int. j. nanosci. nanotechnol., vol. 14, no. 3, sept. 2018 ... · of bitumen 60-70 produced in oil...

Int. J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol., Vol. 14, No. 3, Sept. 2018, pp. 229-239

229

Short Communication

Evaluating Oxide Shell Performance of Hot-

Rolled Steel as an Additive in Bitumen

Peyman Saberi and Ehsan Kashi*

Department of Civil Engineering, Shahrood Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrood, Iran.

(*) Corresponding author: [email protected] (Received: 12 December 2016 and Accepted: 23 April 2017)

Abstract Nowadays, in addition to materials and components of asphalt mixtures that are bitumen, aggregates

and mineral fillers, other materials known as additives or modifiers are also used. These compounds

include wide range of organic, inorganic, industrial, and natural materials used in order to reduce

deficiencies, to improve the physical properties and to modify some mechanical properties of bitumen

and asphalt mixtures. In the present study, the effect of the oxide shell of hot rolled steel with different

percentages of bitumen 70- 60 was investigated by tests of penetration, softening point, kinematic

viscosity, and elasticity property. RTFO was performed to determine the viscosity and penetration degree

after aging modeling. According to the percentages of additives used in the test (3%, 4% and 5%),

results indicate that use of oxide shell increases viscosity, reduces the penetration degree, reduces gum

plasticity of bitumen, increases softening point, and improves aging properties in bitumen samples

prepared by one of wastes produced by steel factories.

Keywords: Asphalt additives, Oxide shell, Bitumen properties, Aging, Viscosity.

1. INRODUCTION

One of the important sections of the road

is pavement construction. Bitumen is in

two natural and artificial (produced by

crude oil) forms. Wax inside the crude oil

remains until distillation and bitumen

production of basic materials. Wax has

several types (paraffin and micro

crystalline) [1]. Pure bitumen made of

crude oil materials contains different

compounds of organic chemical materials

[2]. Pure bitumen is composed of two parts

of asphaltene and malten that asphaltene is

composed of oily colloidal particles and

maltens are composed of saturated and

aromatic compounds [3]. Due to having

good visco-elastic properties, bitumen is

used as a grain binder in most of road

pavements [4]. Bitumen used in pavement

has a major weakness against high

temperature, various traffic and variable

loading. In order to improve the bitumen

performance in its lifetime, it has been

modified. There are two methods to

modify the properties of bitumen: Physical

and chemical methods [5]. Bitumen

includes 5 to 7% weight percentage or

approximately 15% of asphaltic mixture.

Despite its low percentage, it causes

significant effects in long-term perform-

ance of pavement [6]. Due to increasing

volume of traffic, it is needed to produce

and use high-quality materials, repair

operations, improvement and maintenance

of roads, especially in flexible pavements

in which bitumen plays the major role [7].

Polymers are used for higher resistance of

asphalt against temperature changes of the

seasons as a modifier to prevent some

pavement crashes such as grooves and

cracking [8]. Studies indicate the higher

resistance of pavement against thermal

cracking and rutting, fatigue, naked

singularity, and thermal sensitivity using

polymeric materials in pavement [9]. The

230 Saberi and Kashi

effect of polymers in improving the

bitumen property and conducting combin-

ed tests of polymers with additives to

remove the polymers disadvantages and

reduced costs are considered [10].

2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE

In a study conducted on SBS polymer

impact and acid polyurethane on the

rheological structure and properties of

bitumen by Rossi.et al reduced penetration

by 50% and increased softening point of

bitumen by 60%. It also leads to increased

anti-aging properties and prevention of

oxidation [11]. In research carried out by

Zhang et al on the impact of layer silicate

on aging properties thermal deterrence

properties of bitumen, results indicated

reduced penetration level and increased

softening and reduced elastic property of

bitumen [4]. By using nano-clay with

percentages of 2% and 4% and 7% in

combination with bitumen, some

properties of bitumen including softness

point, ductility property and penetration

degree reduce. On the other hand, elasticity

of bitumen increases and it has lower

mechanical energy loss in bitumen

modified with nano-clay compared to

unmodified bitumen [12]. In the study

conducted by Amirkhanian.et al, the use of

carbon nanotubes caused mixture

resistance against rutting, transformation,

and better performance against temperature

[13]. Ali Akbari Motlag et al. (2012)

obtained results of using carbon nanotubes

as follows: by increasing the nanotube

from 0.0001 to 0.001, the increase of

penetration degree, gum plasticity

(elasticity) and a flash point of bitumen

were investigated [14]. The results of

Santagata et al. on carbon nanotubes

mixture showed improved thermal

cracking properties at low temperature and

high temperature, increased viscosity,

improved softness in the mixture, and

improved aging index. In the conducted

study, two types of nano-clay were used

that led to increased viscosity, improved G

* and increased resistance against cracking

at low temperature bitumen samples [16].

The research conducted on impact of 5%

SBS polymer with different nano-oxide

silica percentages indicated reduced

penetration degree, increased bitumen

softening point, viscosity and increased

adherence in samples containing nano-

oxide silica and SBS polymer [17]. In a

study conducted on the impact of

nanoparticles of titanium on the rutting

process and fatigue of asphalt mixture with

percentages of 1%, 3%, 5%, and 7%

results indicated reduced penetration

degree, increased softening point,

viscosity, and elasticity property of

bitumen that the best percentage used was

5% in this [18]. Khadivar et al conducted a

study on the impact of styrene butadiene

rubber (SBR) polymer and natural rubber

(NR) with percentages of 3% and 4% and

5% on bitumen emulsion. Their results

showed an increase in softening point in

both types of additives, reduced

penetration degree in both additives,

reduced elasticity of natural rubber and

increased elasticity by 2 to 6 times in using

SBR, finally led to reduced temperature

sensitivity [19]. One of the materials used

in prevention of bitumen aging is lime that

its use history backs to beginning of 20th

century, while its impact has not been

recognized. Hydrated lime was used as an

inorganic binder early. In one study, its

impact on bitumen aging was investigated

[20]. In investigation of roads in the world,

it has been found that different types of

conventional bitumen with different

degrees are used to produce bitumen.

However, bitumen has some sensitivity

that its mechanical and physical properties

are not fully satisfied. According to what

was said, the necessity and importance of

investigation on bitumen is proven.

Therefore, it is essential to conduct a study

on modifying materials of bitumen to

achieve bitumen with the least sensitivity.

3. MATERIAL AND METHOD OF

STUDY

International Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 231

Oxide shell generated in the process of

hot-rolled steel is created in pre-heating

furnace on the slab surface as result of slab

heating (Slab is one of the intermediate

products of some of steelmaking factories

in the form of cube made of steel). After

each stage of de-oxidation and cleaning the

plate surface is created again on the plate

surface due to exposure to oxidized air and

new oxide shells with the quantity and

quality. Scientific research shows that iron

oxide properties are various and will be

effective on other material [21, 22]. Oxide

layer is created of three types of iron

oxides on the slab surface and hot plate

that is in contact with air: 1. Hematite 2.

Magnetite 3. Steatite

Figure 1. Rolling line of steelmaking plant and depot of oxide shell produced.

Oxide shell sample used in the testing

process is shown in Figure 2 and analysis

of constituent parts of this oxide shell

taken by x-ray is shown in Table1.

Table 1- Analysis of oxide shell

MnO% MgO% CaO% Al2O3% SiO2%

1.216 2.646 0.00 1.696 2.072

SUM% FeO% TiO2% P2O5%

91.40 83.656 0.054 0.064

Figure 2. The oxide shell image before and after mill.

After preparing oxide shell of oxide of

Saba Steel Plant in Isfahan city and

analyzing the tested components, oxide

shell was sent to laboratory of materials

and metallurgy for milling. Materials were

milled by typical working mill


(micronized) by vibrating mill of Lab

technique built in Australia. Then, size of

particles obtained my milling was

determined that their images ate shown

below.

Oxide shell used in the study was mixed

with the percentage of 3% and 4% and 5%

of bitumen 60-70 produced in oil Jishar

refinery of Isfahan.

3.1. BITUMEN

The used bitumen had the following

basic characteristics.

Table 2- bitumen 60-70 characteristics

DUCT VISCO@ 135O FLASH SOFT PEN

165 0.335 336 49.5 66

Figure 3. Particles SEM images with various scale: 1) Scale of 2 micrometers. 2) Scale of 1

micrometer. 3) Scale of 5 micrometers. 4) Scale of 20 micrometers.

A mechanical mixer was used for mixing

operations between bitumen and oxide

skins for tests. This mixer has a heater

under mixing sink to keep the temperature

of bitumen constant in the mixing process.

In laboratory of oil refinery that is one of

the most equipped laboratories of Iran, the

tests were conducted. As additives are very

important in determining the bitumen

properties, all stages of tests were

conducted according to ASTM standard.

Due to sensitivity in experiment results,

the laboratory environment had a

temperature controlled by sensors that

environment temperature was adjusted

around 25 ° C.

Firstly, additives prepared by scale with

high sensitivity were measured.

1 2

3 4


Figure 4. Mechanical mixer that used in the test.

Density was determined approximately

2.34 unit. After determining required value

for test, we removed 1 kg of bitumen kept

for one hour inside the oven for 15 ° C and

we conducted the mixing operation along

with additive kept inside the oven for 30

minutes at the 100 ° C. For dehumidifying

of materials, we conducted the mixing

operation and we mixed the additive,

depending on test percentage (for example

5% equals to 50 g additive) with 950 g

bitumen. Bitumen and 5% additive with

micro size were mixed by mechanical

mixer for 30 minutes by 800 rpm. Thermal

heater was embedded under mechanical

mixer preventing bitumen temperature

decline under the mixer at this time

interval. We also checked the temperature

by thermometer that it was varying

between 150 and 154 at this time interval.

3.2. CONDUCTED TESTS

3.2.1. PENETRATION DEGREE TEST

Penetration degree test of bitumen is

used to determine the relative softness of

blown bitumen and pure bitumen. One

application of penetration degree is naming

pure bitumen and blown bitumen. By

observing all ASTM standards, test was

conducted on samples and the obtained

results are shown in the following diagram.

Figure 5. Penetration test results on unmodified and modified bitumen samples.

3.2.2. BITUMEN DUCTILITY

(ELASTICITY) (ASTM D113)

Adhesion of bitumen considered as the

most positive characteristics of them

should be determined for types of bitumen

and the minimum of this adhesion should

be controlled to ensure that consumed

bitumen used in the asphalt has the ability

to bind the aggregates to each other and it

can plate materials well.

555657585960616263646566

org 3% micro

4% micro 5% micro

pen 0.1 mm


Figure 6. Ductility at 25 ° C.

Gum plasticity test was conducted at 25 °

C according to standard. Samples with

different percentages of micro additives.

3.2.3. COMBUSTION TEST of

BITUMEN (ASTM D95)

Combustion degree of bitumen mean

when bitumen temperature reaches to it by

approaching the flame to its free surface a

spark is seen on its surface. It is known

that, pure bitumen, tar, and their mixtures

are flammable. Therefore, it should be

known that at what temperature level the

bitumen should be heated, without flaming

or burning. This is very important in

laboratory and workshop in terms of safety

and lack of paying attention to this point

cab is risky. In the laboratory, after

determining the combustion degree of the

control sample that was 336 ° C, we tested

the materials with additive at the value of

5% of oxide shell particles, and the

combustion degree was recorded 340 ° C.

Figure 7. Plant sample to test combustion degree in laboratory.

3.2.4. Tests to Determine Kinematic

Viscosity at 135 ° C

Internal resistance of fluids preventing

their flow and movement known as

viscosity. This viscosity is measured in

120125130

135

140

145

150

155

160

165

170

org3% micro

4% micro5% micro

Duct 25 ̊c @ > 100


terms of poise that is same Pascal- seconds

(Pa × s). Since bitumen have equal

penetration degree at 25 ° C, they may

have different softness at higher

temperatures and it is essential that a test to

be conducted to show these differences.

Kinematic viscosity test on three samples

was conducted and the obtained results are

shown in the following diagram.

Figure 8. Viscosity at 135 ° C for samples with different percentages of micro additive.

3.2.5. TESTS TO SOFTENING POINT

OF BITUMEN (ASTM D36)

Bitumen softening point is the

temperature at which it becomes soft

bitumen mode. In general, we can say that

all bitumen at this temperature reaches a

certain viscosity. Stiffening point of

bitumen is measured by various methods

that one of them is ring and ball method in

which stiffening point is defined by

temperature in which balls pass through

ring and reach to brass lower surface at the

25mm. Diagram of additive effect on

bitumen 60-70 is shown below.

Figure 9. Softening point of samples with different percentages of micro additives.

3.2.6. ROTATING THIN GLAZE TEST

RTFO IN THE ASTM -D2872

METHOD

Aging of adhesive bitumen materials is

due to two reasons of evaporation of light

oils in the bitumen and oxidation (reaction


with environment oxygen). During the

preparation of hot asphaltic mixture and its

displacement, cohesive material is aging

due to high temperature and airflow. This

aging is modeled through this test and

weight reduction is specified after that.

One the other hand, Sharp physical

properties are prepared and some physical

properties can be reexamined, that

kinematic viscosity at 135°C and

penetration degree of bitumen were

examined after the RTFO test in this study

so that the effect of additive on these two

properties of bitumen after the aging to be

examined.

Figure 10. Viscosity of samples with different percentages of micro additive after RTFO.

Figure 11. Penetration degree of samples with different percentages of micro additive after

RTFO.

Using the results of the viscosity before

and after the RTFO test, we calculate

viscosity index conducted using the

following formula:

VAI = 100∗ Aged viscosity –aging before viscosity

aging before viscosity Eq1- viscosity index

Bitumen viscosity index of control

sample became 18.8% and for 5% of

additive that includes the highest number

of viscosity it is 26.7% for oxide shell

particles.

According to MacLeod hypothesis,

bitumen with high thermal sensitivity have

PI lower than zero and bitumen with low

thermal sensitivity have PI higher than

zero and finally the maximum PI of the

bitumen used in pavement is between -2

and +2.

According to results obtained by

penetration degree test and softening point


of bitumen, penetration index is calculated

using the following equations. Where TR&𝐵 is the temperature of softening

point [23].

Table 3. Penetration index of samples.

Sample

Additive

percentage

Penetration at

temperature of 𝟐𝟓𝐎𝐂

Softening

Point 𝐨𝐂

Pen

index

1 0 66 49.5 -0.657

2 3 63.5 50.7 -0.448

3 4 60.5 50.9 -0.52

4 5 59 50.8 -0.608

Figure 12. Penetration index of samples tested.

The formula related to viscosity index

has been shown below.

VI= modified viscosity − unmodified voscosity

unmodified viscosity∗ 100 Eq2: to maintain viscosity

19.7=100*0.335 / (0.335-0.401)

The value of maintaining viscosity for

sample with 5% additive that included the

highest viscosity is 19.7 and according to

following formula penetration maintaining

value was obtained for studied samples.

PRR = modified penetration value

unmodified penetration value ∗ 100 Eq3: maintaining penetration

That this value was 89.4 for modified

bitumen with 5% micro material. Using

RD formula, the gum plasticity

maintaining for the modified bitumen can

be calculated.

RD = gum plasticity of modified bitumen

gum plasticity of unmodified bitumen ∗ 100 Eq4: maintaining gum plasticity property

In which the value of maintaining gum

plasticity property of bitumen test was

77% for the modified bitumen with 5%

micro material according to the above

formula. To determine the aging index, the

following formula is used [23].

AI=aged bitumen viscosity

non−aged bitumen viscosity=

0.508

0.401= 1.26 Eq5: aging index determination

-0.8

-0.6

-0.4

-0.2

0PI


aged bitumen penetration

non−aged bitumen penetration ∗ 100=100 ∗

40.8

59=69.15 Eq6: remaining penetration percentage

The percentage of the remaining

penetration after RTFO test was at least 50

according the regulation.

4. Conclusion and Providing the Results

According to diagrams obtained by test on

bitumen 60-70 by mixing with oxide shell

of Saba Steel Plant in the Isfahan, it can be

concluded that:

1) In all tests conducted, the best

percentage used additive is 5% oxide shell.

This percentage had the greatest impact on

the studied bitumen. Using this material

reduced elasticity property of bitumen

from 165 cm to 127 cm. in the viscosity

and stiffening point test, we see that both

tests are affected by additive.

2) Using oxide shell reduced bitumen

penetration used in the laboratory from 66

to 59 indicating thermal sensitivity of this

bitumen and more optimal use of it in cold

climate to produce asphaltic mixture.

3) After aging, viscosity of bitumen

samples increased. Based on calculation

through formula (VAI), it is clearly

indicating the stiffening of the natural

bitumen. Viscosity index diagram indicate

that using additives used in the test

improved resistance of bitumen against

aging.

4) Using some additives is not cost-

effective since using some additives costs

10 times or more than coating the asphalt.

Using carbon nanotubes and nano hydrated

lime means using gold in the asphaltic

mixture, and some other materials such as

nano clays and nano-zinc oxide cannot be

used currently since the production process

leads to high cost, while using wastes

available in the environment (rubber

powder, polymers and sulfur and oxide

shell) is cost effective.

5) These materials could be used in

determining the geological properties of

the bitumen and mixing with other

additives and their results can be

investigated in mixture with other

additives.

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int. j. nanosci. nanotechnol., vol. 14, no. 3, sept. 2018 ... · of bitumen 60-70 produced in oil...

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