instrumented vehicle baq2004-1 instrumented in-use-vehicles, a versatile tool to measure emissions...

Instrumented Vehicle BAQ2004-1

Instrumented In-Use-Vehicles, a Versatile Tool to Measure Emissions

BAQ 2004 Agra, India Dec 2004

Instrumented In-Use-Vehicles, a Versatile Tool

to Measure Emissions

Michael Noest – Horst Preschern - AVL LIST AUSTRIA



THE TASKTHE TASK

The need and desire of cities to have a correct picture of its main transportation polluters

Three major factors influence quality:

1. Emission FactorsTechnology mix of vehiclesAge distribution of vehicles

MaintenanceQuality of fuel

2. Driving- Activity and Behavior

3. Traffic CongestionPopulation of Vehicles



THE SOLUTIONTHE SOLUTION

1. By sampling the emission of well selected vehicles during their daily cruise

2. By calculating the daily/ annual total emission of each vehicle class, using statistical

methods

Creating the Emission InventoryCreating the Emission Inventory



THE PURPOSETHE PURPOSE

• To predict emission reductions by changing fuel quality, fuel type, applying retrofit

devices or upgrading vehicle- and engine technology

• To verify predicted improvements by repeated and selected sampling after longer

time intervals

Key to PolicyKey to Policy



THE ALTERNATIVESTHE ALTERNATIVES

1. Using emission factors and inventories obtained by other cities or existing data bases

2. Build, maintain and operate Vehicle Emission Test Laboratories Such Labs are beyond the reach of many who need data on local emission and activity . Buses and trucks rarely covered!

3. Fix Portable Emission Measuring Systems to the vehicle and obtain emission data while

driving- “mobile emission laboratory“



Emissions [g] = Driven Vehicle - km * Emissions factor [g/km]

Vehicle Fleet Average

Vehicle Categories

LD * Gasoline pre EURO * Gasoline EURO 1 * ..... * Diesel EURO 4

HD solo HD pre EURO solo HD EURO 1 ..... Semitrailer Truck EURO 4

..... ..... .....

For all relevant Driving Conditions (urban to highway, cold- and warmstarts, different gradients, different loadings,...)

Calculating Emissions InventoryCalculating Emissions Inventory



Steps to More Accurate InventoriesSteps to More Accurate InventoriesA

ccur

acy

-

+

Existing Existing Improved, maybe OK?Improved, maybe OK? Sufficient for ActionSufficient for Action

Simulation Modelsgiving emissions factorsas function ofcycle mean spead

Methothsgaining emission maps based onvehicle-speed and -acceleration

Methodsgaining engine maps directlyfrom standard measurement programmes.Including:- gear shift model- transient correction- cold start tool- road gradients- vehicle loading



Calculated Emission Factors (g/km), Calculated Emission Factors (g/km), at at 40 km/h40 km/h

Bus (Diesel) ”Handbook”Copert MTC

CO 11.7 2.9 7.2 HC 3.5 1.6 2.2

NOx 10.7 5.0 16.6

Part. 2.3 0.7 1.8

Taxi (Diesel) ”Handbook”Copert MTC CO 0.4 1.1 2.9HC 0.08 0.3 0.9 NOx 0.5 1.1 1.4

Part. 0.1 0.3 0.4

Source: L. Erlandsson, MTC Sweden



*Model

* NEDC

* FTP

average driver

high rpm

low rpm

Given gear or rpm

5001000

15002000

25003000

-200-1000

100200

300400

500600

700800

900

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000

140000

CO

2 [g

/h]

Emission Map

Driving resistance & transmission losses

Gearshift

model

Transient Correction

Cold start tool

Fuel & Lube Oil qualityEngine Load

FCEmissions

Passenger car & Heavy duty Emission Model, Passenger car & Heavy duty Emission Model, TU GrazTU Graz

Source: S. Hausberger, TU-Graz, Austria



LD Testcycle (NEDC) vs. Real WorldLD Testcycle (NEDC) vs. Real World

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

average speed [km/h]

em

issi

on

[g

/km

]

Real World

NEDC

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

1 101 201 301 401 501 601 701 801 901 1001 1101

Time [s]

km/h

NEDC

Real World

Source: S. Hausberger, TU-Graz, Austria



13 Mode Test (Euro 2) ESC (Euro 3)

Only one Idle Mode

Three speeds beside idle

Three random modes

ETC Motorlastverteilung

-20%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

n_norm

Pe/

P_r

ated

not aquired

HD Tests (ESC,ETC) vs. Real WorldHD Tests (ESC,ETC) vs. Real World

S. Hausberger, TU-Graz, Austria



Requirements for Mobile Emissions TestingRequirements for Mobile Emissions Testing

US EPA Statement [G. Tierny]:

High quality lab grade instrumentsFID for THC (NDIR insufficient)NDIR for CONDUV for NOx (as good as chemi)Microbalance for PM (coming soon)

Full activity/environmental data collectionGPS, cellular modem, grade sensors, temperature,

pressure, humidity, etc.

Designed for both electronics-equipped and pre-electronics technology



New Approach to test Real World EmissionsNew Approach to test Real World Emissions

--> Compact solution for emission analyses of all kinds of vehicles during real world driving conditions

Simultaneously acquisition ofNO, NO2, CO, CO2, THCand of the exhaust gas flow

Online data acquisition of engine relevant parameters and of GPS data for calculating emissions of road trials (e.g. in g/km)

Cooperation Sensors, Inc. & AVL



LD Vehicle, On Board Emission TestingLD Vehicle, On Board Emission Testing

Challenge Bibendum 2004, Shanghai



SEMTECH-G Road Test on 1997 Ford Escort, 9/7/01

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

7.0

8.0

9.0

10.0

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000

Elapsed Time, sec

30 s

ec a

vera

ge

NO

, g

/mil

e

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Sp

eed

, M

PH

1997 Ford Escort VIN: 1FALP13P7VW377510Eng. Family: VFM2.0V8GKEKEng. Series: SPLITPORT-2.0Cert. Std: 0.4 g/mile total NOx

Start of 30 sec averaging

1.5 x Cert Standard for NOx

NO mass reported as NO2 equivalent per EPA specifications with humiidy correction factor applied

Semtech G, Road Test with a LD Vehicle (year of constr. 97)

Bus Application, Real World EmissionsBus Application, Real World Emissions



LD Vehicle, On Board Emission TestingLD Vehicle, On Board Emission Testing

BAQ 2004, Dec, 2004, Agra- India



In-Use Vehicle Emissions Testing, ConclusionsIn-Use Vehicle Emissions Testing, Conclusions

1. True picture of real world vehicle pollution

2. Filling the gap lost by certification testing

3. Efficient way of validating emissions

inventories

4. Possibility to measure emissions of vehicles, it

does not fit into a chassis dyno

instrumented vehicle baq2004-1 instrumented in-use-vehicles, a versatile tool to measure emissions...

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