instrument and automation engineers handbook analysis and

This article was downloaded by: 10.3.98.104On: 31 Dec 2021Access details: subscription numberPublisher: CRC PressInforma Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: 5 Howick Place, London SW1P 1WG, UK

Instrument and Automation Engineers’ HandbookAnalysis and AnalyzersBéla G. Lipták, Kriszta Venczel

Analyzer Sampling

Publication detailshttps://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.1201/9781315370323-4

D. H. F. Liu, B. G. LiptákPublished online on: 06 Oct 2016

How to cite :- D. H. F. Liu, B. G. Lipták. 06 Oct 2016, Analyzer Sampling from: Instrument andAutomation Engineers’ Handbook, Analysis and Analyzers CRC PressAccessed on: 31 Dec 2021https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.1201/9781315370323-4

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79

1.3

Types of sample Gas-containing particulates

Standard design pressure Generally atmospheric or near atmospheric

Standard design temperature −32°C to 815°C (−25°F to 1500°F)

Sample velocity 120–3000 m (400–10,000 ft) per min

Materials of construction 316 or 304 stainless steel for pitot tubes; 316 or 304 stainless, quartz, or Incoloy for sample probes

Costs Probes only in 1–3 m (3–10 ft) lengths with glass, quartz, or stainless steel lining— from $1,300 to $2,500; $10,000 to $15,000 for a complete EPA particulate sampling system (Reference Method 5)

Partial list of suppliers AMP, EPA Method Sampling System, (2015) http://www.ampcherokee.com/v/vspfiles/photos/C002.0002-2T.jpgApex Instruments, Clean Air Europe: http://www.alpha.cleanaireurope.com/page.php?u=produit_ventes&idprod=235

Environmental Monitoring, http://www.em-monitor.com/IsokineticSamplers.html

Inventys Inc. http://www.inventys.in/particle8.html

Keika Ventures, http://www.keikaventures.com/productinfo.php?product_id=1174

Mirion Technologies (https://www.mirion.com/search-results/?q=stack+samplers)

New Star Environmental, http://www.newstarenvironmental.com/product/nsm9096-mini-stack-sampler-a

Perma Pure, Baldwin, http://www.permapure.com/products/gas-drying-systems/baldwin-probes/baldwin-series-direct-extractive-filter-probes/

Rupprecht & Patashnick Co. http://www.envirosource.com/domino/thielen/envrsrc.nsf/SearchAll/8CA1D1FE12B4E6FC8625662100762CAE?OpenDocument

Sensidyne, Inc. (http://sensidyne.com/sensidyne-search-results.php?advsearch=oneword&search=particulate+sampler+ stacks&sub=+%C2%A0+%C2%A0++++Search)

Sierra Monitor Corp. (http://www.sierramonitor.com/protect/all-fire-gas-products/gas-sensor-accessories)

Teledyne Analytical Instruments, http://www.teledyne-api.com/manuals/07318b_602.pdf

Thermo Andersen, http://pine-environmental.com/product/instruments/thermo_andersen_tsp_sampler/

Thermo Scientific, Particulate Monitoring (2015) http://www.thermoscientific.com/en/products/particulate-monitoring.html

IntroduCtIon

Stack gas sampling has already been discussed in Chapter 1.2 in connection with Figures 1.2ae and 1.2af. In this chapter, the emphasis will be on particulate sampling by EPA Method 5 and in that connection, the topics of traverse point locations and pitot tube designs will be emphasized.

Some stack gas samplers (Figure 1.3a) are provided with microcomputer controls and perform the sampling automatically.

AnalyzersamplingStack Monitoring

d.h.f.lIu(1982, 1995) B.g.lIPták(2003, 2017)

To receiver

ParticulatesSample

Flow sheet symbol

AT

Fig. 1.3aIsokinetic sampler. (Courtesy of Environmental Monitoring.)

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80 Analytical Measurement

theePAPArtICulAtesAMPlIngsysteM

A complete Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) partic-ulate sampling system (Reference Method 5)* is comprised of four major subsystems:

1. A pitot tube probe or pitobe assembly used for temperature and velocity measurements and for sampling

2. A two-module sampling unit that consists of a sepa-rate heated compartment with provision for a filter assembly, and a separate ice-bath compartment for the impinger train and bubblers

3. An operating–control unit with a vacuum pump and a standard dry gas meter

4. An integrated, modular umbilical cord that connects the sample unit and pitobe to the control unit

Figure 1.3b is a schematic of an EPA particulate sampling train (Method 5). As shown in the figure, the system can be readily adapted for sampling sulfur dioxide (SO2), sulfur tri-oxide (SO3), and sulfuric acid (H2SO4) mist (Method 8).

* EPA, Method 5—Determination of particulate matter emissions from stationary sources, (2011) http://www3.epa.gov/ttnemc01/promgate/m-05.pdf.

Microprocessor-Controlledstacksampling

In these sampling packages, a microprocessor directs the automatic sampling method, which can be selected to follow U.S. EPA Method 5† or other international methods specified by Verein Deutscher Ingenieure (VDI), British Standards Institution (BSI), or International Standards Organization (ISO). The microprocessor stores all measurements, reviews and diagnoses all inputs, controls the required parameters, calculates isokinetic conditions, and either reports the results in a printed form or transfers them to a floppy disk.

Besides the controller, such a package usually consists of a probe, a filter (hot) box, a cold box, a flexible sample line, glassware, a node box, and a monorail system. The probe is usually 0.9, 1.5, 2.1, or 3 m (3, 5, 7, or 10 ft) and made of stainless steel with a glass liner. Most probes are jacket heated and are provided with both a liner thermocouple and a stack temperature thermocouple.

This chapter will give a detailed description of each of the four subsystems: the pitot assembly, the heated and ice-bath compartments, and the control unit.

† EPA, Method 5—Determination of particulate matter emissions from sta-tionary sources, (2011) http://www3.epa.gov/ttnemc01/promgate/m-05.pdf.

Probe (end packedwith quartz or

Pyrex wool)

Stackwall Midget

bubblerMidget

impingers�ermometer

Silica geldrying tube

Glasswool

Ice bath(b)

(Federal Register, Vol. 36, Nos. 234 and 247)

Temperature sensor

Probe

Pitot tube

Temperaturesensor Stack

wall

Heatedarea

�ermometerFilter

holder

Impinger train optional, may be replacedby an equivalent condenser

�ermometerVacuum

gaugeCheckvalve

Probe

Reverse-typepitot-tube

Pitotmanometer Impingers Ice bath

MainvalveVacuum

line

By-passvalve

�ermometers

Orifice

Air tightpump

Dry gasmeter

(a)

Fig. 1.3b(a) EPA particulate sampling train (Method 5). (b) Sampling train adopted for SO2, SO3, and H2SO4 mist (Method 8).

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1.3 Analyzer Sampling: Stack Monitoring 81

PitottubeAssembly

The procurement of representative samples of particulates suspended in gas streams demands that the velocity at the entrance to the sampling probe be precisely equal to the stream velocity at that point. This is accomplished by regulat-ing the rate of sample withdrawal so that the static pressure within the probe is equal to the static pressure in the fluid stream at the point of sampling.

A pitot tube of special design is used for such purposes with means for measuring the pertinent pressures. The pres-sure difference can be maintained at zero by automatically controlling the sample draw-off rate. Figure 1.3c shows a pitot tube manometer assembly for measuring stack gas velocity.

The Type S (Stauscheibe, or reverse) pitot tube consists of two opposing openings: one made to face upstream and the other downstream during the measurement. The pressure difference detected between the impact pressure (measured against the gas flow) and the static pressure is related to the stack velocity.

Type S Pitot and the Sampling Probe: Figure 1.3d illus-trates the construction of the Type S pitot tube. The external tubing diameter is normally between 3/16 and 3/8 in. (4.8 and 9.5 mm). As can be seen, there is an equal distance from the base of each leg of the tube to its respective face-opening planes. This distance (PA and PB) is between 1.05 and 1.50 times the external tube diameter. The face openings of the pitot tube should be aligned as shown.

Figure 1.3e shows the pitot tube in combination with the sampling probe. The relative placement of these components

0.75−1.0 in.*(1.90−2.54 cm)

3 in. (7.62 cm)* Temperaturesensor

Leak-freeconnections

Type S pitot tube

Manometer

* Suggested (interference free) pitot tube‒thermocouple spacing

Fig. 1.3cType S pitot tube manometer assembly.

Transversetube axis

A B

Faceopeningplanes(a)

(c)A or B

A-side plane

LongitudinalTube axis

Dt AB

PAPB

Note:1.05 Dt ≤ P ≤ 1.50 Dt

PA = PB

B-side plane(b)

Fig. 1.3dProperly constructed Type S pitot tube. (a) End view: face-opening planes perpendicular to transverse axis. (b) Top view: face-open-ing planes parallel to longitudinal axis. (c) Side view: both legs of equal length and center lines coincident, when viewed from both sides; baseline coefficient values of 0.84 may be assigned to pitot tubes constructed this way.

Samplingprobe

Samplingnozzle

Static pressureOpening plane

Type SPitot tube Nozzle entry

plane

ImpactpressureOpening

plane

(b)

Dt

Type S pitot tube

Sampling nozzle Dx

Dt

(a)

x ≥ 3/4 in.(1.90 cm) for Dx = 1/2 in. (1.3 cm)

Fig. 1.3eProper pitot tube with sampling probe nozzle configuration to prevent aerodynamic interference. (a) Bottom view: minimum pitot nozzle separation. (b) Side view: to prevent pitot tube from interfering with gas flow streamlines approaching the nozzle, the impact pressure-opening plane of the pitot tube shall be even with or above the nozzle entry plane.

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eliminates the major aerodynamic interference effects. The probe nozzle is of the bottom hook or elbow design. It is made of seamless 316 stainless steel or glass with a sharp, tapered leading edge. The angle of taper should be less than 30°, and the taper should be on the outside to preserve a con-stant internal diameter (ID).

For probe lining of either borosilicate or quartz glass, probe liners are used for stack temperatures up to approxi-mately 482°C (900°F); quartz liners are used for tem-peratures between 482°C and 899°C (900°F and 1650°F). Although borosilicate or quartz glass probe linings are gen-erally recommended, 316 stainless steel, Incoloy, or other corrosion-resistant metal may also be used.

Selecting the Sampling Point: The specific points of stack sampling are selected to ensure that the samples collected are representative of the material being discharged or controlled. These points are determined after examination of the process of the sources of emissions and their variation with time.

In general, the sampling point should be located at a distance equal to at least eight stack or duct diameters downstream and two diameters upstream from any source of flow disturbance, such as expansion, bend, contraction, valve, fitting, or visible flame. (Note: This eight and two criterion is adopted to ensure the presence of stable, fully developed flow patterns at the test section.) For rectangular stacks, the equiv-alent diameter is calculated from the following equation:

Equivalent diameter = 2(length × width)/(length + width) 1.3(1)

Traversing Point Locations: Next, provisions must be made to traverse the stack. The number of traverse points is 12. If the eight- and two-diameter criterion is not met, the required number of traverse points depends on the sampling point distance from the nearest upstream and downstream disturbances. This number may be deter-mined by using Figure 1.3f.

Duct diameters downstream from �ow disturbance* (distance B)

Duct diameters upstream from �ow disturbance* (distance A)

*From point of anyType of disturbance(Bend, expansion, contraction, etc.)

Stack diameter = 12 to 24 in. (0.30–0.61 m)

A

B

Disturbancemeasurement

site

Disturbance

Min

imum

num

ber o

f tra

vers

e poi

nts

Stack Diameter > 24 in. (0.61 m)

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 100

10

20

30

40

500.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5

Fig. 1.3fMinimum number of traverse points for particulate traverses.

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The cross-sectional layout and location of traverse points are as follows:

1. For circular stacks, the traverse points should be located on two perpendicular diameters, as shown in Figure 1.3g and Table 1.3a.

2. For rectangular stacks, the cross section is divided into as many equal rectangular areas as traverse points, such that the ratio of the length to width of the elemental area is between 1 and 2. The traverse points are to be located at the center of at least nine and preferably more equal areas, as shown in Figure 1.3g.

Pitot Tube Calculation Form: The velocity head at various traverse points is measured using the pitot tube assembly shown in Figure 1.3c. The gas samples are collected at a rate proportional to the stack gas velocity and analyzed for car-bon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), and oxygen (O2).

The pitot tube is calibrated by measuring the velocity head at some point in the flowing gas stream with both the Type S pitot tube and a standard pitot tube with a known coefficient. Other data also needed for calculation of the volumetric flow are stack temperature, stack and barometric pressures, and wet-bulb and dry-bulb temperatures of the gas sample at each traverse.

Table 1.3aLocation of Traverse Points in Circular Stacksa

Traverse Point Number on a Diameter

Number of Traverse Points on a Diameter

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24

1 14.6 6.7 4.4 3.2 2.6 2.1 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.3 1.1 1.1

2 85.4 25.0 14.6 10.5 8.2 6.7 5.7 4.9 4.4 3.9 3.5 3.2

3 75.6 29.6 19.4 14.6 11.8 9.9 8.5 7.5 6.7 6.0 5.5

4 93.3 70.4 32.3 22.6 17.7 14.6 12.5 10.9 9.7 8.7 7.9

5 85.4 67.7 34.2 25.0 20.1 16.9 14.6 12.9 11.6 10.5

6 95.6 80.6 65.8 35.6 26.9 22.0 18.8 16.5 14.6 13.2

7 89.5 77.4 64.4 36.6 28.3 23.6 20.4 18.0 16.1

8 96.8 85.4 75.0 63.4 37.5 29.6 25.0 21.8 19.4

9 91.8 82.3 73.1 62.5 38.2 30.6 26.2 23.0

10 97.4 88.2 79.9 71.7 61.8 38.8 31.5 27.2

11 93.3 85.4 78.0 70.4 61.2 39.3 32.3

12 97.9 90.1 83.1 76.4 69.4 60.7 39.8

13 94.3 87.5 81.2 75.0 68.5 60.2

14 98.4 91.5 85.4 79.6 73.8 67.7

15 95.1 89.1 83.5 78.2 72.8

16 98.4 92.5 87.1 82.0 77.0

17 95.6 90.3 85.4 80.6

18 98.6 93.3 88.4 83.9

19 96.1 91.3 86.8

20 98.7 94.0 89.5

21 96.5 92.1

22 98.9 94.5

23 96.8

24 99.9

Source: Courtesy of Clean Air.a Percent of stack diameter from inside wall to traverse point.

Rectangular stack(Measure at center of at least 9 equal areas)

R

Circular stack(10-point traverse)

0.916 R0.837 R

0.707 R0.548 R

0.316 R

Fig. 1.3gTraverse point locations for velocity measurement or for multipoint sampling.

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Table 1.3b gives the equations for converting pitot tube readings into velocity and mass flow, and a typical data sheet for stack flow measurements.

Sampling Velocity for Particle Collection: Based on the range of velocity heads, a probe with a properly sized noz-zle is selected to maintain isokinetic sampling of particu-late matter. As shown in Figure 1.3h, a converging stream will be developed at the nozzle face if the sampling velocity is too high. Under this subisokinetic sampling condition, an excessive amount of lighter particles enters the probe.

Because of the inertia effect, the heavier particles, espe-cially those in the range of 3 µm or greater, travel around the edge of the nozzle and are not collected. The result is a sam-ple indicating an excessively high concentration of lighter particles, and the weight of the solid sample is in error on the low side. Conversely, portions of the gas stream approaching at a higher velocity are deflected if the sampling velocity is below that of the flowing gas stream.

Under this superisokinetic sampling condition, the lighter particles follow the deflected stream and are not collected, while the heavier particles, because of their inertia, continue into the probe. The result is a sampling indicating high con-centration of heavier particles, and the weight of solid sample is in error on the high side.

Isokinetic Sampling: Isokinetic sampling requires the precise adjustment of the sampling rate with the aid of the pitot tube manometer readings and nomographs such as APTD-0576 and nomographs. If the pressure drop across the filter in the sampling unit becomes too high, making isokinetic sampling difficult to maintain, the filter may be replaced in the middle of a sample run.

To measure the concentration of particulate matter, the sampling time for each run should be at least 60 min, and

the minimum volumetric rate of sampling should be 30 dry scfm (51 m3/hr).

heatedCompartment(hotBox)

As shown in Figure 1.3b, the probe is connected to the heated compartment that contains the filter holder and other partic-ulate-collecting devices, such as cyclone and flask. The filter holder is made of borosilicate glass, with a frit filter support and a silicone rubber gasket.

The compartment is insulated and equipped with a heat-ing system capable of maintaining a temperature around the filter holder during sampling at 120°C ± 14°C (248°F ± 25°F), or such other temperature as specified by the EPA. The thermometer should measure temperature to within 3°C (5.4°F). The compartment should be provided with a circulat-ing fan to minimize thermal gradients.

Ice-BathCompartment(ColdBox)

The ice-bath compartment contains a number of impingers and bubblers. The system for determining stack gas mois-ture content consists of four impingers connected in series, as shown in Figure 1.3b. The first, third, and fourth imping-ers are of the Greenburg–Smith design.* To reduce the pres-sure drop, the tips are removed and replaced with a 0.5 in. (12.5 mm) ID glass tube extending to 0.5 in. (12.5 mm) from the bottom of the flask.

The second impinger is of the Greenburg–Smith design with a standard tip. During sampling for particulates, the first and second impingers are filled with 100 mL (3.4 oz) of distilled and deionized water. The third impinger is left dry to separate entrained water. The last impinger is filled with 200–300 g (7–10.5 oz) of precisely weighed silica gel (6–16 mesh) that has been dried at 177°C (350°F) for 2 hr to completely remove any remaining water.

A thermometer capable of measuring temperature to within 1.1°C (2°F) is placed at the outlet of the last impinger for monitoring purposes. Crushed ice should be added during the run to maintain the temperature of the gas, leaving the last impinger at 16°C (60°F) or less.

Controlunit

As shown in Figure 1.3b, the control unit consists of the system’s vacuum pump, valves, switches, thermometers, and totalizing dry gas meter. This system is connected by a vac-uum line to the last Greenburg–Smith impinger. The pump intake vacuum is monitored with a vacuum gauge just after the quick disconnect.

A bypass valve parallel with the vacuum pump pro-vides fine control and permits recirculation of gases at a low sampling rate so that the pump motor is not over-loaded. Downstream from the pump and bypass valve are

* Impinger, Greenburg-Smith, https://us.vwr.com/store/catalog/product.jsp?product_id=9256289.

Gas stream

Gas stream

Gas stream

IsokineticV1 = V2

Super isokineticV1 >> V2

Sub isokineticV1 << V2

V2

V1

V2

V1

V1

V2

Fig. 1.3hParticle collection and sampling velocity.

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thermometers, a dry gas meter, and calibrated orifice and inclined/vertical manometers.

The calibrated orifice and inclined manometer indicate the instantaneous sampling rate. The totalizing dry gas meter gives an integrated gas volume. The average of the two tem-peratures on each side of the dry gas meter gives the tem-perature at which the sample is collected. The addition of atmospheric pressure to orifice pressure gives meter pressure.

AutoMAtICsAMPlIngtrAIns

In the automatic sampling train (AST) packages (Figure 1.3i), a microprocessor stores all measurements, reviews and diag-noses all inputs, controls the required parameters, calculates

isokinetic conditions, and either reports the results in a printed form or transfers them to a floppy disk.

The measured variables include the temperatures of the stack, probe liner, filter box, condenser outlet, and dry gas meter (Figure 1.3j). The pressures are detected by an absolute and a differential pressure transducer and are used to measure the pressure of the stack gas, the barometric pressure, and the velocity pressure of the stack gas. The normal capacity of the vacuum pump that draws the sample is 0.75 cfm (21 l/min), and the dry gas meter has an operating range of 0.1–1.5 cfm (2.8–42 l/min).

The node box provides the interface between the filter box and the cold box by measuring the temperatures in both. It measures and stores the temperature, pressure, and veloc-ity in the stack. The monorail eliminates the need for bulky supports.

Precise measurements require that the thermometers be capable of measuring the temperature to within 3°C (5.4°F); the dry gas meter is inaccurate to within 2% of the volume; the barometer is inaccurate within 0.25 mmHg (torr) (0.035 kPa); and the manometer is inaccurate within 0.25 mmHg (torr) (0.035 kPa).

The umbilical cord is an integrated multiconductor assembly containing both pneumatic and electrical conduc-tors. It connects the two-module sampling unit to the control unit, as well as the pitot tube stack velocity signals to the manometers or differential pressure gauges.

Stack velocity pressure0–10 mmHg(0−125 mm H2O) or(0−4" or 0–10" H2O)

Absolute stack pressure100−780 mmHg(4−31" Hg)

ProbeStack port

Stack wall

Stack temp−20°C to 1100°C(−4°F to 2012°F)

Heater

Probe liner temp−5°C to 250°C (23°F–482°F) Monorail

Filter box

Method 5filter

Sample gas temp−5°C to 250°C (23°F–482°F)

System vacuum pressure100−780 mmHg(4−31" Hg)

Last impinger temp−5°C to 250°C (23°F–482°F)

Coldbox

Heater

Filter boxtemp

−5°C to 250°C(23°F–482°F)

Spare temp−5°C to 250°C (23°F–482°F)

Sample line

ControllerTemp gas meter in−5°C to 250°C (23°F–482° F)

Temp gas meter out−5°C to 250°C (23°F–482°F) Orifice

Exhaust

Config.dwg

PrinterPC

Diaphrampump

Gas meter

Orifice absolute pressure100−780 mmHg

4−31 H2O

Orifice differential pressure0−10 mmHg

(0−125 mmH2O. 0−4° H2O)

Fig. 1.3jThe components of an automatic stack train. (Courtesy of Thermo Andersen.)

Fig. 1.3iAutomatic stack train. (Courtesy of Thermo Anderson.)

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samplingforgasesandVapors

Some commonly used components in stack sampling sys-tems are illustrated in Figure 1.3k. If ball-and-socket joints and compression fittings are used, any arrangement of com-ponents is readily set up for field use. The stack sampling

components are selected on the basis of the source to be sam-pled, the substances involved, and the data needed.

A summary of sampling procedure outlines was devel-oped by industrial hygienists* for specific substances. The procedural outlines serve as a starting point in assem-bling a stack sampling system, after consideration has been given to the complications that might arise because of the presence of interfering substances in the gas samples.

sPeCIfICAtIonforMs

When specifying stack sampling systems, it is advisable to attach the Pitot Tube calculations that have been made for the system. To show these calculations, the form on the next page can be used.

The total sampling system can be specified by filling out the form Figure 1.2b, while the specification forms, found on the next 2 pages, ISA 20A1001 and ISA 20A1002 can be used to specify the combination of the analyzer and its sampling system. These forms are reproduced with the permission of the International Society of Automation.

* Ron, J.J., Environmental Calibration and Operation of Isokinetic Source-Sampling Equipment, (1972) http://nepis.epa.gov/Adobe/PDF/20013PMH.PDF.

Probe

Probe

Probe

Probe

Null or interchangeableor single size nozzle

P1T1 pv

Filter media innozzle assembly

Nozzle cyclone andseries-connected filter

Duct

Condensor

Condensorif required

Flowmeter

Separation device

Fabric, paper, glass,membrane, ceramic, ormetal �lter media

Cyclone

Temperaturecontrol bathwhen required

Particulate orgas absorption

Freeze-out trapactivated carbon,

Silica gel, alumina, etc.

Adsorption

Vacuum sourceOrifice flowmeter

Critical orifice

Pumpwater, steam, orcompressed air

Ejector

Gas meter

Rotameter

T2

P2∆p

T

Fig. 1.3kComponents of common sampling systems.

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Table 1.3bPitot Tube Calculation Sheet

Stack Volume Data

Stack no. ____________________ Station ____________________

Date ____________________ Page ____________________

Name of the firm __________________________________________________________________________________

Point Position, in. Reading, in. of H2O H Temperature t3,°F Velocity V3, ft/sec

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

Totals

Average

Absolute temperature: Ts = ts + 460 =°R

Dry-bulb temperature: td = _______________°F Barometer: Pb = __________ in Hg

Wet-bulb temperature: tw = _______________°F Stack gauge pressure: _________ in., H2O

Absolute humidity: W = ___ lb H2O/lb dry gas Stack absolute pressure: Ps = ___ in., H2O/13.6 ±Ph ___ in., Hg

Stack area: As = _______________ ft2 Pitot correction factor: Fs = ______

Component Volume Fraction, Dry Basis × Molecular Weight = Weight Fraction, Dry Basis

Carbon dioxide 44 =

Carbon monoxide 28 =

Oxygen 32 =

Nitrogen 28 =

Average dry gas molecular weight: M = _____

Specific gravity of stack gas: GS = <1083_Un8.3(1).eps> _________________

(Reference dry air at same conditions)

Velocity: Vs = 2.9 Fs < 1083_un8.3(2).eps> = ______________ft./sec.

Volume = ______ ft./sec × _____ ft2 × 60 _____ = _____ cfm.

Standard volume = cfm. × <1083_υν8.3(3).επσ>

Note: Sampling velocity for particle collection based on the range of velocity heads: a probe with a properly sized nozzle is selected to main-tain isokinetic sampling of particulate matter. As shown in Figure 1.3h, a converging stream will be developed at the nozzle face if the sampling velocity is too high. Under this subisokinetic sampling condition, an excessive amount of lighter particles enters the probe.

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1 RESPONSIBLE ORGANIZATION ANALYSIS DEVICE 6 SPECIFICATION IDENTIFICATIONS2 7 Document no3 Operating Parameters 8 Latest revision Date4 9 Issue status5 10

11 ADMINISTRATIVE IDENTIFICATIONS 40 SERVICE IDENTIFICATIONS Continued12 Project number Sub project no 41 Return conn matl type13 Project 42 Inline hazardous area cl Div/Zon Group14 Enterprise 43 Inline area min ign temp Temp ident number15 Site 44 Remote hazardous area cl Div/Zon Group16 Area Cell Unit 45 Remote area min ign temp Temp ident number17 4618 SERVICE IDENTIFICATIONS 4719 Tag no/Functional ident 48 COMPONENT DESIGN CRITERIA20 Related equipment 49 Component type2122

Service 5051

Component styleOutput signal type

23 P&ID/Reference dwg 52 Characteristic curve24 Process line/nozzle no 53 Compensation style25 Process conn pipe spec 54 Type of protection26 Process conn nominal size Rating 55 Criticality code27 Process conn termn type Style 56 Max EMI susceptibility Ref28 Process conn schedule no Wall thickness 57 Max temperature e�ect Ref29 Process connection length 58 Max sample time lag30 Process line matl type 59 Max response time31 Fast loop line number 60 Min required accuracy Ref32 Fast loop pipe spec 61 Avail nom power supply Number wires33 Fast loop conn nom size Rating 62 Calibration method34 Fast loop conn termn type Style 63 Testing/Listing agency35 Fast loop schedule no Wall thickness 64 Test requirements36 Fast loop estimated lg 65 Supply loss failure mode37 Fast loop material type 66 Signal loss failure mode38 Return conn nominal size Rating 6739 Return conn termn type Style 6869 PROCESS VARIABLES MATERIAL FLOW CONDITIONS 101 PROCESS DESIGN CONDITIONS70 Flow Case Identi�cation Units 102 Minimum Maximum Units71 Process pressure 10372 Process temperature 10473 Process phase type 10574 Process liquid actl �ow 10675 Process vapor actl �ow 10776 Process vapor std �ow 10877 Process liquid density 10978 Process vapor density 11079 Process liquid viscosity 11180 Sample return pressure 11281 Sample vent/drain press 11382 Sample temperature 11483 Sample phase type 11584 Fast loop liq actl �ow 11685 Fast loop vapor actl �ow 11786 Fast loop vapor std �ow 11887 Fast loop vapor density 11988 Conductivity/Resistivity 12089 pH/ORP 12190 RH/Dewpoint 12291 Turbidity/Opacity 12392 Dissolved oxygen 12493 Corrosivity 12594 Particle size 12695 12796 CALCULATED VARIABLES 12897 Sample lag time 12998 Process �uid velocity 13099 Wake/natural freq ratio 131

100 132133 MATERIAL PROPERTIES 137 MATERIAL PROPERTIES Continued134 Name 138 NFPA h ealth hazard Flammability Reactivity135 Density at ref temp At 139136 140

Rev Date Revision Description By Appv1 Appv2 Appv3 REMARKS

Form: 20A1001 Rev 0 © 2004 ISA

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1 RESPONSIBLE ORGANIZATION ANALYSIS DEVICECOMPOSITION OR PROPERTY

Operating Parameters (Continued)

6 SPECIFICATION IDENTIFICATIONS2 7 Document no3 8 Latest revision Date4 9 Issue status5 10

11 PROCESS COMPOSITION OR PROPERTY MEASUREMENT DESIGN CONDITIONS12 Component/Property Name Normal Units Minimum Units Maximum Units Repeatability131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051525354555657585960616263646566676869707172737475Rev Date Revision Description By Appv1 Appv2 Appv3 REMARKS

Form: 20A1002 Rev 0 © 2004 ISA

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Abbreviations

APTD Air pollution technical dataAST Automatic sampling train

organizations

BSI British Standards InstitutionISO International Standards OrganizationVDI Verein Deutscher Ingenieure

Bibliography

AMP, EPA method sampling system, (2015) http://www.ampchero-kee.com/v/vspfiles/photos/C002.0002-2T.jpg.

ASTM D6831-11, Standard test method for sampling and determin-ing particulate matter in stack gases using an in-stack, inertial microbalance, (2011) http://www.astm.org/Standards/D6831.htm.

ASTM D3685/D3685M-13, Standard test methods for sampling and determination of particulate matter in stack gases, ASTM International, (2013) http://www.astm.org/Standards/D3685.htm.

ASTM D6331-14, Standard test method for determination of mass concentration of particulate matter from stationary sources at low concentrations (manual gravimetric method), (2014) http://www.astm.org/Standards/D6331.htm.

BACHARACH: Combustion analyzers, (2015) http://www.bacha-rach-inc.com/PDF/Instructions/24-9438.pdf.

Clean Air Engineering, Stack and source emission testing, (2014) http://www.cleanair.com/services/StackSourceTesting/index.htm.

Cooper, C. D. and Alley, F. C., Air pollution, (2002) http://www.amazon.com/Coopers-Pollution-Control-Edition-Hardcover/dp/B003WUI3I6.

EPA, current knowledge of particulate matter(PM) continuous emis-sion monitoring, (2002) http://www3.epa.gov/ttnemc01/cem/pmcemsknowfinalrep.pdf.

EPA, method 5—Determination of particulate matter emis-sions from stationary sources, (2011) http://www3.epa.gov/ttnemc01/promgate/m-05.pdf.

Federal Register, Standards of performance for new station-ary sources, (2011) https://www.federalregister.gov/articles/2011/03/21/2011-4495/standards-of-performance-for-new-stationary-sources-and-emission-guidelines-for-existing-sources.

ICS: Stack sampler, (2015) http://www.indiamart.com/industrial-commercial-services/environment-equipments.html.

Ron, J. J., Environmental calibration and operation of isokinetic source-sampling equipment, (1972) http://nepis.epa.gov/Adobe/PDF/20013PMH.PDF.

Sherman, R. E., Process analyzer sample-conditioning system tech-nology, (2002) http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-0471293644.html.

Teledyne Analytical Instruments, Particle measurement system, (2012) http://www.teledyne-api.com/manuals/07318b_602.pdf.

Thermo Scientific, Particulate monitoring, (2015) http://www.ther-moscientific.com/en/products/particulate-monitoring.html.

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