institutionalizing the pan american ideal. the pan american ideal: overview connected with proposals...
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Institutional Development: World War II Commercial Bureau of American Republics grew out of First International Conference of the American States Fourth Conference (1910) –Named system – Union of American Republics –Bureau becomes Pan American Unions Broader responsibilities U.S. Secretary of State chair Governing BoardTRANSCRIPT
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INSTITUTIONALIZING THE PAN AMERICAN
IDEAL
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The Pan American Ideal: Overview
Connected with proposals that led to First International Conference of the American States (1889-90)
Tensions between universalism and multilateralism persisted from the beginning
United Nations Charter (Article 51) drafted to accommodate Pan American ideal
Pan American Ideal virtually disappeared in 1960’s
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Institutional Development: 1889-
World War II Commercial Bureau of American Republics
grew out of First International Conference of the American States
Fourth Conference (1910) – Named system – Union of American Republics– Bureau becomes Pan American Unions
Broader responsibilities U.S. Secretary of State chair Governing Board
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Placing the system on a permanent institutional
basis Special Inter-American Conference on
Problems of War and Peace– Mexico City (1945)
Act of Chapultapec (sanctions to be used against agresor)
– Authorized drafting of three basic integrated documents
Treaty of reciprocal assistance Constitution for a regional organization Treaty to coordinate agreements on pacific
settlements
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1947 – Special Inter-American Conference for
the Maintenance of Continental Peace and
Security Rio Treaty adopted (Inter-American
Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance) Created a mutual security regime that
became model for NATO Never had operational military forces
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Ninth International Conference of American
States Approved Charter of Organization of
American States (Treaty of Bogota) Went into effect in 1951, although provisions
adhered to almost immediately When OAS Charter was adopted the Union
of American States became the Organization of American States (OAS)
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Inter American Treaty on Pacific Settlement
Also adopted at the Ninth International Conference
Intended to order the disparate extant procedures for the peaceful resolutions of inter-American disputes
United States never ratified this treaty
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MEMBERSHIP IN THE OAS 1948 - 1962 all
independent Latin American States
Castro’s Cuba suspended in 1962
Boundary disputes kept some former British colonies out for some years
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OAS STRUCTURE
Council of the OAS– One permanent member from each state– Act provisionally when there is a threat to peace– Oversees IA-ESOSOC– Inter-American Council of Jurists– Inter-American Cultural Council
Specialized Conferences (much autonomy)– Twelve organs deal with technical matters– Inter-American Commission on Human Rights
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Protocol of Buenos Aires (1967)
Created the General Assembly as the new supreme organ of the OAS– Meets annually– Approves budget– Elects Secretary General
Abolished Inter-American Conference Permanent Council located in
Washington, D.C.
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Protocol of Managua 1993 - Approved by General Assembly
of the OAS Provisions:
– Eliminated Inter-American Economic & Social Council &
– Eliminated Inter-American Council on Education, Science & Culture
– Created Inter-American Council for Inter-regional Development (CIDI)
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Major Contemporary Concerns of the OAS
Peace and Security merged during the Cold War
Democracy and human rights Economic and Cultural cooperation Drug traffic Environmental protection
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Democratic Charter: Adopted 2001
– ** Twenty-Eight Articles - ** A multilateral tool with the central aim of
strengthening and upholding democratic institutions in the nations of the Americas
- ** The Charter, which is binding on all 34 of the currently active OAS member states, spells out what democracy entails and specifies how it should be defended when it is under threat
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Peruvian Assault on Democracy a Catalyst
President Fujimori seeks to prolong his authoritarian government
Peru forced to accept democratic renewal Promote and defend democracy New president became advocate for set of
rules for democracy in OAS
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Democratic Charter as Reflection of U.S.
Strategic Interests – Washington views liberal democratic regimes as
conducive to maintenance of stability in the region
– Carta Democrática creates consensus on acceptance of democratic culture
– If democratic culture is violated – likelihood of rapid, decisive, multilateral response against uprisings
– Democratic elites in OAS states support each other
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Democratic Charter allows U.S. to appear as less
“IMPERIALISTIC” Washington Committed to multilateral
action U.S. military burden reduced Leftward drift of government of
President Hugo Chavez divides U.S. and Latin American
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April 2002 coup United States “Involved?” in
Political Crisis in Venezuela
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Policy Consensus behind the Charter Unravels
A game changer in Venezuela? OAS called in after coup when
opposition came to view Carter Center as inclining toward the government
Chavez government becomes hostile to OAS
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Opposition to Democratic Charter
Democratic Charter: Trojan Horse?
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OAS and the Venezuelan Crisis
Caesar Gaviria: Secretary General of OAS – Personally oversaw the monitoring
of efforts to recall President Chavez – Former president of Colombia– Came from kind of political
establishment that President Chavez distrusts
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OAS and the Venezuelan Crisis
Group of “Friends of Venezuela” formed in Quito as check on the OAS and Carter Center – Spain & Portugal– Mexico, Chile & Brazil– United States
OAS (and Carter Center) certified Chavez victory in the referendum of August 15, 2004)
UN played a minor role
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Experience with the Democratic Charter
Leads Latin American States to Explore
Multilateralism without the United States