instructor: dr. ryan lambert-bellacov, d.c.. overview of the course syllabus
TRANSCRIPT
INSTRUCTOR: DR. RYAN LAMBERT-BELLACOV, D.C.
Overview of the course
Syllabus
Fundamentals of Human Anatomy & Physiology
Copyright © 2006 Delmar
Second EditionDonald Rizzo
Chapter 1The Human Body:
An Orientation
The Human Body – An OrientationThe Human Body – An Orientation
Slide 1.1
• Anatomy – study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts
• Physiology – study of how the body and its parts work or function [characteristics and mechanisms that make it a living being.]
Anatomy – Levels of StudyAnatomy – Levels of Study
Slide 1.2a
• Gross Anatomy
• Large structures
• Easily observable
Figure 1.1
Anatomy – Levels of StudyAnatomy – Levels of Study
Slide 1.2b
• Very small structures
• Can only be viewed with a microscope
Figure 14.4
Levels of Structural OrganizationLevels of Structural Organization
Slide 1.3Figure 1.1
How to study Anatomy!
Regional – all structures in one part of the body (such as the abdomen or leg)
– gross anatomy of the body studied by system (most common and the way we will approach this class)
Surface – study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin
Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview
Slide 1.4
• Integumentary/Skin
• Forms the external body covering providing protection
• Composed of the skin, sweat glands, oil glands, hair, and nails
• Synthesizes vitamin D
• Location of cutaneous nerve receptors
Figure 1.2a
Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview
Slide 1.5
• Skeletal
• Protects and supports body organs
• Provides muscle attachment for movement
• Site of blood cell formation
• Stores mineralsFigure 1.2b
Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview
Slide 1.6
• Muscular
• Allows locomotion
• Maintains posture
• Produces heat
Figure 1.2c
Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview
Slide 1.7
• Nervous
• Fast-acting control system
• Responds to internal and external change
• Activates muscles and glands
Figure 1.2d
Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview
Slide 1.8Copyright © 2006 Delmar edited by Ryan Lambert-Bellacov
• Endocrine
• Secretes regulatory hormones
• Growth
• Reproduction
• Metabolism
Figure 1.2e
Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview
Slide 1.9
• Cardiovascular
• Transports materials in body via blood pumped by heart
• Oxygen
• Carbon dioxide
• Nutrients
• WastesFigure 1.2f
Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview
Slide 1.10
• *
• Returns fluids to blood vessels
• Disposes of debris
• Involved in immunity
Figure 1.2g
Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview
Slide 1.11Copyright © 2006 Delmar edited by Ryan Lambert-Bellacov
• Respiratory
• Keeps blood supplied with oxygen
• Removes carbon dioxide
Figure 1.2h
Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview
Slide 1.12Copyright © 2006 Delmar edited by Ryan Lambert-Bellacov
• Digestive
• Breaks down food
• Allows for nutrient absorption into blood
• Eliminates indigestible material
Figure 1.2i
Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview
Slide 1.13
• Urinary
• Eliminates nitrogenous wastes
• Maintains acid – base balance
• Regulation of materials
• Water
• ElectrolytesFigure 1.2j
Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview
Slide 1.14Copyright © 2006 Delmar edited by Ryan Lambert-Bellacov
• Reproductive
• Production of offspring
Figure 1.2k
The Language of AnatomyThe Language of Anatomy
Slide 1.21
• Special terminology is used to prevent misunderstanding
• Exact terms are used for:
• Position
• Direction
• Regions
• Structures
Orientation and Directional TermsOrientation and Directional Terms
Slide 1.22
Table 1.1
Orientation and Directional TermsOrientation and Directional Terms
Slide 1.23
Table 1.1 (cont)
Body LandmarksBody Landmarks
Slide 1.24Copyright © 2006 Delmar edited by Ryan Lambert-Bellacov
• Anterior
Figure 1.5a
Body LandmarksBody Landmarks
Slide 1.25Copyright © 2006 Delmar edited by Ryan Lambert-Bellacov
• Posterior
Figure 1.5b
Body PlanesBody Planes
Slide 1.26Copyright © 2006 Delmar edited by Ryan Lambert-Bellacov
Figure 1.6
Body CavitiesBody Cavities
Slide 1.27
Figure 1.7
Necessary Life FunctionsNecessary Life Functions
Slide 1.15
• Maintain Boundaries
• Movement
• Locomotion
• Movement of substances
• Responsiveness
• Ability to sense changes and react
• Digestion
• Break-down and delivery of nutrients
Necessary Life FunctionsNecessary Life Functions
Slide 1.16a
• Metabolism – chemical reactions within the body
• Production of energy
• Making body structures
• Excretion
• Elimination of waste from metabolic reactions
Necessary Life FunctionsNecessary Life Functions
Slide 1.16b
• Reproduction
• Production of future generation
• Growth
• Increasing of cell size and number
Survival NeedsSurvival Needs
Slide 1.17aCopyright © 2006 Delmar edited by Ryan Lambert-Bellacov
• Nutrients
• Chemicals for energy and cell building
• Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals
• Oxygen
• Required for chemical reactions
Survival NeedsSurvival Needs
Slide 1.17bCopyright © 2006 Delmar edited by Ryan Lambert-Bellacov
• Water
• 60–80% of body weight
• Provides for metabolic reaction
• Stable body temperature
• Atmospheric pressure must be appropriate
HomeostasisHomeostasis
Slide 1.18Copyright © 2006 Delmar edited by Ryan Lambert-Bellacov
• Maintenance of a stable internal environment = a dynamic state of equilibrium
• Homeostasis must be maintained for normal body functioning and to sustain life
• Homeostatic imbalance – a disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease
Maintaining HomeostasisMaintaining Homeostasis
Slide 1.19a
• The body communicates through neural and hormonal control systems
• Receptor
• Responds to changes in the environment (stimuli)
• Sends information to control center
Maintaining HomeostasisMaintaining Homeostasis
Slide 1.19bCopyright © 2006 Delmar edited by Ryan Lambert-Bellacov
• Control center
• Determines set point
• Analyzes information
• Determines appropriate response
• Effector
• Provides a means for response to the stimulus
Feedback MechanismsFeedback Mechanisms
Slide 1.20aCopyright © 2006 Delmar edited by Ryan Lambert-Bellacov
• Negative feedback
• Includes most homeostatic control mechanisms
• Shuts off the original stimulus, or reduces its intensity
• Works like a household thermostat
Feedback Mechanisms
• Positive Feedback
• Increases the original stimulus to push the variable farther
• In the body this occurs only in blood clotting and child birth
Performance Objectivescontinued
• Describe the levels of organization of the body and give major characteristics of each level.
• List the organ systems.
• Define homeostasis and explain why it is important.
• Describe the negative-feedback system and the positive-feedback system and their relationship to homeostasis.
Performance Objectivescontinued
• Name and describe the three major planes of the body or organ.
• Hint: Begin to study material now!
• Get help soon – if you need it! We want you to be successful!