integrated science fertilization & fruit formation

INTRODUCTION

OBJECTIVES

From Flowers to Fruits?

Fertilization in Flowers

THINK & TELL

Fruit and Seed Dispersal

What is a Fruit? What is a Seed?

Before you begin, see diagram below. Look for the Before you begin, see diagram below. Look for the Security Warning Security Warning below the ribbon and click the below the ribbon and click the OptionsOptions button. In the button. In the Security Alert Security Alert box, select box, select ““Enable this ContentEnable this Content” and then ” and then OKOK. .

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FERTILIZATFERTILIZATIONION

Module 3 Module 3 Unit 7 Unit 7 Lesson 6 Lesson 6 Integrated ScienceIntegrated Science

FRUIT FORMATIONFRUIT FORMATION

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INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

Once pollination has occurred, what else do you suppose happens? Think about the life cycle diagram that you saw in a previous lesson; it showed that a flowering plant produces seeds which, after being dispersed from the plant, can germinate to produce new plants.

So what happens between pollination and germination?

Let’s find out!.

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OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVESHaving completed this lesson, you should be able to:

1. describe the sequence of events that follow pollination.

2.2. relaterelate the structure of fruits to the structure of the flower from which they were formed.

3.3. identifyidentify and describe a real fruit and distinguish fruits from seeds.

4.4. statestate the function/s of fruits and describe structures that help them to perform their functions.

5. show an understanding that all fruit contain seeds by identify vegetables that are fruits.

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1 - From flowers to fruit?1 - From flowers to fruit?Look back at the first slide. Go on … Take a good

look! Do you notice that the inflorescence of Barbados Pride shows flower buds, young and mature flowers then young fruits that are forming?

How does the plant go from flower buds to fruits? What processes are involved? Is it the fruits that produce offspring?

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1: From flowers to fruits?1: From flowers to fruits?Read this statement: “All fruits come from a flower.” Click to see enlarged photos of mango flowers at > http://www.flickr.com/photos/ibnuyusuf/809216730/(NOTE: Mango bears both perfect or bisexual flowers as well as unisexual flowers.) Use the website picture and the one below of the inflorescence of Alphonso mangoes to justify the statement.

Look for a mango tree and see if there are any flowers and developing fruits to examine with a hand lens. Is the statement right?

Bisexual flower

Petals & Stamens

have withered

More mature fruits

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http://www.flickr.com/photos/ibnuyusuf/809216730/

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Feedback to Question Feedback to Question “All fruits come from a flower.” Use the website picture and this one of the inflorescence of Alphonso mangoes to justify the statement.

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Feedback:In the website picture, the two most obvious flowers appear to be perfect

or bisexual flowers because stamens can be seen as well as a central pistil with a round, green ovary. The lower left flower appears to be unisexual.

In the picture on the previous slide can be seen the flowering shoot with flowers, some with the pale yellow petals (unisexual flowers) and several with enlarged green, ovary and only sepals left. There are also young and larger, more mature fruits, many still with sepals around the flower/fruit stalk. The various flowers/fruits indicate that something has caused flowers to change to those whose floral whorls have fallen off and for their ovaries to enlarge into what appears to be fruits. So, the inference is that the flowers change into mango fruits.

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DID YOU KNOW??DID YOU KNOW??Check this website to read about and watch a Check this website to read about and watch a video clip on ‘Mango Health Benefits’ at: video clip on ‘Mango Health Benefits’ at: http://rajanjolly.hubpages.com/hub/The-Benefits-Of-Mango

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http://rajanjolly.hubpages.com/hub/The-Benefits-Of-Mango

http://rajanjolly.hubpages.com/hub/The-Benefits-Of-Mango

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2 - Fertilization in Flowers2 - Fertilization in FlowersHow caused those changes in the mango flowers?

After pollination, a pollen tube grows to the micropyle of an ovule, then the pollen tube nucleus disinte-grates and the male gametes enter the ovule and carry out fertilization.

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2 - Fertilization in flowers2 - Fertilization in flowersOne sperm fuses with the egg to form a zygote.

The other sperm nucleus fuses with two central female nuclei, forming the endosperm which may store food.

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2 - Fertilization in flowers - Fruit formation2 - Fertilization in flowers - Fruit formation

After fertilization, these are the changes that After fertilization, these are the changes that occur as a result of rapid mitosis:occur as a result of rapid mitosis:Ovary Ovary Fruit Fruit

Fertilized Ovule Fertilized Ovule Seed Seed

Surrounding Integuments Surrounding Integuments Seed coat or TestaSeed coat or Testa

Egg + 1st Sperm Egg + 1st Sperm Zygote Zygote Embryo plant Embryo plant

2 Central nuclei + 2nd Sperm 2 Central nuclei + 2nd Sperm Endosperm = food Endosperm = food possible nutrition of the embryo during germination. possible nutrition of the embryo during germination.

Petals, Sepals, Stamens Petals, Sepals, Stamens shrivel/fall off; sometimes shrivel/fall off; sometimes sepals persist.sepals persist.

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2 - Fertilization in flowers - Fruit 2 - Fertilization in flowers - Fruit formationformation

Look around for evidence of fruit formation after fertilization. At home, you might find young tomatoes forming similar to those in the picture below. Look at ackee, coconut citrus fruits developing. Don’t look only at fruit trees. Look in your garden at “flowers’’ such as rose, Hibiscus, ixora bushes, etc.Describe what you observe in the various stages of fruit develop-ment shown at > http://tinyurl.com/bmdn27w

When you compare it to the development of mangoes, do you see a similar pattern going “from flowers to fruits”?

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http://tinyurl.com/bmdn27w

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3 - What is a fruit? What is a seed? 3 - What is a fruit? What is a seed? A fruit is a plant organ that develops from a flower

after fertilization of ovule/s and which (1) contains and protects one/several seeds from damage, then later (2) aids in their dispersal. A fruit is just like a suitcase that protects your clothes when you have to travel but can release them when necessary. In fact, we could call a fruit a “fruitcase”, couldn’t we, because of its structure and the functions that it serves?

The next slide shows the inside of fruits that you most likely know. Look at the parts. Then, make sure you also examine a variety of fruits before going to the next activity on slide 15.

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3 - What is a fruit? What is a seed? 3 - What is a fruit? What is a seed?

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3: Activity 3.1 – Observing and comparing fruits and seedsThink carefully about the following questions and write their answers in your notebook. You can discuss the questions with a partner/classmate. Think about some of the fruits you like and eat from time to time. 1.What is inside every fruit that you’ve eaten uncooked?2.What were the fruit walls like?3.Name a fruit with a wall that was very different from what you described above.4.What is/are the purpose /s of all fruit walls?5.Are the seeds always found inside the fruit?6.How many seeds are there in fruits?7.Are the seeds always in the same spot?8.Why do different fruits have different numbers of seeds9.Are fruits always formed above ground where you can see them?10.If you were to see both a fruit and a seed independently of each other, not cut open, how would you know the difference/s between them?

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Feedback to Subtopic 3: Feedback to Subtopic 3: Activity 3.1 Activity 3.1

Questions 1 - 5: To answer these questions it’s a good idea to cut open and examine the inside of some actual fruits. Scroll through the diagrams at this website; they are also quite helpful to answer the questions. > http://waynesword.palomar.edu/termfr4.htm

1.Inside the fruits is flesh/ pulp plus a seed/ several seeds surrounded by the pulp.

2.Fruit walls vary. In some, three layers can be identified e.g. mango has a skin, flesh and a hard part around the seed. The outer part of the wall of many fruits that we eat can be thick and hard to chew and swallow, so they have to be discarded, e.g. guinep, pear, orange/mango skin, or else it can be soft and edible either when eaten raw or cooked e.g. grapes/plums/string beans/tomatoes.

3.Answers will vary, but an example might be the spiky wall of a sour sop. The fruit wall of peanut and some inedible fruits, e.g. Poinciana pod, is dry and brittle and seems to be just one layer

4.Fruit walls contain/protect the seeds and many assist in seed dispersal.

5.Yes! Sometimes it appears as if sees are on the outside e.g. corn and strawberry. But corn grains are special fruits whose seed coat and fruit wall is fused together, so the seed is contained within the fruit. If you look at a strawberry fruit – what appears to be the seeds, all visible on the outside of the fruit, are also special one-seeded fruits and what seems like the fruit wall is really the receptacle.Questions 1., 5., 6. and 7. -- the diagrams at the website given above will be helpful.

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http://waynesword.palomar.edu/termfr4.htm

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Feedback to Questions 6 - 10.Feedback to Questions 6 - 10.6. The number of seeds within a fruit varies from one large seed in fruits such as mango,

avocado pear, june plum to many seeds e.g. in pepper, tomaroe, water melon, pomegranates, guava. Click here to see diagrams of a few fruits.

7. No, the position of seeds vary; some are in the centre .g. mango, apple, plum; some are attached along a side wall e.g. string bean and some seem to be inside their own compartment e.g. tomato, ackee.

8. The number of seeds in a fruit result from the number of ovules that were originally present in the ovary of the flower and also on the number that were actually fertilized. Click open and scroll down to the illustration of the tomato half flower and half fruit at .

http://tinyurl.com/cejk8en OR click > http://forums.gardenweb.com/forums/load/flgard/msg0312280123668.html Look at the number of seeds there are in the tomato fruit. Do you see that they correspond to the

amount of ovules that were inside the ovary of the flower? Can you imagine how many pollen tubes must have grown down the style of this flower to carry male gametes to all of the ovules?

9. Click here to go to DID U KNOW? on slide 14…. You might be surprised!10. The fruit has two scars at opposite sides -- one scar where the stigma withered and fell

off from the ovary and another scar where the ovary was attached to the receptacle. Sometimes the remains of the sepals can be seen on the fruit. The seed has only one scar where it had been attached to the placenta of the fruit wall. This scar is called the hilum. Click > http://theseedsite.co.uk/seedparts.html

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3. What is a fruit? 3. What is a fruit? What is a seed?What is a seed?

A seed is a fertilized ovule that contains a plant embryo protected by a seed coat or testa until it is ready to grow into a new plant.

A seed also contains its own food supply for the embryo, ‘packaged’ either as an endosperm or in one or two cotyledon/s .

This makes many seeds such as corn, rice, wheat, peas/beans, sunflower seeds and various nuts edible to animals including humans.

Seeds come in various sizes, shapes, colors and surface textures, because they come from different flowers.

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Subtopic 3: What is a fruit? Subtopic 3: What is a fruit? What is a seed? What is a seed?

From the fruits you’ve both eaten and examined and the various diagrams, you no know that the fruit has a quite substantial wall. It has three layers and quite often the outer layer becomes quite tough, sometimes dry and with burrs/hooks on it.

It is the middle layer in which food is usually stored, so it becomes quite fleshy and/or juicy and is known as the pulp.

The inner layer can be quite hard – known as the ‘stone’.

Inside of these layers we find the seed, well protected by the wall!

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DID YOU KNOW?DID YOU KNOW? Do you like peanuts? Ital? Salted? Where do you think they

develop? Click and look at the illustration at this website … you might be surprised! http://www.infovisual.info/01/037_en.html

Quick … Name the fruit that’s in Jamaica’s National Dish?

‘A fruit’ you ask? You don’t know? Can’t recall?

Other Caribbean people do not eat it and wonder how Jamaicans eat it. But many visitors consider it exotic

Check the site below to see “10 of the World’s Most Exotic Fruits” Again, you just might be surprised!

http://happypuppy.hubpages.com/hub/Ten-of-the-Worlds-Most-Exotic-Fruits-How-many-have-you-seen-or-tasted

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Subtopic 4: Fruits and Seed Subtopic 4: Fruits and Seed Dispersal Dispersal

Fruits have colourful skin and flesh which also have very enticing flavours and, in addition provide nutrients for many animals.

What is the purpose of those properties of fruits?

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Feedback to Subtopic 4: Feedback to Subtopic 4: Activity 4.1Activity 4.1

Question : Fruits have colourful skin and flesh which also have very enticing flavours and, in addition provide nutrients for many animals.

What is the purpose of those properties of fruits? Feedback: To help you to find the correct answer, first, think and answer these

questions:1. Does the skin, rind or fruit wall in general help the seeds to be

dispersed? How?2. Does the size and shape of the “fruitcase” assist seeds in getting to

their destination? If so, how?3. Almost everyone loves mangoes and many other fruits, too,

because of their sweet taste or unusual flavour and texture as well as their nutrient value. Does the fact that the flesh of mangoes, grapes or various other fruits ‘taste good’ help disperse the seeds? Explain based on your own experiences or activities.

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Feedback to Subtopic 4: Feedback to Subtopic 4: Activity 4.1 – Seed DispersalActivity 4.1 – Seed Dispersal1. and 3. Yes! The fact that some fruits turn

from green todevelop their very colourful skin/fruit wall make them stand out and so are highly attractive to humans and many other animals. The colourful skin usually also signal that they store delicious nutrients and often they have an enticing smaell as they ripen. So, they will be selected to be eaten and their seeds either spit out, defaecated or thrown away and in so doing, they disperse the seeds.

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Feedback to Subtopic 4: Feedback to Subtopic 4: Activity 4.1 - Seed dispersalActivity 4.1 - Seed dispersal Some fruits such

as those from the milkweed (Left) or coral bean tree (Right), shown above, have lines of weakness in the fruit wall that allow them to dehisce (burst open) and release seeds, causing dispersal.

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Subtopic 4: Activity 4.1 Subtopic 4: Activity 4.1 - Seed dispersal- Seed dispersal

The wall of some fruits grow burrs or hooks ---appendages which allow them to stick to the bodies or clothing of animals and be dispersed elsewhere.

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Feedback to Subtopic 4: Activity 4.1Feedback to Subtopic 4: Activity 4.1 - Seed dispersal - Seed dispersal

Coconut fruits have air trapped among the fibres of Coconut fruits have air trapped among the fibres of its walls and this gives them bouyancy so when they its walls and this gives them bouyancy so when they fall into water they float for miles and the seeds are fall into water they float for miles and the seeds are dispersed far from parent plants.dispersed far from parent plants.

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Feedback to Activity 4.1 - Seed dispersal

2. How many times have you bought a bunch of guineps and as you went about doing whatever, you picked off one, peeled off the leathery, green fruit wall, sucked the tangy, creamy pulp (testa!) then threw away the seed. Ok! Perhaps you don’t like guineps, so you might have done that with grapes, cherries or coolie plums. They’re small so it’s easy to carry a large bunch quite easily! Right?So, because of the small fruit size it’s quite easy for us to be agents of dispersal for many seeds.

Birds can also pick up small grass seeds and these small

fruits can stick to furry animals as well. So the small size of some fruits assist their

dispersal.27

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Subtopic 4: Seed dispersal – Subtopic 4: Seed dispersal – How does the fruit aid How does the fruit aid

dispersal?dispersal?

We saw that flower structure and their We saw that flower structure and their special characteristics adapt flowers for special characteristics adapt flowers for pollinators to visit and for pollination to occur. pollinators to visit and for pollination to occur. So too, after fertilization, all the structures So too, after fertilization, all the structures that develop into the “fruitcase” adapt them that develop into the “fruitcase” adapt them for their second main function – dispersal of for their second main function – dispersal of the seed/s so they can find suitable habitat in the seed/s so they can find suitable habitat in which to germinate and continue the specieswhich to germinate and continue the species

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THINK & TELL THINK & TELL - Fruit or - Fruit or Vegetable?Vegetable?

Drag and Drop each food into the correct place in the Venn Diagram:artichoke, breadfruit, cauliflower, carrot, cucumber, garden egg, green banana, guava, lettuce, melon, naseberry, okra, plaintain, pumpkin, string bean, tamarind, tangerine,

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Feedback to Question: Feedback to Question: Drag and Drop Drag and Drop each food into the correct each food into the correct place in the Venn Diagram:place in the Venn Diagram:

artichoke, breadfruit, cauliflower, carrot, cucumber, garden egg, artichoke, breadfruit, cauliflower, carrot, cucumber, garden egg, green banana, guava, lettuce, melon, naseberry, okra, plaintain, green banana, guava, lettuce, melon, naseberry, okra, plaintain,

pumpkin, string beanpumpkin, string bean,, tamarind tamarind, , tangerine,tangerine,

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In left circle titled Vegetables = artichoke, cauliflower, carrot, lettuce.In right circle titled Fruits = breadfruit, guava, melon, naseberry, tamarind, tangerine.In overlap area, Vegetables that are really Fruits = cucumber, garden egg, green banana, okra,

pumpkin, string bean.

THINK & TELL THINK & TELL - Fruit or Vegetable?- Fruit or Vegetable?

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SUMMARYSUMMARY 1. Click and 1. Click and watch watch this video to take a this video to take a

backward look at what goes on in flowers as backward look at what goes on in flowers as part of the life process called sexual part of the life process called sexual reproduction and growth in plants..reproduction and growth in plants..

http://www.neok12.com/php/watch.php?http://www.neok12.com/php/watch.php?v=zX7a67634c734659570d7845&t=Pollinationv=zX7a67634c734659570d7845&t=Pollination

2. If there’s anything so far, about which 2. If there’s anything so far, about which you’re still uncertain, now would be a good you’re still uncertain, now would be a good time to ask your teacher to explain it again!time to ask your teacher to explain it again!

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End of PresentationEnd of Presentation

You have reached the end of the Power point You have reached the end of the Power point slide presentation. slide presentation.

If you wish to review any part of this lesson, go to If you wish to review any part of this lesson, go to the first slide and click on the subtopic.the first slide and click on the subtopic.

If you have finished viewing the lesson, click the If you have finished viewing the lesson, click the CloseClose (X) button. (X) button.

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integrated science fertilization & fruit formation

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