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Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences
Institutional design ofirrigation and rural development projectsand management in Japan
SEMINAR ON SYNERGIES AND SYMBIOTIC STRATEGIES IN IRRIGATION:
Lessons Learnt from Japanese Experiences
20 February 2013
Kazumi Yamaoka, [email protected]
PhD in the field of agricultural water management (The University of Tokyo)Research coordinator, JIRCAS(An independent agency under the jurisdiction of MAFF, Japan)Commissioner, Japan National Committee (JNC) forInternational Commission on Irrigation and Drainage (ICID)Governor, World Water Council (WWC)
Official, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF)
First Secretary, Embassy of Japan in the Netherlands, MOFA
Deputy Director, International Department, MAFF
Deputy Director, Rural Development Bureau, MAFF
Director, Rural Development Division, Yamaguchi Prefecture Government
Director, Research Dept., Japanese Institute for Irrigation and Drainage (JIID)
Head of Laboratory, National Institute of Rural Engineering (NIRE)
Project Professor, The University of Tokyo
Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences (JIRCAS)
Significance of IrrigationIncreasing productivities
1. Land productivity: Yield per area
2. Labor productivity: Labor investment hours per area
Relation between water availability and cereal production
Difference of response in high yield variety from local one
Source：ＩＲＲＩ
Local varieties make more yield than high-yielding varieties when water availability during growing
period is below a certain level
High substitutability between water and labor Ample water can reduce various labor force Conversely, temporary labor investment reduces water use during dry spells
Items Advantages provided to paddy rice agriculture with ample water usea) Reducing labor for water
management (off farm)Ample water use allows to easily convey water to all parts of the paddy fields with even poorly built canals and reduce labors for water management.
b) Reducing labor for water management (on farm)
With the system, called “plot-to-plot irrigation”, the paddy fields themselves serves as irrigation canals. Under this condition ample water use allows to easily keep the depth of water in submerged paddy plots.
c) Reducing labor for weed control Submerged soil prevents weeds from growing, except vascular weeds.
d) Preventing soil erosion Use of levees around rice fields and a standing pool of water reduce soil erosion-losses even during periods of heavy rain
e) Reducing labor and materials for fertilization
Organic matter in the soil decomposing slowly through anaerobic decomposition when the soil is submerged maintains soil fertility. Organic nitrogen is transformed into ammonia nitrogen while the soil is under reduced conditions with water and nitrogen is easily taken up by plants. Less phosphate fertilizer is required for submerged soils because soluble, plant-available phosphates are formed while the soil is in a reduced state.
f) Reducing labor for plowingPaddy rice cultivation in clay-rich soil involves a year long process whereby flooding water makes soil swelling and soft and dry condition makes soil shrinking, which forms cracks in soil. It makes same effects as plowing.
g) Preventing a fall in yield from repeated cropping
The soil is under reduced conditions when it is submerged and becomes oxidized when water is drained. This process promotes alternation between anaerobic and aerobic microbes, which maintains bacterial balance and soil fertility and prevents a fall in yield from repeated cultivation of the same crop on the same ground.
Substitutable factors for efficient irrigation management in paddy fields
Input of water use
Input of labor for water management
Investment for developing facilities
Substitutable
Significance of IrrigationIncreasing productivities
1. Land productivity: Yield per area
2. Labor productivity: Labor investment hours per area
Increase of land productivity brings more income to farmers. This allows introducing mechanization with surplus of profits and results in further increase of labor productivity.
Increase of labor productivity brings more external income additionally to farmers. This allows more investment for organizing agricultural cooperatives for better market access.
Investment to irrigation development by collective action with supports from governments
Utilizing more water, seeds in a high‐yielding variety, fertilizer and other inputs
Increasing land productivity, income and surplus of profits
Investment to machineries such as tractor, cultivator, harvester, thresher
Increasing labor productivity and external income additionally• Individual Investment for organizing agricultural cooperatives for better market competitiveness
Investment to land replot/consolidation by collective action with supports from governments
Yield in an Irrigated Paddy Plot and Distribution of Available Water per Area (Conceptual Diagram)
A sudden brake has been put on investments in the development of irrigated agriculture since the beginning of this century.
It is revealed that the annual fluctuation rate of area of irrigation agriculture has dropped to 0.5% recently while 1.5% in average from 1960’s to the end of last century in the world.
LegendAnnual fluctuation rate of irrigated land area
Moving average in 5 years of above
Annual fluctuation rate of agricultural land area
Moving average in 5 years of above
This level of annual fluctuation rate since 2006 is the lowest and the world has never been had such a serious experience in the last half century
Analyzing in detail its considerable drops in various parts of the world;
North and central America during the second oil shock
Europe especially Eastern Europe since the end of the Cold War
Africa since 2003 keeping almost zero in annual expansion
West Asia since 2005 maintaining below zero in annual expansion
The highest level of price index (2002‐2004=100) of cereals ever recorded has lasted for the last two years
As of January 2013;
Maize: 287.7
Rice: 270.0
Wheat: 222.9
Soybean: 225.8
The structural mechanisms for pricing crops in international market have changed and food price volatilization has become ordinary
International price indices of cereals(Setting their average in 2002-2004 to 100)
Accelerate utilization of untapped water resources in humid regions by increasing investment to irrigation development projects
Recent continuation of high crop prices is harmful to the poors but a good opportunity of investment to irrigation development projects
Prioritize the investment according to degree of potential increase of food production per unit cost of the investment; Developing countries must have an advantage over developed countries
Features of Japan
2
*
*Immersion Cultivation under the Ample Water Conditions
*Wide-ranging Substitutability between Water and Labor
*Providing Ecosystem Services through the Water Cycle Systems in a Basin
*Frequent Outbreaks of Abnormally Dry Spells
*
*The Asian monsoon region embraces the Indian Ocean to the south, the expansive region of Tibet, the Himalayan mountain mass and continental China to the north, and the Pacific Ocean to the east
Monsoon Asia accounts for
14% of world’s land area
54% of world’s population (3.6billion)
50% of world’s water use
agriculture others
(%)100
90
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Asia America Europe World
Africa Oceania
80
70
82.1%
17.9%
48.0%
72.1%15.7%
84.3%
52.0%
27.9%
70.2%
29.8%
73.8%
26.2%
2505.6km3
(64.1%)795.2km3
(20.3%)362.3km3
(9.3%)218.8km3
(5.6%)27.4km3
(0.7%)3909.3km3
(100.0%)
Water for others
Water for
agriculture
3
Hokkaido
Honshu
Shikoku
Kyusyu
Map of Japan
7,000 small islands
Tokyo
Lat 35°N．
Lat 40°N．
Long 135°E．
2/3 of total land⇒Mountains
Topography of Japan
4
5
Total area: 37,795,000 ha (as of 2009)
Population: 128,056,000 people (as of 2010)
Agricultural land: 12 % of total area (4,593,000 ha) (as of 2010)Mountainous area: around 2/3 of the total landPaddy field : 54 % (2.50 million ha)Upland field : 46 % (2.10 million ha. Irrigation ratio: around 20%)
Agricultural population: 2,606,000 people (as of 2010)
Total economically active population in agriculture: 2,050,000 people (as of 2010)
Percentage of GDP from agriculture: 1 % (as of 2010)
Data of Japan
Climate of Japan; the Four Seasons
Spring Summer
Winter Autumn6
Spring Summer
AutumnWinter
0
100
200
300
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
(mm
)
0
10
20
30
( ﾟC)
Climate at Tokyo
0
100
200
300
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
(mm
)
0
10
20
30
( ﾟC)
7
Precipitation, Total 1,405mm/year
Temperature, Average 15.6゜C
More than around 19ﾟC
• The climate in Japan falls under the category of that in Monsoon Asia rather than that in western developed countries
0.0 500.0 1000.0 1500.0 2000.0 2500.0
Precipitation (mm)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Rainy season (mm) Non-rainy season (mm)
Monsoon Asia
Europe,North America
Definition of the rainy season:Months with monthly precipitationbeing 125 mm or more
The rainy and dry season and annual precipitation in cities in Monsoon Asia and western countries
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
precipitation (mm)
Bangkok (Thailand)
Ha Noi (Viet nam)
Jakarta (Indonesia)
Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia)
Yangon (Myammar)
Monthly precipitation 1/3 (Monsoon Asia -1)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
precipitation (mm)
Berlin (Germany)
London (U.K.)
New York (U.S.A.)
Roma (Italy)
San Francisco (U.S.A.)
Monthly precipitation 3/3 (Europe and North America)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
precipitation (mm)
Colombo (Sri Lanka)
Dhaka (Bangladesh)
Seoul (Korea)
Shanghai (China)
Tokyo (Japan)
Monthly precipitation 2/3 (Monsoon Asia -2)
Monthly precipitation in cities in Monsoon Asia and western countries
High Productivity by Agricultural and Rural Development Projects
8High Productivity
Paddy Field Improvement
Agricultural and Agricultural and Rural
Development Projects
Meteorological conditionTopographical condition
Agricultural Machinery,New Variety of Rice
25
２５０
２００
１５０
１００
５０
５５０
５００
４５０
４００
３５０
３００
２５０
０ ２００
６０
５０
４０
３０
２０
１０
０
（ hr/10a ）
（ kg/10a ） （ ％ ）
Hour of labor
Percentage of farmlandsconsolidatedYield
７０
Farm land consolidation （25 years from 1982 to 2007）
To increase the productivity and to improve farm management in the paddy fields
‐ The rate of farm land consolidation : 35.4% →61.3%
‐Working hours of rice cultivation : 60.4hr/10a → 28.5hr/10a
Before project
Ibigawa‐sagan district, Gifu
After project
The quantity of waterfor Agriculture ：
About 55.7 billion m3/year
The quantity of waterfor Agriculture ：
About 55.7 billion m3/year
The length of Main Canal ：About 49 thousand kilometers
The length of Main Canal ：About 49 thousand kilometers
The number of Main facilityfor agriculture ： About 7 thousand
The number of Main facilityfor agriculture ： About 7 thousand
The number of irrigation pond ：About 210 thousand
The number of irrigation pond ：About 210 thousand
Network of Irrigation and drainage canal in Japan
Location of Irrigation Facilities in Kanto area
Irrigation channel
Drainage channel
Basic Conceptof
Agricultural and Rural Development Project
11Construction of MANNO IKE (-reservoir)
Historical Development of Agricultural Land
12
4.67 million ha in 2006
Organization of Japanese National System
There are total 1,724(as of 2011) municipalities.
13
National governmentThe Prime Minister
The Diet
PrefectureA governor
A prefectural assembly
CityA mayor
A city assemblyThe mayor of a town
TownThe mayor of a town
A town assembly
VillageA village headmanA village assembly
There are total47 prefectures.
National government
Prefecture City/Town/Village
Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
Food self-sufficiency
Agricultural and Rural Development Project by government
Use the land for purposes other than agriculture(not less 4ha)
Promoting agricultural production
Supporting farmer
Agricultural and Rural Development Project by prefecture
Use the land for purposes other than agriculture( less than4ha)
Promoting agricultural production
Agricultural and Rural Development Project by municipality
Agricultural committee for agricultural land use
Function of the governments
14
Land Improvement Law (Act)
15
Law for the enhancement of agricultural land productivity and agricultural labor productivity and so on.
Agricultural and Rural Development Project
Land Improvement Law
Agricultural land Enhancement of land productivity and labor productivity
Origin of Land Improvement District (LID)
17
Water Users’ Associationbased on the Irrigation Association Law
A.D.1909～
Agricultural Land ReformA.D. 1946～
Land Consolidation Associationbased on the Land Consolidation Law
A.D.1900～
water users’ group(Community level)
around 300 years ago
Land Improvement Districtbased on the Land Improvement Law
A.D. 1949～
Total around 5,600 LIDs
in 2006
Legal Procedure for the Project(in case of National government-operated Project)
18
Farmers make a group as petitioners (15 farmers or more) .
The farmers’ group obtains the consent of two-thirds or more of all farmers in the project area.
The farmers’ group petitions for approval of execution of the project to MAFF.
MAFF examines and determines the project plan.
MAFF implements the project.
All farmers in the project area establish a LID.The LID operates and maintains the developed facilities.
Advanced features and effects of irrigation projects（compared to other general public works projects）
○Proper construction of facilities
○Sustainable and efficient utilization of facilities
①Application by at least 15 cultivators
②Agreement by at least two thirds
③Establishment of LID
○Improvement of agricultural productivity in harmony with the environment○Sustainable development of rural areas etc
Increase in the efficiency of the national budget
National land conservation and social stability
Governance Accumulation of social capital
Effects
Policy objectives of irrigation project
Facilitating the accumulation of social capital
Empowerment
CHECK at three stages
Bodies which can execute Agricultural and Rural Development Projects
16
(1) Land Improvement District(Including Land Improvement Association (union of LIDs))
(2) National government
(3) Prefecture
(4) Municipalities (city, town and village)
(5) Agricultural co-operative association(Including a union of agricultural co-operative association)
Agricultural and Rural Development Projects
Land Improvement Law
Operation and Maintenanceof Constructed Facilities
19Managed by community
Managed by individual farmer
Managed by individual farmer
Tertiary C
anal
Farm
road
O&M by Community
O&M by LID
Riv
er
Main Irrigation Canal
Reservoir
Barrage
Paddy field
Dam
Main Drainage Canal
Secondary Canal
Secondary Canal
Tertiary Canal
Community
DuesFarmers(Members
of LID)
Community Tasks
Local residents
Non-Farmers
Project Executing body
Government’s subsidies
Minimum beneficiary area for implementing the project
All beneficiary area Each facilities
Development of Irrigation and Drainage Facilities National
Gov.2／3
3,000ha(Paddy)
1,000ha（Up-l and ）
500ha(Paddy)
100ha(Up-land)
Development of irrigation and drainage facilities / Farmland consolidation executing by local gov.
Development of Irrigation and Drainage Facilities Prefecture
50% 200ha (Paddy)100ha(up-land)
100ha(Paddy)20ha(Upland)
Farmland consolidation Prefecture 50％ 20ha
Basic cost-sharing and adaptation standard of MAFF projects
27
Classification of the Projects
Agricultural and RuralDevelopment Project
1. Development of Agricultural Production Infrastructure1. Development of Agricultural Production Infrastructure(to increase agricultural productivity)
○ Development of Irrigation and Drainage Facilities○ Farmland Consolidation
○ Development of Agricultural Roads○ Development of Rural Sewerage Facilities○ Integrated Development of Rural Areas
○ Disaster Prevention and Conservation of Farmland○ Maintenance and Management of Facilities
2. Development of Rural Areas(to improve the living environment)
3. Conservation and Maintenance of Rural Areas(to prevent disasters in rural areas)
○ Integrated Development of Hilly and Mountainous Areas
3.0 Billion US$ (National Expenditure, 2012FY)
Around 11% of the total budget of MAFF
25
Basic cost-sharing and adaptation standard of MAFF projects
28
Project namePercentage of cost bearing (%)
State Guidelines FarmersPrefectures Municipalities
National irrigation and drainage project 66.6 17.0 6.0 10.4
National farmland reorganization and consolidation project (hilly and mountainous area type)
66.6 24.4 5.0 4.0
Prefectural irrigation and drainage project 50.0 25.0 10.0 15.0
Management entity development system improvement project
50.0 27.5 10.0 ※12.5
Upland field area comprehensive development project (prospective farmer cultivation type)
50.0 25.0 10.0 ※15.0
Hilly and mountainous area comprehensive development project (colonial type)
55.0 30.0 10.0 5.0
Farm pond development project (small scale) 50.0 29.0 14.0 7.0
Note)※=By utilizing interest‐free funds, actual cost bearing by farmers will be further reduced.
Cost sharing system
37
Replotting system
29
ConsolidatingReshaping,
ConsolidatingSmall and scattered farm lots
To improve agricultural productivity
Establishment of a Land Improvement District (LID)
18
Farmers make a group as petitioners (15 farmers or more) .
The farmers’ group obtains the consent of two-thirds or more of all farmers in the project area.
The farmers’ group petitions for approval of execution of the project to MAFF.
MAFF examines and determines the project plan.
MAFF implements the project.
All farmers in the project area establish a LID.The LID operates and maintains the developed facilities.
2. Development of Rural Areas2-1. Development of Agricultural Roads
37
Organizational Structure of the Land Improvement District
37
General meeting
Board of directors
Management of Land Improvement Facilities
37
Control room
Maintenance of canal
Federations of Land Improvement Associations(National level and prefecture level)
37
• The Federations of Land Improvement Associations have been established with the aim of promoting the members’ common interests by ensuring appropriate implementation of land improvement projects and efficient operation of land improvement districts, as a cooperative organization of the people who conduct land improvement projects.
• These Federations of Land Improvement Associations have been established at the levels of prefectural and central governments with the approval of the Minister of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries. LIDs in a prefecture consist of the members of a FLIA at prefectural level and FLIAs at prefectural level consist of that at national level.
• Therefore 47 FLIA at prefectural level and one FLIA at national level have been legally established under the Land Improvement Act.
Outline ofAgricultural and Rural Development
Project
23
Hilly and Mountains Areas Development Division
Interaction Between Urban and Rural Areas Division
Rural Infrastructure Department
Design Division
Overseas Land Improvement Cooperation Office
Administration Division
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Research Council
Minister's Secretariat
Food Safety and Consumer Affairs Bureau
Agricultural Production Bureau
Food Industry Affairs Bureau
Management Improvement Bureau
Rural Development Bureau
Fisheries Agency
Forestry Agency
7 Regional Agricultural Administration Offices
Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
Organization Chart of MAFF
Rural Planning Division
Rural Environment Division
Rural Policy Department
Land Improvement Planning and Management Division
Water Resources Division
Farm and Rural Land Resources Division
Rural Development Director
Disaster Prevention and Restoration Division
Land Improvement Survey and management Offices (15)
Land Improvement Engineering Offices (7)
National Project Offices 2
Major Policies of Agricultural and Rural Development Project in 2012ＦＹ
○ Enhancing earthquake safety of the facilities in the expected epicentral areas
○ Preparation on emergency response measures to prevent secondary disaster and minimize possible damage of the main facilities constructed by national government project.
○Promoting development of the large scale and multipurpose agricultural land, irrigation facilities for the
expand the scale of their farming operations
○Promoting detailed improvement of the present agricultural land condition and irrigation / drainage facilities which were developed in the past
en
○Supporting high level activity such as water management, asset management of irrigation facilities for extending the life time.by new local community.
○Advanced implementation for constructing renewable energy facilities such as small hydropower generation utilizing private company technology.
Strengthening for disaster prevention functioning of Agricultural Irrigation and Drainage facilities.
Promoting risk management by established new local community
Improving agriculture infrastructure to promote expanding the land scale for full time farmers
Promoting introduction renewable energy
Total budget for Agricultural and Rural Development Project is approx. 213million yen
1. Development of Agricultural Production Infrastructure1-1. Development of Irrigation and Drainage Facilities
28
To increase agricultural productivity through constructing irrigation and drainage facilities
1-2. Farmland Consolidation
29
ConsolidatingReshaping,
ConsolidatingSmall and scattered farm lots
To improve agricultural productivity
1-2. Farmland Consolidation (cont.)
30
To promote the multipurpose use of farmland
Subsurface drainage systems are being installed.
LIDs play a leading role to keep multifunctionality with local residents (Example)
53
LID
Activity involving local residents
Maintenance by members’ share(Levying charges)
Facility operation, development and repair
Cannels grass cutting, removal of algae, sand and soil etc.
Sustainability of multifunctionality
Stable agricultural water supply
Member of LID
Providing labor
(voluntary)
Providing labor
(voluntary)
Activities of LIDs
General meeting Board of directors Control room
Maintenance of canal Maintenance of canal with non farmers
Activities with non-farmers21
Rural Communities in Japan
Village festival Children and Elder farmer
Typical rural landscape Cooperative activities
22
56
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
S50.3まで S60.3まで H14.3まで
(兆円)
その他施設
基幹農業水利施設
Note 1: Assessed and calculated on the basis of replacement cost of agricultural irrigation and drainage facilities.Note 2: The main irrigation and drainage facilities are defined as those with a beneficial area not less than 100 ha.
○農業水利施ストック Main agricultural water and drainage canals in Japan
9 trillion yen
Legend
References: National highways refer to “Road Pocket Book 2006” Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (Nov. 2006 )Railways refer to “Railway Numerical Data 2006” Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (Oct. 2006)Note: The railway figure is the total railway length of JR (passenger-traffic lines only)
Railways 20,006 km
National highways 22,279 km(Reference)
Agricultural water and drainage canals
About 400,000 km (about 10 circuits of the earth)
Main facilities About 47,000 km
Dams, head works, pumping stations for irrigation and drainage, etc.
About 7,000
Agricultural damHead worksPumping station for irrigation
Pumping station for drainage
Water canal
Drainage canal
Among the agricultural irrigation and drainage facilities which supply agricultural water, the total length of the main agricultural irrigation and drainage canals is about 47,000 km and the number of dams, head works, pumping stations for irrigation and drainage, and so on is about 7,000, of which total asset value, as calculated in terms of replacement cost, reaches about 25 trillion yen.
1-3. Increase of Agricultural Irrigation and Drainage Stock
Agricultural irrigation and drainage stock(trillion yen)
Other facilities
Main agricultural irrigation and drainage facilities
16 trillion yen
25 trillion yen
5 trillion yen8 trillion yen
14 trillion yen
Up to Mar. 1975
Up to Mar. 1985
Up to Mar. 2002
57
Transition of budget for agricultural infrastructure improvement and rural development
0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 4,000 4,500 5,000
S62H 7H15H18
S62H 7H15H18
S62H 7H15H18
S62H 7H15H18
貯水池
取水堰
用排水
ポンプ場
用排
水路等
耐用年数超過 耐用年数非超過
○各施設の標準的な耐用年数は概ね下記のとおり
・用排水路等：４０年 ・用排水ポンプ場：２０年
・貯 水 池：８０年 ・取 水 堰：５０年
Number of facilities, total length of irrigation & drainage canals, etc. 10 km Progress of facility deterioration
Increase of facilities which require replacement
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025Year
Num
ber o
f fac
ilitie
s
Number of facilitiesAverage number in the past 5 years
Deterioration of the agricultural irrigation and drainage facilities is progressing and, particularly in recent years, the ratio offacilities whose lifetimes have exceeded the standard working life has been increasing.
The project budget for agricultural infrastructure improvement and rural development has been drastically reduced, and therefore it is necessary to set up a system to sustain a function of efficiently maintaining agricultural irrigation and drainage stock.
1-3. Deterioration of Facilities (1) Current Situation
FY1997 FY2009
699 424
1,057817
2,350
705
1,621
234
2,676
1,307
3,879
2,285
(Share: 32%→40%)＋8％
Maintenance & replacement, etc. of irrigation & drainage facilities
Disaster prevention measures for agricultural land
Agricultural land development
Others
1,228.2 billion yen
23% less
Rural living environment improvement
577.2 billion yen
53% less
76% less
51% less
41% less
(Share: 22%→23%)+1％
(Share: 32%→16%)-16％
(Share: 9%→14%)+ 5％
Irrig
atio
n &
dr
aina
ge c
anal
s, et
c.
Pum
ping
stat
ions
fo
r irr
igat
ion
&
drai
nage
Div
ersi
on
wei
rs
Res
ervo
irs
Average working lives of facilities are roughly as follows:
Irrigation & drainage canals, etc.: 40 years
Pumping stations for irrigation & drainage: 20 years
Reservoirs: 80 years
Diversion weirs: 50 years
Agricultural road development
2006
2003
1995
19872006
2003
1995
19872006
2003
1995
19872006
2003
1995
1987
58
For the purpose of extending the lives of facilities, adequate preventive and maintenance measures are to be taken in accordance with functional diagnoses before serious functional decline occurs, in order to decrease life cycle cost.
Extended life of facility
Conventional procedure
Strength measurement by taking core samples
Repair with polymer cement mortar
Serious functional decline Reconstruction
Faci
lity
func
tion
Life
cyc
le c
ost
Conventional procedure
Preventive and maintenance measuresEvaluation period
Evaluation period
Reconstruction
Serious functional decline
Preventive and maintenance measures
RepairRepair
1-3. Implementation of Preventive and Maintenance Measures
59
Scenario I: A case to repair 20 years after the previous repair2008 Repair (Working life 20 years)2028 Repair (Working life 20 years)
Scenario II: A case to reinforce after 5 years and to completely renew 30 years after the reinforcement2013 Reinforcement (Working life 30 years)2043 Renewal (Working life 40 years)
Scenario III: A case to renew completely after 10 years2018 Renewal (Working life 40 years)
(1) Preparation of scenario (Repair , reinforcement , renewal )
6. Study of Countermeasure Method
Serious functional decline
Functional recovery through reconstruction
Scenario III
To continue functional diagnosis and inspection through visual check, etc.
Strength measurement by taking core samples
Repair with polymer cement mortar
Scenario II
Strength measurement and the like by taking core samples
To continue functional diagnosis and inspection through visual check, etc.
Attachment of FRP Panel
Scenario I
60
(2) Scenario evaluation
機能保全コスト
7. Study of Countermeasure Method
シナリオ Ⅰ
シナリオ Ⅱ
シナリオ Ⅲ
対策工事による性能向上
S-1
S-3
S-4
劣化による性能低下
β
γ
α
S-5
S-2
Soun
dnes
s
Scenario I
Performance improvement through countermeasure
worksS-1
S-3
S-4
Performance decline due to deterioration
β
γ
α
S-5
S-2
Scenario IIScenario III
Functional diagnosis Elapse of time
Control level
02005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
Christian year
シナリオⅠ
シナリオⅡ
シナリオⅢ
To deduct from the cost the residual
value after a certain period of time.
A certain period
Scenario IScenario IIScenario III
Elapsed time
5 years
Residual working life
35 years
10,000
20,000
30,000
0
Func
tion
mai
nten
ance
cos
t (th
ousa
nd y
en)
61
To implement functional analysis on each facility (By inspecting and diagnosing the facility function, the facility deterioration will be judged.)
Serious functional decline
Renewal work from necessary parts
Continuous use under monitoring
The optimum repair is conducted depending on the deterioration level.
To decrease life cycle cost by adding longer working life than the conventional one.
[Countermeasure 1]
Surface covering method
Range of function diagnosis implementation
Dam
Head works
Fallen canal wall
Deteriorated water canal Reinforcement with carbon sheet
Partial renewal
Sound condition of facility
Countermeasure 1
Countermeasure 2
Countermeasure 3
Water canal
As a method to make the enormous agricultural irrigation and drainage stock perform its function adequately and effectively, a stock management to selectively implement efficient and effective measures will be introduced on the basis of the facility functional diagnosis, so that the facility life will be extended, and the life cycle cost will be decreased.
1-3. Introduction of Stock Management
[Countermeasure 2]
[Countermeasure 3]
2. Development of Rural Sewerage Facilities
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Change in availability of sewerage facilitiesBodies for constructing sewerage facilities
Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport
Environmental Agency
Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
To improve water quality of irrigation and drainage canals by treating the sewerage and wastewater
2. Development of Rural Areas2-1. Development of Agricultural Roads
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To improve the efficiency of transportation of agricultural products between farm, village and market
3. Conservation and Maintenance of Rural Areas3-1. Disaster Prevention and Conservation of Farmland
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To protect farmland and agricultural facilities from natural disasters
• Indonesia now has become a member of G20, also is the world’s largest Islamic state and already a leader of countries. It is a time for Indonesia to contribute to challenge to the global food and human security
• Farmers with substantial capacity development and farm lands with appropriate irrigation infrastructure are sustainable national public treasuries/properties
• Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) should not hesitate to drastically increase its budget for the investment on irrigation infrastructure and capacity building of farmers for water management
Conclusions/Comments
• The problem on shortage of engineers and technical officials in MOA can be solved by means of outsourcing technical works
• For that purpose development of private companies engaged in consulting works on planning and designing is essential– Retired technical officials from Ministry of Public Works as a
core and young engineers may establish consulting and architectural design firms
– Otherwise MOA promotes the establishment of United national/provincial Federations of WUA/WUAF and recruits retired technical officials and young engineers and farmers who have technical knowledge
Conclusions/Comments
• The United national/provincial Federations of WUA/WUAF collect a membership fee from WUA/WUAF and take two roles;– Technical instruction/assistance to WUA/WUAF and training farmers on water management, and in some cases consulting and architectural design firms as well as contractors for construction works
– Collecting farmers’ voice and votes and conveying them into politics and decision makers at provincial/national level to create more positive atmospheres for public investment on irrigation infrastructures(Political union of WUA/WUAF may accompany them)
Conclusions/Comments
Photographs
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Facilities Developed byAgricultural and Rural Development Project
Arch Dam
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Rock Fill Dam
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Large Scale Barrage- Tone Barrage –
“Tone” means the name of river which has the largest basin area in Japan.
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Medium Scale Barrage
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Diversion Dam（Head works)
Prior to Installation of Surface Drainage Facilities
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Around50 years ago
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After Installation ofSurface Drainage Facilities
Pumping Station
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Pumping Station
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BeforeAfter
FarmlandConsolidation
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Farmland Reclamation
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Sea Bottom ReclamationBefore(1957) After(1977)
22000ha(12km X 27km) 17000ha
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Embankment Repair
BeforeAfter
Development of Rural Waterfront Environment
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Thank you for your kind attention.
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