P O L S K A A K A D E M I A N A U KI N S T Y T U T Z O O L O G I I

F R A G M E N T A F A U N I S T I C ATom 27 Warszawa, 31 I 1983 Nr 12

Elżbieta P o d s i a d ł o

Notes on scale insects (H om optera, Coccoidea) found in Creteand their parasites

A b s tra c t

Twelve Goccoidea species collected in Crete in June 1975 are given, as well as four species of parasites reared from them.

The fauna of scale insects of Crete is not much known. In available literature there have been found only some mentions of the occurrence of these insects in this island ( L e o n a e d i 1920, K o e o n e o s 1934, A e g y e io t t 1963, 1976, D e - B a c h and A e g y e io t j 1967, M o u e ik is and V a s s t la t n a - A t/e x o p o t t t . q t t 1975, A e g y e io t t and P a l o u k j s 1976).

Studies on scale insects of this area are not only of cognitive significance because several of them in this climatic zone are qualified as economically impor­ta n t plant pests. I t is also im portant to recognize their parasites which to a smal­ler or greater extent control their numbers in the field.

Twelve Goccoidea species collected by the author during her stay in Crete in June 1975 are mentioned below, as well as four species of parasites reared from them.

Ghalcidoidea were elaborated under the guidance of Dr. Y. A. T e j a p i t z in . The author wTants to express her warmest gratitude and sincere thanks to Dr. V. A. T e j a p i t z i n for the introduction into the subject. She is extremely grateful for his generous hospitality, encouragment and valuable help during her stay in the Zoological Institu te of the Academy of Sciences in Leningrad.

H ost plants have been determined by Pelagia P o d l e c k a , M. Sc., from the Botanical Garden of the Warsaw University.

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272 E. Podsiadło 2

LIST OP SPECIES

Margarodidae

1. Gueriniella serratulae (F.)

Description: Leo nardi (1920), Silvestri (1939), B orchsenius (1950).M editerranean species. Polyphagous species.Locality: Stalis, June 11, 12 and 15, 1975 —Host p lan t: Scolymus sp. (Compositae), Tamarix sp. (Tamaricaceae), TJmbel-

liferae.Parasite: Cryptochetum grandicorne E d . 1 (Diptera, Cryptochetidae). Species

known from G. serratulae in the region of the Mediterranean Sea (H en n ig 1937).

2. leery a purchasi Ma sk .

Description: Leo n a r d i (1920), Silvestri (1939), B orchsenius (1950).Australian species distributed pan-tropically with extension into lower

tem perate regions (Zimmerman 1948). Polyphagous species. I t is often injurious (B alachowsky 1957). I t decreases the commercial quality of citrus fru it by the heavy exudation of honeydew which causes the development of the sooty mould (B odenheim er 1951).

Locality: Iraklion, June 16, 1975 —Host p lan t: Pittosporum tobira (T iin b .) A i t . (Pittosporaceae).

Coccidae

3. Coccus hesperidum L.

Description: Leo nardi (1920), Silvestri (1939), Zimmerman (1948), B orchsenius (1950, 1957), D e L otto (1959), E zzat and H u ssein (1967).

Species distributed all over the world. In subtropics and tropics it lives in the open, in tem perate zones it occurs commonly in greenhouses. I t is frequently found on indoor plants. Polyphagous species. Injurious, especially for citrus plants and in greenhouses.

Locality: Stalis, June 11, 1975; Iraklion, June 16, 1975. —Host p la n t: Plaeagnus pungens T h n b . (Elaeagnaceae).Parasite: Coccophagus lycimnia (W alker) (Chalcidoidea, Aphelinidae).

Almost cosmopolitan species, known from many species of scale insects of the family Coccidae (Jasnosh 1978) including also Poland (Żak-Ogaza 1961).

1 Determined b y E P. N a r t s h u k .

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3 Ooccoidea, H ., found in Crete 273

4. Sphaerolecanium prunastri (F onsc.)

Description: Silvestri (1920, 1939), B orchsenius (1957).Southern Palaearctic element, perhaps Mediterranean (Irano-Turanien)

(B odenheimer 1953b). I t occurs in central and southern Europe, in Asia and in North America where it has been most probably introduced. I t is connected with Rosaceae, mainly with stone-fruit plants. Damage to almond-trees caused by this species has been observed in Crete (Argyriou and P aloukis 1976). In Poland it seems to begin to be a species of economical im­portance. I t occurs abundantly on hedges of Prunus divaricata Le d e b . There has been noted also one case when it has damaged a prune orchard (K awecki 1972).

Locality: Festos, June 16, 1975 — $?.Host plant: unidentified.Parasite: Cerapterocerus mirabilis W estw . (Chalcidoidea, Encyrtidae).

Known from Europe and Asia. Hyperparasite of Sphaerolecanium prunastri (F onsc.), Parthenolecanium corni (B ouche) and of some other species of scale insects (Trjapitzin 1978). In Poland known from S. prunastri (Żak-Ogaza 1961).

5. Saissetia hemishaerica (Targ.-Tozz.)

Description: Leonardi (1920), Zimmerman (1948), B orchsenius (1957).Tropical species widely distributed all over the world, commonly occurring

in greenhouses and on indoor plants. I t attacks many tropical and subtropical plant species; it is a serious pest in greenhouses, especially of ferns and sago palms.

Locality: Iraklion, Juno 16, 1975 — ??.Host p lan t: Ficus sp. (Moraceae).

6. Ceroplastes rusci (L.)

Description: Leonardi (1920), Silvestri (1939), B orchsenius (1957), E zzat and H u sse in (1967).

Numerous localities of this species are recorded in the whole region of the Mediterranean Sea, also on F ar East (Japan), Australia, South America and South Africa. I ts occurrence in England (K loet and H incks 1964) and in Po­land (Szulczewski 1927) concerns artificial conditions. Polyphagous species, causing the greatest damage to fig-trees.

Locality: Stalis, June 13, 1975; Iraklion, Juno 16, 1975 — $$.H ost p lant: Ficus carica L. (Moraceae), Pittosporum tobira (Th n b .) A it

(Pittosporaceae).

Diaspididae

7. Lepidosaphes ulmi (L.)Description: Leonardi (1920), K oroneos (1934), Silvestri (1939), B or-

chsenius (1950), Zahradnik (1951), B alachowsky (1954), F erris (1954),

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274 E. Podsiadło 4

M c K e n z ie (1956), S c h m u t t e r e r (1959), B a z a r o v and S m e le v (1971).This armoured scale insect is distributed almost all over the world. Poly-

phagous species. Known pest of apple-trees in Europe and North America (B o r - c h s e n iu s 1966). Causes great damages in northern regions of middle Asia and Kazakstan.

Locality: Stalis, June 13, 1975 —H ost p lan t: Ceratonia siliqua L. (Leguminosae).

8 . Nilotaspis Jialli ( G r e e n )

Description: K o r o n e o s (1934), B o r c h s e n i u s (1950), B o d e n h e im e r (1953a), B a l a c i i o w s k y (1954), M c K e n z ie (1956), F e r r i s (1958), B a z a r o v and S m e le v (1971).

So-called Palestinian or Egyptian armoured scale insect known from the eastern region of the Mediterranean Sea, bu t also distributed in Asia Minor and in middle Asia and introduced to California ( B o r c h s e n iu s 1966). Polypha- gous species, mainly connected with Bosaceae. Injurious. In California i t is the subject of intense eradication by the Federal Departm ent of Agriculture.

Locality: Pestos, June 16, 1975 —Host p lant: unidentified.

9. Leucaspis pnsilla Low

Description: L e o n a r d i (1920), K o r o n e o s (1934), B o r c h s e n i u s (1950).Species distributed in the Mediterranean region, has been recorded also in

Argentina. Yery common in Greece. According to the available literature, Hun­gary seems to be the locality of its European occurrence farthest to the north ( K o s z t a ^ a b and K o z a r 1978)1. Z a h r a d n ik (1951) although questioning the recorded locality of L. pusilla in Czechoslovakia does not exclude the possibility of the occurrence of this species in this country. Similarly S c h m u t t e r e r (1959) has considered as possible to find L. pusilla in the southern part of “Deu­tschland” . This armoured scale insect lives on pine-tree needles. Causes great damage, needle fall and decaying plants.

Locality: Knossos, June 11, 1975; Pestos, June 16, 1975 — larvae of the second stage.H ost p lan t: Pinus pinea L. (Pinaceae).Parasite: Prospaltella leucaspidis M e r c e t (Chalcidoidea, Aphelinidae).

Species distributed in Europe; also recorded in Caucasus. I t is a parasite of some Diaspididae species ( J a s n o s h 1978). In Poland known from Leucaspis sp. (Ż a k -O g a z a 1961).

10. Aspidiotus nerii B o u c h e

In coccidologieal literature commonly known a s Aspidiotus hederae ( V a l l o t ) .Description: L e o n a r d i (1920), K o r o n e o s (1934), S i l v e s t r i (1939), Zim­

1 L e o n a r d i (1920) has mentioned among localities of L. pusilla Austria and “Germa­nia” but they are not given in Catalogue of B o r c h s e n iu s (1966).

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5 Ooocoidea, H., found in Crete 275

merman (1948), B orchsenius (1950), B alachowsky (1956), McK enzie (1956), F erris (1958), S chmutterer (1959), B azarov and Smelev (1971).

Species widely distributed all over the tropical and subtropical zones, also in greenhouses and on indoor plants of countries having a tem perate climate (B orchsenius 1966).

Polyphagous species. Injurious. Common in all parts of Greece. Cases of severe infestation have occurred in many olive-groves, particularly in Central Greece and Crete. This scale, living on various kind of citrus, prefers lemon-trees to which it causes considerable damage (Argyriou 1976). Recorded in Poland on lemons imported from Greece, Italy, Tunisia and Spain (K omosińska-Czwar- tacka 1964).

Locality: Stalis, June 12 and 13, 1975; Iraklion, June 16, 1975. —Host p la n t: Ceratonia siliqua L. (Leguminosae); Buddleya sp. (loganiaceae),

Agave americana L. (Amaryllidaceae), Palmae.

11. Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell)

Description: L eonardi (1920), K oroneos (1934), B orchsenius (1950), B alachowsky (1956), McK enzie (1956), F erris (1958).

Species widely distributed in tropics and hot subtropics of the world (B or­chsenius 1966). Polyphagous species. I t damages many plants. Belongs to the most serious citrus pests of the world. Known in Crete (De B ach and Argyriou 1967). In east Africa, where it occurs commonly, it is also a dangerous pest of roses (D e L otto 1967). In Poland has been recorded on oranges, lemons and grapefruits imported from Mediterranean countries (K omosińska-Czwartacka 1964).

Locality: Stalis, June 11, 1975 — ?$.Host plant: Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck (Rutaceae) in a variety; Elaeagnus

pungens Th n b . (Elaeagnaceae).

12. Eemiberlesia lataniae (Signoret)

Description: K oroneos (1934), Zimmerman (1948), B orchsenius (1950), B alachowsky (1956), McK enzie (1956), F erris (1958), Schmutterer (1959).

Species widely distributed in the world in tropical and subtropical zones, also in greenhouses in temperate climate (B orchsenius 1966). Polyphagous species. Injurious.

Locality: Stalis, June 13, 1975 — ??.Host p lan t: Ceratonia siliqua L. (Leguminosae).

REFERENCES

A r g y r i o u L.C. 1 9 6 3 . Studies on the morphology and biology of the black scale Saissetiaoleae (B e r n a r d ) in Greece. Ann. Inst. Phytopathol., Benaki, N. S., 5 : 353-377.

A r g y r i o u L.C. 1976. Some data on biology, ecology and distribution of Aspidiotws neriiB o u c h ź (Homoptera: Diaspididae) in Greece. Ann. Inst. Phytopathol., Benaki, N. S.,11: 209-218.

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A r g y r io u L. C., P a l o u k is S. S. 1976. Some data ou biology and parasitization of Sphaero- lecanium prunastri F o n s c o l o m b e (Eom optera: Coccidae) in Greece. Ann. Inst. Phyto- pathol., Benaki, N.S. 11: 230-240.

B a l a c h o w s k y A. S. 1954. Les cochenilles palśarctiąues de la tribu des Diaspidini. Paris, 450 pp.

B a l a c h o w s k y A. S. 1956. Les cochenilles du continent African Noir. I. Aspidiotini (lóre par­tie). Ann. Mns. Congo belg., Tervuren, Nouv. serie, Sci. zool., 3: 1-142 +I-V O T tt.

B a l a c h o w s k y A. S. 1957. Les cochenilles de Guadeloupe et de la Martinique (Premiere liste). B o y . Path, v e g . , Paris, 36: 198-208.

B a z a r o v B. B ., S m e l e v G. P. 1971. Scitovki Tadżikistana i sopredel’nych rajonov Srednej Azii. In: Fauna Tadżikistanskoj SSR, X I, 1. Dusanbe, 238 pp.

B o d e n h e i m e r F. S. 1951. Citrus Entomology in the Middle East. Groningen, pp. 186-339, 396-488.

B o d e n h e i m e r F. S. 1953a. The Coccoidea of Turkey II. Istanbul Univ. Fak. Mecinuasi, Istanbul, B, 18: 1-61.

B o d e n h e i m e r F. S. 1953b. The Coccoidea of Turkey III. Istanbul Univ. Fak. Mccmuasi, Istanbul, B, 18: 91-164.

B o r c i is e n i u s N. S. 1950. Cervecy i scitovkiSSSR {Coccoidae). In: Opredeliteli po faune SSSR, 32. Moskva-Lcningrad, 250 pp.

B o r c h s e n iu s N. S. 1957. Podotrjad cervecy i scitovki (Coccoidea). Semejstvo podusecnicy i lożnośSitovki (Coccidae). In: Fauna SSSR, IX . Moskva-Leningrad, 494 pp.

B o r c i i s e n i u s N . S. 1 9 6 6 . Katalog scitovok (Diaspidoidea) mirovoj fauny. Moskva-Lenin­grad, 449 pp.

D e B a c h P ., A r g y r i o u L. C. 1 9 6 7 . T h e colonization a n d success in Greece of some imported A phytis spp. (Hym. Aplielinidae) parasitic on citrus scale insects (Horn. Diaspididae). Entomophaga, Paris, 12: 325-342.

D e L o t t o G. 1959. Further notes on Ethiopian species of the genus Coccus (Eomoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae). J. ent. Soc. S. Afr. Pretoria, 22: 150-173.

D e L o t t o G . 1967. A contribution to the knowledge of the African Coccoidea (Eomoptera). J. ent. Soc. S. Afr., Pretoria, 29: 109-120.

E z z a t Y. M., H u s s e i n N. A. 1967. Redescription and classification of the family Coccidae in U.A.R. Bull. Soc. ent. Egypte, Le Caire, 42: 233-251.

F e r r i s G. F. 1954. Atlas of the insects of North America. Stanford-London, Ser. I: 1-136.F e r r i s G. F. 1958. Atlas of the insects of North America. Stanford-London, Ser. II: 137-

268, Ser. I l l : 269-384.H e n n i g W. 1937. Milichiidac e t Carnidae. 6 0 a . In: Dio Fliegen der palaearktisclien Region,

Lief. 115, VI, Stuttgart, 91 pp.J a s n o s h V. A. 1978. Aphelinidae. In: Opredelitiel nasekomych evropejskoj casti SSSR.

Pereponcatokrylye, III, 2. Leningrad, pp. 469-501.K a w e c k i Z. 1972. Misecznik tarniowy — Sphaerolecanium prunastri ( F o n s c .) (Eomoptera,

Coccoidea, Decaniidae) i jego rozpoczynająca się gradacja w Polsce. Pol. Pismo ent., Wrocław, 42: 857-863.

K l o e t G. S., H i n c k s W. D. 1964. A chock list of British Insects. Handb. Ident. Brit. Ins., London, 11, 1 : 87-94.

K o m o s i ń s k a - C z w a r t a c k a H. 1964. Tarczniki (Eomoptera, Coccoidea, Diaspididae) owoców cytrusowych importowanych do Polski. Fragm. faun., Warszawa. 11: 207-231.

K o r o n ź o s J. 1934. Les Coccidae de la Gróce. I: Diaspinae. Athenes, I-V II, 1-95, 77 tt., 1 map.

K o s z t a r a b M., K o z a r F. 1978. Pajzstetvek — Coccoidea. Fauna Hung. 131, Budapest, 17, 22: 1-192.

L e o n a r d i G. 1920. Monografia delle Cocciniglie Italiane. Portici, 555 pp.

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M c K e n z i e H. L. 1956. The armored scale insects of California. Bull. Calif. Insect Survey, Berkeley-Los Angelos, 5: 1-209, 3 tt.

M o u r i k i s P. A., V a s s i l a in a -A l e x o p o u l o u P. 1975. Report on the most important pests observed on cultivated plants in Greece from 1963 to 1966. Ann. Inst. Phytopathol., Benaki, (N. S.), 11: 141-150.

S c h m u t t e r e r II. 1959. Schildlause oder Goccoidea. I. Deckelchildlause oder Diaspididae.Tierwelt Dtschl., Jena, 45: 1-260.

S i l v e s t r i P. 1920. Appendice. In: L e o n a r d i G. Monografia delle Cocciniglie Italiane.Portici, pp. 501-539.

S i l v e s t r i P. 1939. Compendio di Entomologia Applicata. Portici, pp. 618-860. S z u l c z e w s k i J. W. 1927. Materiały do fauny czerwców miasta Poznania. Pol. Pismo ent.

Lwów, 5 (1926): 137-143.T r j a p i t z i n V. A. 1978. Encyrtidae. In: Oprcdelitel nasekomych evropejskoj ćasti SSSR.

Pereponcatokrylye, III, 2. Leningrad, pp. 236-328.Z a h r a d n I k J. 1951. Revision der Cechoslovakischen Arten der Schildlause aus der Unter-

familie der Diaspidinae. Acta ent. Muz. nat. Pragae, Praha, 27: 89-200.Z im m e r m a n E. C. 1948. Insects of Hawaii. V. Homoptera: Sternorhyncha. Honolulu, pp. 133-

464.Ż a k -O g a z a B. 1961. Badania nad bleskotkami (Hymenoptera, Ghalcidoidea) pasożytują­

cymi u czerwców (Homoptera, Goccoidea) znanych w faunie Polski. Pol. Pismo ent., Wrocław, 31: 349-410.

Zakład Zoologii SGGW - AR02-766 Warszawa, Nowoursynowska 166

STRESZCZENIE

[Tytuł: Materiały do fauny czerwców (Goccoidea) K rety i ich pasożytów]W pracy podano 12 gatunków czerwców (Goccoidea) zebranych na Krecie

w czerwcu 1975 r. oraz 4 gatunki wyhodowanych z nich pasożytów.

PE3IOME

[3araaBne: M aT cpuanw k $ayH e Goccoidea K p in a n h x napa3HTOB]

B paóoTe npHBegeHbi 12 b h r o b Goccoidea co6paHHBix aBTopoM Ha ocipoB e KpiiT b niOHe 1975 r . ii 4 BHga napa3HTOB BbiBegeHHbix H3 h h x .

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