institutional ontology as an ontology of types
TRANSCRIPT
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THE FOURTH CONFERENCE OF THE EUROPEAN
NETWORK ON SOCIAL ONTOLOGY (ENSO IV)PALERMO, 24 26 | 9 | 2015
INSTITUTIONALONTOLOGYAS ANONTOLOGY OFTYPES
Lorenzo PASSE
Universit di M
lorenzo.passer
A Legisign is a law that is aSign []. Nor would the
Replica be significant if itwere not for the law whichrenders it so.
Charles Sanders PEIRCE
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1. EIDOGRAPHIC PREDICATES VS. IDIOGRAPHIC PREDICATES
2. PROPERTIES BEING TRANSMITTED: AN ASYMMETRY BETWEENEIDOGRAPHIC ANDIDIOGRAPHIC PREDICATES
3. TWO FORMS OF ATYPICALITY: PRIVATIVE ATYPICALITY VS.NEGATIVE ATYPICALITY
4. EXTRINSIC EFFECTS OFNON-INSTITUTIONAL ACTS VS. INTRINSICEFFECTS OFINSTITUTIONAL ACTS
5. ANALOGICAL TYPES VS. KATALOGICAL TYPES
INSTITUTIONAL ONTOLOGY AS AN ONTOLOGY OF TYP
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1.EIDOGRAPHIC PREDICATES
VS.
IDIOGRAPHIC PREDICATES
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The faithful dog - why should I striveto speak his merits, while they live
in every breast, and man's best frienddoes often at his heels attend.
(The New-York Literary Journal, volume 4, 1821)
EIDOGRAPHIC1 PREDICATES
1. Dog is mans best friend.
3. In the game of rugby, a try isworth five points.
5. According to Italian law, in theabsence of a contrary stipulation,from marriage derives thecommunity of property between
the spouses.
IDIOGRAPHIC2 PREDICATE
2. His dog Gilbert is his best f
4. Goromarus try in South AJapan match on last Saturdaturned the tide of the game
6. Andrea and Francescasmarriage took place on a brisunny day, September 29th, 2
1 Cfr. Amedeo Giovanni CONTE (*12 Cfr. Wilhelm WINDELBAND (1848-19
1. Eidographic predicates vs. idiographic predicates
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TYPE VS. TOKEN PARADIGM
In [a] sense of the word word, there is but one the in the English language; and it is impossible
word should lie visibly on a page or be heard in avoice, for the reason that it is not a Single thing or event. It does not exist; it only determines things thexist. Such a definitely significant Form, I propose ta Type.
(Ch. S. PEIRCE 1960, 4.537, vo
Charles SandersPEIRCE (1839-1914)
A single event which happens once and whose
is limited to that one happening or a Single objecthing which is in some single place at any one insttime, such event or thing being significant only asoccurring just when and where it does, such as thword on a single line of a single page of a single ca book, I will venture to call a Token.
(Ch. S. PEIRCE 1960, 4.537, vo
1. Eidographic predicates vs. idiographic predicates
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WHAT ARE THE CHARACTERISTIC
CIRCUMSTANCES IN WHICH WEPOSTULATE A TYPE?
A very important set of circumstances in whicwe postulate types [] is where we can correa class of particulars with a piece of humaninvention: these particulars may then be regaas tokens of a certain type.
(R. Wollheim,Art and Its Object, 1968
Class: e.g. the class of small objects.
Universal: e.g. smallness.
Type: e.g. the Union Jack.
Richard ArthurWOLLHEIM (1923-2003)
1. Eidographic predicates vs. idiographic predicates
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2.PROPERTIES BEING TRANSMITTED:
AN ASYMMETRY BETWEEN EIDOGRAPH
AND IDIOGRAPHIC PREDICATES
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TYPE (Battle-scarred) TO
2. Properties being transmitted: an asymmetry between eidographic and idiographic pre
(the only one surviving froTrafalgar battle,
sold for 384,000 in 2009
The type Union Jackcannot get battle-scarred
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Eidographic predicates
3. In the game of rugby, a try isworth five points.
8*. In the game of rugby, a try turns
the tide of the game.
Idiographic predica
7. Goromarus try in SouJapan match on last Satworth five points.
4. Goromarus try in Sou
Japan match on last Satturned the tide of the ga
2. Properties being transmitted: an asymmetry between eidographic and idiographic pre
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Eidographic predicates
5. According to Italian law, in theabsence of a contrary stipulation,from marriage derives thecommunity of property betweenthe spouses.
10*. According to Italian law,marriage takes place on a brightsunny day, September 29th, 2012.
Idiographic predica
9. From Andrea and Framarriage derived the coproperty between them
6. Andrea and Francesmarriage took place onsunny day, September 2
2. Properties being transmitted: an asymmetry between eidographic and idiographic pre
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3.TWO FORMS OF ATYPICALITY:PRIVATIVE ATYPICALITY
VS.
NEGATIVE ATYPICALITY
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Privative atypicality
(steretic,1 scalar atypicality)
Deviation from a given type,partial non-conformity with
reference to a type.
Negative atypic
(apophatic,1 binary aty
Typelessness, irreduciblenexisting type.
3. Two forms of atypicality: privative atypicality vs. negative atypicality
1 On strsis vs. apphasis, cfr. ARISTOTLE (3On Interpretation,Categories, Metaphys
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Privative atypicality
The atypicality of a fake
(counterfeit) 20 banknote. The atypicality of a lease contract
in which something different frommoney is the consideration forlease.
Negative atypicality
The atypicality of a 30 bank
The atypicality of scoring a trfootball (soccer).
The atypicality of castling indraughts: There is no castlingdraughts (L. WITTGENSTEIN).
Privative atypicalitypresupposes the existence of areference type.
Negative atypicality isdetermined by the non-existence of a reference
3. Two forms of atypicality: privative atypicality vs. negative atypicality
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NEGATIVE ATYPICALITY AND NORMATIVE IMPOSSIB
NEGATIVE ATYPICALITY
Ontological NORMATIVE IMPO
a normative impossibility whicoriginates (not from the preseimpeding norm, but) from theof specific rules constituting t
(Cfr. Amedeo G. CONTE and Paolo
3. Two forms of atypicality: privative atypicality vs. negative atypicality
All these acts could not exist (that is, it wouldnt be poperform them), if the norm constituting them didnt exisAs well as it is impossible to capture a pawn without tchess, it is impossible to donate a horse to anybody witnorms instituting legal property and the [type of] act ofdonation.
Cz. ZNACzesaw ZNAMIEROWSKI(1225-1274)
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4.EXTRINSIC EFFECTS OF
NON-INSTITUTIONAL ACTSVS.
INSTRINSIC EFFECTS OFINSTITUTIONAL ACTS
4 E t i i ff t f i tit ti l t i t i i ff t f i tit ti l t
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Extrinsic (causal) effectsof non-institutional acts
Cutting down a tree
Running
Intrinsic (non-causal)effects of institutiona
Marrying
Scoring a try
The tree falls down
The body changes relatively quickly itsposition in space
The community of property betwthe spouses is constituted
The scorers team earns five poin
Token-to-token cause-effect relationship, notdetermined by the type
Token-to-token cause-effect relationship, notdetermined by the type
Institutional relatimputation,1
determined by t
Institutional relatimputation,determined by t
1 Cfr. Hans KELSEN (1881-19
4. Extrinsic effects of non-institutional acts vs. intrinsic effects of institutional acts
4 E t i i ff t f i tit ti l t i t i i ff t f i tit ti l t
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The type of an institutional act is the(necessary) CAUSA PRIMA of the effects oftokens; every token is a (contingent) CAU
SECUNDA of those effects: a CAUSA SECUNDAtriggers the effects determined by the
Effectus plus dependet a causa prima quamcausa secunda, quia secunda causa non agvirtute primae causae.
The effect depends more on the causa primon a causa secunda, since a causa secundaonly in virtue of the causa prima.
(Thomas AQUINAS, Summa theologiae, Ia-IIa, q.
4. Extrinsic effects of non-institutional acts vs. intrinsic effects of institutional acts
THOMAS AQUINAS(1225-1274)
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5.ANALOGICAL TYPES
VS.KATALOGICAL TYPES
5 Analogical types vs katalogical types
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ANALOGICAL TYPES
AnANALOGICAL TYPE is obtained peranalogiam and abstraction from theits tokens.
Properties are transmitted in anUPWARD DIRECTION (an-basis), from thetokens to the type: the type MIRRORSthe properties of its tokens.
The tokens are the PRIUS, the type isthe POSTERIUS.
Prevailing COGNITIVE function, andEPISTEMOLOGICAL import.
KATALOGICAL1 TYPES
A token is obtained per katalo(instantiation) from its KATALOGIC
Properties are transmitted in aDOWNWARD DIRECTION (kata-basithe type to the tokens: the typDETERMINES the properties of its t
The type is the PRIUS, the tokensthe POSTERIUS.
Prevailing NORMATIVE function, aONTOLOGICAL import.
5.Analogical types vs. katalogical types
1 Cfr. Alexander GERKEN; Hans Urs VON(1905-1988)
5 Analogical types vs katalogical types
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ANALOGICAL TYPES
TYPE-TO-TOKENS DIRECTION OF FIT:1
an analogical type has to fit its
tokens in order to be cognitivelycorrect.
COGNITIVE EXPECTATIONS:2
in case of non-correspondencebetween the type and its tokens, it isthe type that has to be revised.
KATALOGICAL TYPES
TOKENS-TO-TYPE DIRECTION OF FIT:1
a token has to fit its katalogic
in order to exist (to be ontolocorrect) and to produce its e
NORMATIVE EXPECTATIONS:2
in case of non-correspondenbetween the type and a tokethe token that has to be revis
5.Analogical types vs. katalogical types
2 Cfr. Johan GALTUNG (*1930)1 Cfr. THOMAS AQUINAS (1225-1274); G.E.M.ANSCOMBE (1919-2001); John R. SEARLE
(*1932)
5 Analogical types vs katalogical types
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Veritas consistit in adaequationeintellectus et rei []. Intellectus autemqui est causa rei, comparatur ad ipsamsicut regula et mensura, e converso
autem est de intellectu qui accipitscientiam a rebus.
Quando igitur RES SUNT MENSURA ET REGULAINTELLECTUS, veritas consistit in hoc, quodintellectus adaequatur rei, ut in nobisaccidit, ex eo enim quod res est vel nonest, opinio nostra et oratio vera vel falsaest.
Sed quando INTELLECTUS EST REGULA VELMENSURA RERUM, veritas consistit in hoc,quod res adaequantur intellectui, sicutdicitur artifex facere verum opus,quando concordat arti.
Truth consists in a correspondbetween the intellect and reaan intellect that is a cause of trelevant real thing is related torule and measure, whereas theconverse holds in the case of a
intellect that takes its scientificknowledge from the things.
Thus, when, as happens with uthings are the measure and ruintellect, then truth consists in tintellects corresponding to theFor it is because reality is or is nand-such that our opinions andstatements are true or false.
By contrast, when the intellector measure of the things, then consists in the things correspothe intellect. So, for instance, tcraftsman is said to produce awhen that work agrees with his
(THOMAS AQUINAS, Summa theologiae, Ia-IIae, q. 19, a
5.Analogical types vs. katalogical types
5 Analogical types vs katalogical types
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ANALOGICAL TYPES
The truth-canon (criterion of truth)
for eidographic predicates referringto analogical types is nottype: it isthe tokens
KATALOGICAL TYPES
The truth-canon for eidogra
predicates referring to kataltypes is the type itself
5.Analogical types vs. katalogical types
NATURAL ONTOLOGY AS ANONTOLOGY OFTOKENS
INSTITUTIONAL ONTOLOGYAN ONTOLOGY OFTYPES
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THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION