Instructor: Instructor:

Dr. Marinella SandrosDr. Marinella Sandros

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NanochemistrNanochemistryy

NAN 601NAN 601

Lecture 10: Chemistry in Nanotechnology

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Klabunde, KJ, Nanoscale Materials in Chemistry, John Wiley & Sons (2001).

1 millimeter = 0.001 or 10-3 m

1 micron = 0.000001 or 10-6 m

1 nanometer = 0.000000001 or 10-9 m

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What is interesting about the nanoscale?o Nanosized particles exhibit different properties than

larger particle of the same substance

As we study phenomena at this scale we... Learn more about the nature of matterDevelop new theoriesDiscover new questions and answers in many areas,

including health care, energy, and technologyFigure out how to make new products and technologies

that can improve people’s lives

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A device or machine, product or process based upon individual or multiple integrated nanoscale components.

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The utilization of synthetic chemistry to make nanoscale building blocks of different size and shape, composition and surface structure, charge and functionality.

In a self-assembly construction process, spontaneous, directed by templates or guided by chemically or lithographically defined surface patterns, they may form architectures that perform an intelligent function and portend a particular use.

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Chemistry: study of atoms and molecules, dimensions generally less than 1 nm

Condensed matter physics: an infinite array of bound atoms or molecules of dimensions greater than 100 nm.

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Klabunde, KJ, Nanoscale Materials in Chemistry, John Wiley & Sons (2001).

Quantum chemistry nor classical laws of physics hold.

Materials where strong chemical bonding is present extent of electron delocalization can be extensive.

Properties dependent on size: Magnetic properties Optical properties Melting Points Specific Heats Surface Reactivity

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Study of objects and phenomena at a very small scale (1-1000 nm)

An emerging interdisciplinary science.

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Chemsitry

Chemsitry

PhysicsPhysics

Materials Science

Materials Science

EngineeringEngineering

Computer Science

Computer Science

BiologyBiology

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Pharmacy: Create biomolecules that carry out “pharmacy in a cell”, that could release cancer-fighting nanoparticles or chemicals in response to a distress signal from an afflicted cell.

Plenitude RevitaliftLoreal Tennis Rackets

Wilson (C fibers)

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Nano SilverSeal RefrigeratorSamsung (nanoparticle-coated)

Tagging of DNA and DNA Chips: Coating Au NPs with DNA strands (recognize complementary strand) gold aggregates (color change takes place).

Microarray DNA chip (100,000 ssDNA functionalized on surface) identify unknown DNA.

Display ScreensMotorola (NTs)

CarsGM (Nanocomposites)

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Klabunde, KJ, Nanoscale Materials in Chemistry, John Wiley & Sons (2001).

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Type Size (approx.) Materials

Nanocrystals and clusters (quantum dots)

diam. 1-10 nm Metals, semiconductors, magnetic materials

Other nanoparticles diam. 1-100 nm Ceramic Oxides

Nanowires diam. 1-100 nm Metals, semiconductors, oxides, sulfides, nitrides

Nanotubes diam. 1-100 nm Carbon, layered metal chalcogenides

Nanoporous solids Pore diam. 0.5-10 nm

Zeolites, phosphates etc.

2D arrays (of nanoparticles)

Several nm2-µm2 Metals, semiconductors, magnetic materials

Surfaces and thin films

Thickness 1-1000 nm

A variety of materials

3D structures (superlattices)

Several nm in the three dimensions

Metals, semiconductors, magnetic materials

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• The basic building blocks of matter are atomic nuclei and electrons.

• In an atom, electrons orbit around the single nucleus and the number of electrons depends on the element

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http://boomeria.org/chemlectures/textass2/firstsemass.html

17http://www.homework-help-secrets.com/images/element-Ne2.jpg

18www.ch.ic.ac.uk/vchemlib/course/mo_theory

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Cluster: a collection of units (atoms or reactive molecules) of up to about 50 units. Cluster compounds are such moieties surrounded by a ligand shell that allows isolation of a molecular species.

Colloid: a stable liquid phase containing particles in the 1-1000 nm range. A colloidal particle is one such 1-1000 nm sized particle.

Nanoparticle: A solid in the 1-100 nm range that could be noncrystaline, an aggregate of crystallites, or a single crystallite.

Nanocrystal: A solid particle that is a single crystal in the nanometer size range. Nanostructured or nanoscale material: Any solid material that has a nanometer dimension, 3Dparticles 2D thin films 1D thin wire

Nanophase Material: the same as nanostructured material.

Quantum Dot: A particle that exhibits a size quantization effects in at least 1D.

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Aerosol is a suspension of fine solid particles or liquid droplets in a gas. Milk is an emulsified colloid of liquid butterfat globules dispersed within a water-based solution.

Micelle is an aggregate of surfactant molecules dispersed in a liquid colloid

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To some the word `colloidal' conjures up visions of things indefinite inshape, indefinite in chemical composition and physical properties, ficklein chemical deportment, things infilterable and generally unmanageable.

Hedges, 1931

Application Involved Principles

Pharmaceutics, cosmetics, inks, paints, foods, foams, chemicals

Formation and stabilization of end-use products

Photographic products, ceramics, paper coatings, catalysts, magnetic media

Formation of colloids for use in subsequent manufacturing processes

Pumping of slurries, coating technology, filtration

Handling properties of colloids, rheology, sintering

Water purification, fining of wines and beer

Destruction of unwanted colloidal systems

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Nucleation (critical size)

Agglomeration

Clusters

Crystallites

Primary particlesParticles

Growth

Typical precipitation reaction:

Reactant 1 + Reactant 2 Product + By-productT, t

Stabilizer

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DNA Sequencing: The Sanger Method

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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yVf2295JqUg&playnext=1&list=PLB271D37E18489DB6

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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5jqQxuVncmc&feature=related

Video Journey Into Nanotechnology