m/kg)
![Page 15: Institute of Environment Protection and Safety Water ... · MBR : Worldwide Buisiness ~ thousands of installations of MBRs in the World Vivendi (France), Memcore (USA) Zenon (Canada),](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050412/5f895da5f14ad1599c32981e/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Water EnvironmentWater Environment--Membrane Technology Lab.,Membrane Technology Lab., Seoul National UniversitySeoul National University
For unstirred conditions Rc grows and combining equation (1) with (2) gives,
)(2
/
2
,)4(.int,tan
)4(
)3.(
)3()/(
1)(
2
2
2
0 020
equationfiltrationknownwellAP
CVAP
RVt
APCVV
APRt
giveseqnofegrationpressuretconsAt
dVAP
VCdVAP
Rdt
eqnfrom
AVCRP
dtdV
AtJ
m
b
m
m
m
b
m
m
V V
m
b
m
mt
mbmm
−⋅∆
⋅⋅+
⋅∆⋅
=∴
⋅∆⋅⋅
+⋅⋅∆⋅
=
−⋅⋅∆
⋅⋅+⋅
⋅∆⋅
=
−⋅⋅+
∆==
∫ ∫∫
ηαη
ηαη
ηαη
ηα
![Page 16: Institute of Environment Protection and Safety Water ... · MBR : Worldwide Buisiness ~ thousands of installations of MBRs in the World Vivendi (France), Memcore (USA) Zenon (Canada),](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050412/5f895da5f14ad1599c32981e/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Water EnvironmentWater Environment--Membrane Technology Lab.,Membrane Technology Lab., Seoul National UniversitySeoul National University
If Rm is negligible,
)5(2 2
2 −⋅⋅⋅
⋅∆⋅= t
CAP
Vb
m
ηα
Which predicts that filtrate accumulates according to t1/2
![Page 17: Institute of Environment Protection and Safety Water ... · MBR : Worldwide Buisiness ~ thousands of installations of MBRs in the World Vivendi (France), Memcore (USA) Zenon (Canada),](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050412/5f895da5f14ad1599c32981e/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Water EnvironmentWater Environment--Membrane Technology Lab.,Membrane Technology Lab., Seoul National UniversitySeoul National University
Determination of gel layer thickness
From the filtration model, it is possible to estimate the magnitude of the polarized layer (δs) in stirred ultrafiltration.
α : determined by unstirred experiment.J,Rm : measurement by experiment.From eqn. (1),(2) ms/Am is obtained.ε : obtained from Cg
The effective thickness of the polarized solute layer (gel layer) ;
)7()1(
−⋅−
=Sm
SS A
mρε
δ
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Water EnvironmentWater Environment--Membrane Technology Lab.,Membrane Technology Lab., Seoul National UniversitySeoul National University
Experimental determination of α
22/
m
b
m
m
APCV
APRVt
⋅∆⋅⋅
+⋅∆⋅
=ηαη
t/V
V
22 m
b
APCslope
⋅∆⋅⋅⋅
=ηα
From a plot of t/v vs V, α is obtained experimentally by the slope.
![Page 19: Institute of Environment Protection and Safety Water ... · MBR : Worldwide Buisiness ~ thousands of installations of MBRs in the World Vivendi (France), Memcore (USA) Zenon (Canada),](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050412/5f895da5f14ad1599c32981e/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Water EnvironmentWater Environment--Membrane Technology Lab.,Membrane Technology Lab., Seoul National UniversitySeoul National University
Properties of α
α properties are given by the Carman-Kozeny relationship:
32
)1(180ερεα
⋅⋅−
=SS d
α : specific resistance of biofilm
ε : Porosityρ : density (floc density)ds : size (floc diameter)
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Water EnvironmentWater Environment--Membrane Technology Lab.,Membrane Technology Lab., Seoul National UniversitySeoul National University
Theoretical determination of α
)2(
,
)1()(
−⋅
∆=
>>
−+⋅
∆=
C
mC
Cm
RPJ
RRifRR
PJ
µ
µ
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Water EnvironmentWater Environment--Membrane Technology Lab.,Membrane Technology Lab., Seoul National UniversitySeoul National University
Theoretical determination of α
from Carman-Kozeny Equation,
)3()1(3
22
−⋅⋅−⋅⋅
=∆
εεµ
δvSKP
C
∆P : pressure drop (Pa)δC : thickness of cake (m) ν : superficial velocity (m/sec)ε : porosity of filter media (dimensionless) µ : viscosity of fluid (Pa⋅sec)K : Kozeny-Carman constant ( ≅ 5)(dimensionless)S : specific surface (area/volume) of particle (1/m)d : particle diameter (m)
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Water EnvironmentWater Environment--Membrane Technology Lab.,Membrane Technology Lab., Seoul National UniversitySeoul National University
)4(/66/3
2
−=⋅
⋅= d
ddS
ππIf the particle is spherical,
dS
⋅Ψ=
6If the particle is non-spherical,
6/Ψ : shape factorΨ= 1 for spherical particle.Ψ : sphericity (dimensionless)
= Surface area of equivalent-volume sphereTrue surface area
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Water EnvironmentWater Environment--Membrane Technology Lab.,Membrane Technology Lab., Seoul National UniversitySeoul National University
From eqn. (3)
22
3
)1( SKPvC ⋅−⋅⋅
∆=
εµε
δ
22
3
)/6()1(5 dPvC ⋅−⋅
∆=
εµε
δ
)5()1(180 2
32
−−⋅
⋅∆=
εµε
δdPv
C
![Page 24: Institute of Environment Protection and Safety Water ... · MBR : Worldwide Buisiness ~ thousands of installations of MBRs in the World Vivendi (France), Memcore (USA) Zenon (Canada),](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050412/5f895da5f14ad1599c32981e/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Water EnvironmentWater Environment--Membrane Technology Lab.,Membrane Technology Lab., Seoul National UniversitySeoul National University
)6()1(180
1
2
32
−−⋅
⋅∆=
==
εµε
δdPJ
vdtdQ
AJ
C
m Q : volume of flow (m3/sec)Am : membrane area (m2)
From eq. (2) and (6)
)7()1(180
32
2
−⋅
−⋅=
εεδ
dR C
C
![Page 25: Institute of Environment Protection and Safety Water ... · MBR : Worldwide Buisiness ~ thousands of installations of MBRs in the World Vivendi (France), Memcore (USA) Zenon (Canada),](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050412/5f895da5f14ad1599c32981e/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Water EnvironmentWater Environment--Membrane Technology Lab.,Membrane Technology Lab., Seoul National UniversitySeoul National University
)8(/ −⋅= mSC AmR α
α : specific cake resistance (m/kg)mS : mass of particle deposited (kg)ρS : particle density excluding water (kg/m3)
)9()1( −⋅−⋅⋅= SmCS Am ρεδ
from eqn. (7), (8) & (9)
)10()1(18032 −
⋅⋅−⋅
=ερεα
dS
![Page 26: Institute of Environment Protection and Safety Water ... · MBR : Worldwide Buisiness ~ thousands of installations of MBRs in the World Vivendi (France), Memcore (USA) Zenon (Canada),](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050412/5f895da5f14ad1599c32981e/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Water EnvironmentWater Environment--Membrane Technology Lab.,Membrane Technology Lab., Seoul National UniversitySeoul National University
- The effect of pressure on α is frequently expressed by the relationship.
α0 : constants : compressibility factor
sP∆⋅= 0αα
- For compressible solids, typical values of s = 0.2~0.7 (Fig. 2)
∆Pg : pressure drop across the deposited solute
JRPRR
RPP m
gm
gg ⋅⋅−∆=
+∆=∆ η
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Water EnvironmentWater Environment--Membrane Technology Lab.,Membrane Technology Lab., Seoul National UniversitySeoul National University
Fig. 2. Specific resistance vs Pressure
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Water EnvironmentWater Environment--Membrane Technology Lab.,Membrane Technology Lab., Seoul National UniversitySeoul National University
Carman-Kozeny Equation
Hydraulic permeability(Ph)
Pd
hp=
⋅⋅ −
2 3
2180 1ε
ε( )
dp : particle diameter (m)ε: porosity of the cake layer (dimensionless)
Combined with Resistance-in-series model
Rdc
p
∝⋅ −
⋅µ ε
ε( )1 2
2 3
μ : viscosity of fluid (Pa·sec)
![Page 29: Institute of Environment Protection and Safety Water ... · MBR : Worldwide Buisiness ~ thousands of installations of MBRs in the World Vivendi (France), Memcore (USA) Zenon (Canada),](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050412/5f895da5f14ad1599c32981e/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Water EnvironmentWater Environment--Membrane Technology Lab.,Membrane Technology Lab., Seoul National UniversitySeoul National University
Models for predicting membrane performance (Flux)
1) Filtration Model
2) Resistance in Series Model
3) Film theory Model
![Page 30: Institute of Environment Protection and Safety Water ... · MBR : Worldwide Buisiness ~ thousands of installations of MBRs in the World Vivendi (France), Memcore (USA) Zenon (Canada),](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050412/5f895da5f14ad1599c32981e/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Water EnvironmentWater Environment--Membrane Technology Lab.,Membrane Technology Lab., Seoul National UniversitySeoul National University
Resistance Models
- Hagen-Poiseuille and Film Theory Model does not describe the entire pressure-flux behavior, i.e. , pressure-controlled at low pressures, pressure-independent at high pressures. Therefore ultrafiltration performance is also frequently interpreted by Resistance-in-series relationship.
1) Gel-Polarized Model.
For an ideal membrane and solute, Hagen-Poiseuille equation can be rewritten as,
η⋅∆
=mRPJ Rm : Intrinsic Membrane Resistance determined
using pure water as feed.
![Page 31: Institute of Environment Protection and Safety Water ... · MBR : Worldwide Buisiness ~ thousands of installations of MBRs in the World Vivendi (France), Memcore (USA) Zenon (Canada),](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050412/5f895da5f14ad1599c32981e/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Water EnvironmentWater Environment--Membrane Technology Lab.,Membrane Technology Lab., Seoul National UniversitySeoul National University
Resistance Models
With a real feed, the membrane resistance by itself may be only a small part of the total resistance and there may be a series of additional resistances.
ηη ⋅+++∆
=⋅+′
∆=
)()( BLgfmPm RRRRP
RRPJ
Rf : Fouling layer resistance (specific membrane-solute interactions, either by surface deposition or pore fouling)
RP : Resistance attributable to the polarized solute.Rg : Resistance due to gel-polarized layerRBL : Resistance of the viscous, but non-gelled boundary layer.
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Water EnvironmentWater Environment--Membrane Technology Lab.,Membrane Technology Lab., Seoul National UniversitySeoul National University
RP = Rg+RBL
RP = ø∆PT (a function of applied pressure)- i.e. any increase in ∆PT simply increases the thickness of the gel layer,
and increase Rg.
ηφ ⋅∆+′∆
=∴)( Tm
T
PRPJ
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Water EnvironmentWater Environment--Membrane Technology Lab.,Membrane Technology Lab., Seoul National UniversitySeoul National University
Remark ;
1) At High pressure, RP >> R´mJ will become independent of ∆PT and approach the limiting value 1/ø
2) At low pressure, when polarization is less (Cw< Cg)
Rg=0, ∴J is pressure-dependent. (i.e. ‘pre=gel’ condition)
η⋅+′∆
=)( BLm
T
RRPJ
3) This model suffer from having to obtain the constants experimentally.
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Water EnvironmentWater Environment--Membrane Technology Lab.,Membrane Technology Lab., Seoul National UniversitySeoul National University
- Unit of Rm;
η⋅∆
=mRPJ
m
mN
mm
mNJ
PR Tm /1
secsec
/
22
3
2
=⋅⋅
⋅
=⋅
∆=∴
η
Rm is useful for modeling purpose and for evaluating the effectiveness of the cleaning procedures.
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Resistance in series Models
η⋅++∆
=)( cfm RRR
PJ
Rm : Intrinsic Membrane Resistance
Rf : Fouling layer resistance (specific membrane-solute interactions, either by surface deposition or pore fouling) Bulk Compositions
Rc : Cake layer resistance Biofilm
.
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Models for predicting membrane performance (Flux)
1) Filtration Model
2) Resistance in Series Model
3) Film theory Model
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The Film-Theory Model
CW (Cg)
Cb
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The Film-Theory Model
i) Longitudinal mass transport within the boundary layer is assumed negligible (mass transfer within the film is one dimensional)
ii) In the steady state, the solute flux is constant throughout the film and equal to the solute flux through the membrane.
• A material balance for the solute in a different element gives the equation.
)/( dxdCDCJJCJ VVPS −=⋅=JS : solute fluxJV : solvent fluxCb : bulk solute concentrationδ : thickness of the boundary layer CP : permeate solute concentrationCw : solute concentration at the membrane surfaceD : solute diffusion coefficient
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Boundary Condition ; C = Cb at x=0CW at x= δ
)0(ln
lnln
)ln(
)(
0
=⋅=
−−
⋅=
−−
=∴
⋅=−⋅→⋅=−
⋅
−=⋅
∫∫
Pb
wSV
Pb
PwS
Pb
PwV
Vb
wPV
P
C
C
PV
CifCCkJ
CCCCk
CCCCDJ
JCC
CCDdxJCC
dCD
CCJdxdCD
w
b
δ
δδ
D/δ = kSks : mass-transfer coefficient
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- If Cw → Cg
)(lnlim ModelonpolarizatiGelCC
kJb
gS ⋅=
Cg : Gel ConcentrationJlim : limiting flux
• Observed retention ; S=1-Cp/Cb , True retention ; R=1-Cp/CwThe concentration polarization ; M=Cw/Cb = 1-S+S exp(JV/ks)
So, M can be calculated from the measurement of the retention and the permeate flux, when ks is known.
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Remark;
1) This model will be valid only in the pressure-independent region.(there is no pressure term) (Fig. 4.13)
2) Flux will be controlled by the rate at which solute is transferred backfrom the membrane surface into the bulk fluid.
3) Flux can only be improved by enhancing ks as much as possible,such as by reducing the thickness of the boundary layer (δ)
4) Cg is fixed by physicochemical properties of the feed.
Lm : permeability coefficient
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Water EnvironmentWater Environment--Membrane Technology Lab.,Membrane Technology Lab., Seoul National UniversitySeoul National University
Remark;
5) Jlim should be independent of membrane properties.It is determined by Cg, Cb and ks (hydrodynamic conditions)( But Fane showed that ‘gel-polarized’ behavior with identical solutions and hydrodynamics produced different Jlim values when membranes of differing permeability, Lm )
6) Feed solutions of various macrosolutes with concentration did not give zero flux.
7) If Cg is a ‘gel’ concentration, it should depend only on the nature
of the solute, but it appears to vary with system-hydrodynamics.
8) This model appears to have physical limitations although it still
remains the most convenient model from a practical point of view.
Lm : permeability coefficient
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Flux Paradox
Film theory model – for macromolecule solutions
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Film theory model – for colloidal suspensions
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Water EnvironmentWater Environment--Membrane Technology Lab.,Membrane Technology Lab., Seoul National UniversitySeoul National University
Flux Paradox
1) For macromolecular solutions, the agreement between theoretical and experimental ultrafiltration rates is within 15~30%.
2) For colloidal suspensions, experimental flux values are often one to twoorders of magnitude higher than those indicated by the Lévéque and Dittus-Boelter relationships. But the reason is not clear.
3) In colloidal suspensions, the diffusion coefficient calculated from the ultrafiltrate flux using the Lévéque and Dittus-Boelter equations is generallyfrom one to three orders of magnitude higher than the theoretical Stokes-Einstein diffusivity.
4) Minor adjustments in molecular parameters such as diffusivity (D), kinematicviscosity (ν), or gel concentration (Cg) are incapable of resolving order of magnitude discrepancies.
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5) Back-diffusive transport of colloidal particles away from the membranesurface into the bulk stream (D· ∂C/∂x) is substantially augmented overthat predicted by the Lévéque and Dittus-Boelter relationships.
6) For colloidal suspensions, mass transfer from the membrane into the bulk stream is driven by some force other than the “concentration gradient”.
M.C. Porter’s opinion (1972) : Tubular Pinch Effect is responsible for this augmented mass transfer.
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Tubular Pinch Effect
• Segré and Silberberg : the first to publish the observations of the tubularpinch effect. (As the particles were flowing through a tube, the particles migrated away both from the tube wall and the tube axis, reaching equilibrium at an eccentric radial position.)
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Forces acting on a suspended particle
Axial velocityprofile
Semipermeable membrane
J JJ
Permeationdrag
van der Waalsattraction
Sedimentation
Axial drag
Charge repulsion
Inertial lift Diffusion
Drag torque
Shear induceddiffusion
Fig.Ⅳ-1. Forces and torques acting on a charged, spherical particle suspended in a viscous fluid undergoing laminar flow in the proximity of a flat porous surface.[modified from Wiesner(1992)]
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Fig. 7.7. Back-transport velocity based on different migration mechanisms.
Particle diameter (µm)10 -3 10 -2 10 -1 10 0 10 1 10 2
Back-transport velocity (m
/s)
10 -8
10 -7
10 -6
10 -5
10 -4
10 -3
10 -2
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Particle size ( ㎛ )
.01 .1 1 10 100
Bac
k tr
ansp
ort (
m/s
ec )
10 -7
10 -6
10 -5
10 -4
10 -3
Bac
k tr
ansp
ort (
L/m
2 /hr )
1
10
100
1000
DiffusionShear induced
Lateral migration
Interaction induced
Total
Fig. Ⅳ-4. Comparison of different models explaining a critical flux over a range of particle size.
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Remark :
1) Crossflow microfilters are occasionally operated in the turbulent regime,whereas all of the models described are restricted to laminar flow.
2) Brownian and shear-induced diffusion may be considered simultaneously by adding the diffusion coefficients, although recent simulations have shown that the diffusion coefficients are not strictly additive.
3) The models described are based on idealized suspensions of equi-sized spheres, which do not irreversibly stick to the membrane or cake surfaces but rather are free to diffuse or lift away. Further experiments and models are needed to study Brownian, shear induced diffusion, and inertial lift in real suspensions of non-spherical, deformable particles having both narrow and broad size distributions.
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4) Considerable experimental and theoretical research remains to completeour understanding of crossflow microfiltration.
For example, issue of direct membrane fouling by the attachment of particles and precipitates to the membrane pores and surface have not been adequately addressed.
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0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
0
400
800
1200
1 10
Volumetric frequency ( %
)
L/m
2/h
r )
Particle size ( ㎛ )
Initial size
distribution
∞
Flux
(
Fig. Ⅳ-5. Depositing particle size distribution for each flux condition. Size distribution when flux is infinite means the initial particle size distribution measured experimentally (T = 298 K, Ψ0 = 50 ㎷, A = 3.4 x 10-20J).
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Water EnvironmentWater Environment--Membrane Technology Lab.,Membrane Technology Lab., Seoul National UniversitySeoul National University
Membrane Fouling: Identification and Prevention
Membrane foulingMembrane fouling
MicrobiologicalMicrobiologicalApproachApproach
HydrodynamicHydrodynamicApproachApproach
PhysiochemicalPhysiochemicalApproachApproach
Process DesignChemical additivesMembrane surface modificationHybrid system
Back transport velocityCritical flux
Quorum sensingmechanismBiofouling mechanismCell physiologyMicro-organism population dynamics
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Membrane Fouling: Identification and Prevention
Physicochemical Approach:
Examples for submerged MBR systems:• reduce flux (J)• increase membrane aeration• employ physical or chemical cleaning
– backflushing (HF only)– relaxation (ceasing permeation whilst continuing aeration)– in-situ clean (chemically enhanced backwash)– ex-situ clean (soak)
• all have cost implications
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Membrane Fouling: Identification and Prevention
Microbiological Approach
• Change of microbial characteristics :
- Floc morphology & size, - Physiological state, - EPSs(extracellular polymeric substances) content
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Overview of factors leading to membrane biofouling
Environmental Factors in MBR
• Substrates• DO• Air flow rate &
bubble size• pH• Temperature• Growth mode
(attached or suspended)
• Growth phase (log or endogenous)
• Cyclic format in SBR
• etc
MicroorganismsEPSOrganic debrisInorganic particlesIons
Size
Shape
Density
Porosity
Stickiness
Membrane
Biofouling
( )
Biofilmcomposition and
structure
Biofilmproperties( )
Bulk phase composition ( )
cR
fR
J
?
?
?
?
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Water EnvironmentWater Environment--Membrane Technology Lab.,Membrane Technology Lab., Seoul National UniversitySeoul National University
Research on MBR in 21C
Quorum sensing mechanism
Biofilm formation mechanism
Cell Morphoplogy & Physiology
Microorganism population dynamics
Innovative MBR processInnovative MBR process